Societies transition from preindustrial to industrial based on changes in technology and food production. In preindustrial societies, people lived in small, close-knit communities and relied on hunting/gathering, pastoralism, horticulture or agriculture. The industrial revolution led to mechanization of production and urbanization as people moved to cities to work in factories. This marked the shift to industrial societies with specialized roles, weaker community ties, and more competition.
The document defines social structure and its key components. Social structure refers to the pattern and arrangement of institutions, organizations, statuses, and roles that make up a society. It establishes expectations for behavior and interaction. Statuses define positions in society, while roles are the behaviors associated with each status. Social structure includes primary groups with close ties and secondary groups for more impersonal interactions. It provides stability and order across generations in a society.
Society consists of people who live and work together in a defined territory. They interact with each other and share a common culture. Society is a web of social relationships defined by mutual cooperation, division of labor, and both formal and informal social controls that guide people's behavior. While societies change over time as their structures evolve, people still fundamentally require society from birth through death to perform social roles and share norms and values.
Social interaction and social structure are closely related concepts in sociology. Social interaction refers to how people respond to one another, while social structure describes how society is organized into predictable relationships and hierarchies. A person's social status can be ascriptive, based on attributes like gender or race, or achieved through their own efforts and occupations. Statuses come with social roles and expectations, and role conflict can occur when a person has incompatible roles. Social groups and institutions also play a key role in shaping social structure and transmitting culture according to different sociological perspectives.
1. Social structure refers to the institutions and social roles that establish norms and limits in society, while social interaction is the foundation for relationships through people's responses to one another.
2. Statuses define social positions with expectations, and can be ascribed based on attributes outside one's control or achieved through effort, with roles being the behaviors associated with a given status.
3. Managing impressions and saving face are important aspects of social interaction, as people present themselves in ways that maintain their desired image according to the definitions and judgments of situations.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the behaviors, social skills, values, and norms required to function within a social group or society. It occurs through several stages from infancy through adulthood as individuals learn from agents of socialization like family, school, peers, media, and religion. The socialization process shapes people's identities and abilities to interact within groups and society.
The document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It begins by defining social stratification as a society's categorization of people into hierarchies based on factors like wealth, income, education and power. In India, the caste system is the classic example of social stratification, dividing Hindus into four varnas or classes - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. It provides details on the historical roles and status of each caste. While the caste system is now illegal, stratification continues to influence Indian society and positive discrimination policies have been implemented to help lower castes.
The document defines social structure and its key components. Social structure refers to the pattern and arrangement of institutions, organizations, statuses, and roles that make up a society. It establishes expectations for behavior and interaction. Statuses define positions in society, while roles are the behaviors associated with each status. Social structure includes primary groups with close ties and secondary groups for more impersonal interactions. It provides stability and order across generations in a society.
Society consists of people who live and work together in a defined territory. They interact with each other and share a common culture. Society is a web of social relationships defined by mutual cooperation, division of labor, and both formal and informal social controls that guide people's behavior. While societies change over time as their structures evolve, people still fundamentally require society from birth through death to perform social roles and share norms and values.
Social interaction and social structure are closely related concepts in sociology. Social interaction refers to how people respond to one another, while social structure describes how society is organized into predictable relationships and hierarchies. A person's social status can be ascriptive, based on attributes like gender or race, or achieved through their own efforts and occupations. Statuses come with social roles and expectations, and role conflict can occur when a person has incompatible roles. Social groups and institutions also play a key role in shaping social structure and transmitting culture according to different sociological perspectives.
1. Social structure refers to the institutions and social roles that establish norms and limits in society, while social interaction is the foundation for relationships through people's responses to one another.
2. Statuses define social positions with expectations, and can be ascribed based on attributes outside one's control or achieved through effort, with roles being the behaviors associated with a given status.
3. Managing impressions and saving face are important aspects of social interaction, as people present themselves in ways that maintain their desired image according to the definitions and judgments of situations.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the behaviors, social skills, values, and norms required to function within a social group or society. It occurs through several stages from infancy through adulthood as individuals learn from agents of socialization like family, school, peers, media, and religion. The socialization process shapes people's identities and abilities to interact within groups and society.
The document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It begins by defining social stratification as a society's categorization of people into hierarchies based on factors like wealth, income, education and power. In India, the caste system is the classic example of social stratification, dividing Hindus into four varnas or classes - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. It provides details on the historical roles and status of each caste. While the caste system is now illegal, stratification continues to influence Indian society and positive discrimination policies have been implemented to help lower castes.
This document provides an introduction to sociology as the study of human society and social interaction. It defines sociology as the science of society or social phenomena. The document outlines the key topics of sociology including definitions of society, the subject matter, nature and scope of sociology. It concludes that sociology offers a way to understand the social world and trains students to think critically about human social life.
Socialization is the lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, behaviors, and social skills needed to function in their culture. It occurs through several social institutions including family, peer groups, education systems, religion, and the media. The goals of socialization are to teach individuals impulse control, how to perform social roles, and share values with their culture. Factors that influence socialization are imitation, suggestion, identification, language, and an individual's physical/psychological traits interacting with their environment and culture.
Status refers to an individual's position or rank within a social group. There are two main types of status: ascribed status and achieved status. Ascribed status is assigned by birth or social identity, such as gender, age, family, etc. It is fixed and difficult to change. Achieved status is earned through personal efforts, skills, and accomplishments. It is based on individual merit and can change over time. Both types of status influence one's social roles and the respect given by others in the group.
This document discusses social control and its various forms and mechanisms. It defines social control as the methods used by society to influence individual behavior and maintain social order. It describes the different types of social control as formal (exercised through institutions like law, education) and informal (customs, norms). It then outlines several key agencies of social control, including law, the state, education, religion, family, neighborhood, and public opinion. The role of the nurse is also mentioned as understanding patient deviance and treating those who fail to conform to social controls.
Social structure is defined as the stable interrelationships and patterns of organization among human beings in a society. It consists of institutions that establish roles and statuses for individuals. A social structure includes a normative system that defines values and behaviors, a position system that assigns roles, and a sanction system that enforces norms. A social structure is dynamic and can change over time as it works to integrate individuals and anticipate future roles through a system of cultural patterns, subgroups, and both formal and informal relationships.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the concept of "society" in sociology. It defines society as a collection of individuals united through relationships and behaviors that distinguish them from others. Society is characterized by mutual interaction and awareness between people, as well as cooperation, interdependence, and a shared culture over a definite territory. The essence of society, as noted by sociologists, is the sociability and companionship between individuals that has existed since humans have lived together in groups throughout history.
The document provides an overview of various social institutions including their definitions, structures, functions and importance. It discusses key social institutions like family, economic, religious, political, and educational institutions. It defines them, explains their roles and functions in society such as socialization, social control, and meeting basic needs. It also compares the differences between social institutions and organizations.
The Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which people come together to form groups and organisations in society. The presentation covers various types of social organisations, including formal and informal groups, as well as community-based and institutional organisations.
The presentation starts by defining social organisations and their importance in society. It then goes on to explore the different types of social organisations, highlighting their characteristics, structures, and functions. This includes exploring the roles and responsibilities of different members within social organisations, such as leaders, members, and volunteers.
The presentation also covers the benefits of social organisations, including social cohesion, support networks, and the ability to drive change within society. Additionally, it highlights some of the challenges that social organisations face, such as funding, communication, and sustainability.
Throughout the presentation, examples of different social organisations are provided, including non-profits, charities, community groups, and political organisations. The presentation concludes with a call to action, encouraging individuals to get involved in social organisations and make a positive impact in their communities.
Overall, the Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the importance, types, and benefits of social organisations in society, and serves as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about social organisations and their impact.
Social changes occur in all aspects of society, including social structures, roles, relationships, and norms. Changes can be slow or rapid. Social change refers to modifications in these social aspects. It is caused by various internal and external forces and factors like education, industrialization, urbanization, legislation, and modernization. Some key factors that affect social change in India include geographical conditions, technological advancements, cultural shifts, ideological changes, and the push for westernization and development. Social change is a continuous, universal process that impacts social institutions, behaviors, and the overall functioning of society over time.
Sociology can be approached from two schools of thought - the German formalistic school and the French synthetic school. The formalistic school aims to narrowly define sociology's scope to include only social institutions, groups, and interactions. The synthetic school believes sociology should broadly study all aspects of society, including social structures, systems, norms, and emerging issues. Both schools agree that sociology should comprehensively examine social life but do so scientifically and methodically.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
This document discusses social mobility, which it defines as the movement of individuals or groups between social statuses or positions. It outlines several types of social mobility, including vertical (between classes or occupations), horizontal (within the same status), upward, downward, intergenerational, and intragenerational. Causes of vertical mobility include filling vacant positions, imitating lifestyles of higher strata, and changes in the social environment. Factors promoting mobility are individual attributes, occupations, religious and political institutions, family/marriage, and chance.
This document provides an overview of social stratification. It begins with definitions of social stratification and discusses its origins and causes. The key forms of stratification discussed are the slavery system, estate system, caste system, and class system. The impacts of stratification on areas like health, education, and life chances are examined. The document also explores theoretical perspectives on stratification from structural functionalism and social conflict theory. It addresses how stratification is maintained through prejudice and discrimination and concludes with a discussion of social mobility.
The document discusses primary and secondary groups. Primary groups are small groups made up of people who have close emotional ties and know each other well. They provide emotional support, socialization, and encourage conformity to group norms. Secondary groups focus on accomplishing a shared task or goal and have impersonal relationships among members who interact only regarding the group's purpose.
A social group is formed when two or more people are aware of each other's presence. There are different types of social groups including transitory groups, recurrent groups, formal groups, and informal groups. Groups can also be primary groups, which involve strong emotional attachment between members, or secondary groups, which focus more on the purpose of the group than interpersonal relationships.
The document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It provides definitions and characteristics of social stratification and examines theories on the origin and functions of stratification. It then focuses specifically on the caste system in India, exploring its origins, characteristics, changes over time, and the impact of British rule on the caste system. The caste system is described as a unique and enduring form of social stratification in Indian society, based on hierarchical divisions and restrictions in occupations, social interactions, marriage and more.
Social structure refers to the framework of social institutions, practices, and groups that organize a society. It establishes norms that govern behavior and the way people interact. Key components of social structure include institutions like education and religion, statuses like roles and positions in society, and social groups. Statuses can be ascribed, such as gender assigned at birth, or achieved through individual efforts. Roles define appropriate behaviors for a given status. Issues can arise when roles conflict or the demands of a role cause strain. Social institutions are purposive, structured groups that perform important social functions like socializing members of a society through families, education, government, and religion.
Social interaction is the foundation of society. It involves how people respond to and communicate with one another. There are different types of social interaction including direct physical interaction and symbolic interaction using language and symbols. Social interaction occurs between individuals, between individuals and groups, and between individuals and culture through engaging with media and social norms. Sociology studies these social interactions and how they shape social structures and institutions in society.
This document provides an introduction to sociology as the study of human society and social interaction. It defines sociology as the science of society or social phenomena. The document outlines the key topics of sociology including definitions of society, the subject matter, nature and scope of sociology. It concludes that sociology offers a way to understand the social world and trains students to think critically about human social life.
Socialization is the lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, behaviors, and social skills needed to function in their culture. It occurs through several social institutions including family, peer groups, education systems, religion, and the media. The goals of socialization are to teach individuals impulse control, how to perform social roles, and share values with their culture. Factors that influence socialization are imitation, suggestion, identification, language, and an individual's physical/psychological traits interacting with their environment and culture.
Status refers to an individual's position or rank within a social group. There are two main types of status: ascribed status and achieved status. Ascribed status is assigned by birth or social identity, such as gender, age, family, etc. It is fixed and difficult to change. Achieved status is earned through personal efforts, skills, and accomplishments. It is based on individual merit and can change over time. Both types of status influence one's social roles and the respect given by others in the group.
This document discusses social control and its various forms and mechanisms. It defines social control as the methods used by society to influence individual behavior and maintain social order. It describes the different types of social control as formal (exercised through institutions like law, education) and informal (customs, norms). It then outlines several key agencies of social control, including law, the state, education, religion, family, neighborhood, and public opinion. The role of the nurse is also mentioned as understanding patient deviance and treating those who fail to conform to social controls.
Social structure is defined as the stable interrelationships and patterns of organization among human beings in a society. It consists of institutions that establish roles and statuses for individuals. A social structure includes a normative system that defines values and behaviors, a position system that assigns roles, and a sanction system that enforces norms. A social structure is dynamic and can change over time as it works to integrate individuals and anticipate future roles through a system of cultural patterns, subgroups, and both formal and informal relationships.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the concept of "society" in sociology. It defines society as a collection of individuals united through relationships and behaviors that distinguish them from others. Society is characterized by mutual interaction and awareness between people, as well as cooperation, interdependence, and a shared culture over a definite territory. The essence of society, as noted by sociologists, is the sociability and companionship between individuals that has existed since humans have lived together in groups throughout history.
The document provides an overview of various social institutions including their definitions, structures, functions and importance. It discusses key social institutions like family, economic, religious, political, and educational institutions. It defines them, explains their roles and functions in society such as socialization, social control, and meeting basic needs. It also compares the differences between social institutions and organizations.
The Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides an overview of the different ways in which people come together to form groups and organisations in society. The presentation covers various types of social organisations, including formal and informal groups, as well as community-based and institutional organisations.
The presentation starts by defining social organisations and their importance in society. It then goes on to explore the different types of social organisations, highlighting their characteristics, structures, and functions. This includes exploring the roles and responsibilities of different members within social organisations, such as leaders, members, and volunteers.
The presentation also covers the benefits of social organisations, including social cohesion, support networks, and the ability to drive change within society. Additionally, it highlights some of the challenges that social organisations face, such as funding, communication, and sustainability.
Throughout the presentation, examples of different social organisations are provided, including non-profits, charities, community groups, and political organisations. The presentation concludes with a call to action, encouraging individuals to get involved in social organisations and make a positive impact in their communities.
Overall, the Social Organisation PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the importance, types, and benefits of social organisations in society, and serves as a useful resource for anyone interested in learning more about social organisations and their impact.
Social changes occur in all aspects of society, including social structures, roles, relationships, and norms. Changes can be slow or rapid. Social change refers to modifications in these social aspects. It is caused by various internal and external forces and factors like education, industrialization, urbanization, legislation, and modernization. Some key factors that affect social change in India include geographical conditions, technological advancements, cultural shifts, ideological changes, and the push for westernization and development. Social change is a continuous, universal process that impacts social institutions, behaviors, and the overall functioning of society over time.
Sociology can be approached from two schools of thought - the German formalistic school and the French synthetic school. The formalistic school aims to narrowly define sociology's scope to include only social institutions, groups, and interactions. The synthetic school believes sociology should broadly study all aspects of society, including social structures, systems, norms, and emerging issues. Both schools agree that sociology should comprehensively examine social life but do so scientifically and methodically.
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
This document discusses social mobility, which it defines as the movement of individuals or groups between social statuses or positions. It outlines several types of social mobility, including vertical (between classes or occupations), horizontal (within the same status), upward, downward, intergenerational, and intragenerational. Causes of vertical mobility include filling vacant positions, imitating lifestyles of higher strata, and changes in the social environment. Factors promoting mobility are individual attributes, occupations, religious and political institutions, family/marriage, and chance.
This document provides an overview of social stratification. It begins with definitions of social stratification and discusses its origins and causes. The key forms of stratification discussed are the slavery system, estate system, caste system, and class system. The impacts of stratification on areas like health, education, and life chances are examined. The document also explores theoretical perspectives on stratification from structural functionalism and social conflict theory. It addresses how stratification is maintained through prejudice and discrimination and concludes with a discussion of social mobility.
The document discusses primary and secondary groups. Primary groups are small groups made up of people who have close emotional ties and know each other well. They provide emotional support, socialization, and encourage conformity to group norms. Secondary groups focus on accomplishing a shared task or goal and have impersonal relationships among members who interact only regarding the group's purpose.
A social group is formed when two or more people are aware of each other's presence. There are different types of social groups including transitory groups, recurrent groups, formal groups, and informal groups. Groups can also be primary groups, which involve strong emotional attachment between members, or secondary groups, which focus more on the purpose of the group than interpersonal relationships.
The document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It provides definitions and characteristics of social stratification and examines theories on the origin and functions of stratification. It then focuses specifically on the caste system in India, exploring its origins, characteristics, changes over time, and the impact of British rule on the caste system. The caste system is described as a unique and enduring form of social stratification in Indian society, based on hierarchical divisions and restrictions in occupations, social interactions, marriage and more.
Social structure refers to the framework of social institutions, practices, and groups that organize a society. It establishes norms that govern behavior and the way people interact. Key components of social structure include institutions like education and religion, statuses like roles and positions in society, and social groups. Statuses can be ascribed, such as gender assigned at birth, or achieved through individual efforts. Roles define appropriate behaviors for a given status. Issues can arise when roles conflict or the demands of a role cause strain. Social institutions are purposive, structured groups that perform important social functions like socializing members of a society through families, education, government, and religion.
Social interaction is the foundation of society. It involves how people respond to and communicate with one another. There are different types of social interaction including direct physical interaction and symbolic interaction using language and symbols. Social interaction occurs between individuals, between individuals and groups, and between individuals and culture through engaging with media and social norms. Sociology studies these social interactions and how they shape social structures and institutions in society.
Social interaction, groups, and social structureMoosa kaleem
This document discusses key concepts related to social structure and interaction. It defines social interaction, social structure, and their key elements. Social interaction refers to how people respond to one another, while social structure is how society is organized into predictable relationships. The six main elements of social structure discussed are statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, virtual worlds, and social institutions. Functional, conflict, and interactionist perspectives on social institutions are also summarized.
The document discusses the key elements of social structure according to sociologists, including social interaction, groups, and social institutions. It defines key terms like status, social roles, primary and secondary groups, in-groups and out-groups, reference groups, social networks, and the six elements that make up social structure: statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, virtual worlds, and social institutions. It also discusses functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives on social institutions.
This document provides an overview of the sociology of education, including its nature, scope, and theoretical approaches. It defines sociology of education as the branch of sociology that studies the relationship between education and society, and how social factors influence education. The document outlines three main theoretical approaches in sociology of education: functionalist theory, conflict theory, and interactionist theory. It provides examples of how each theory frames the role and functions of education in society.
This document discusses sociology of education and various social institutions that influence the educational and social development of individuals. It covers topics like sociological methods, the role of family, peer groups, religious institutions, schools, and media in socializing children and transmitting culture. The key socializing agents discussed are the family, schools, peer groups, and mass media. The document emphasizes how interaction with these institutions shapes personality, cultural values, and influences behavior.
This document discusses sociology of education and various social institutions that influence the educational and social development of individuals. It covers topics like sociological methods, the role of family, peer groups, schools, religious institutions, and mass media in socializing children and transmitting cultural values between generations. The conclusion emphasizes that sociology of education involves studying how educational institutions and social interactions shape personality development and cultural learning.
Society can be defined in three main ways:
1) As a large group of people who live together in an organized way and make decisions about how to do things and share work.
2) As an organization that people can join to share similar interests.
3) As an aggregate of people living in a limited geographical area with a common way of living.
This document defines socialization as the lifelong process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors needed to function as members of society. It discusses the importance of socialization for transmitting culture between generations and helping individuals acquire social roles and statuses. The major agents of socialization that influence development include family, peer groups, schools, mass media, religion, and primary groups. Each plays a role in socializing individuals and teaching them how to participate in their communities.
Tackles About
a.Socialization/Enculturation
b.Norms and Values
c.Status and Roles
d.Conformity and Deviance
e.Human Rights, Human Dignity and Common Good
Ashford 4: - Week 3 - Instructor Guidance
Source:http://thejobmouse.com/2011/10/22/ryan%e2%80%99s-family-steakhouse-sued-for-firing-79-year-old-woman/
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 3 Guidance
Source:http://churchandstate.org.uk/2011/04/the-right- wing-network-behind-the-war-on-unions/
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Read Chapter 4 in the text: Individual Rights in the Workplace
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Ageism (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Regulating Off-Duty Conduct (due by Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Submit a 3-page draft of your final paper (due by Day 7, Monday)
Statuses, Roles and Social Structures
What are the components that make up a society? This may seem like a simple question, but it actually is quite complex, as society is enormously complicated. An initial response might be that society is composed of individuals. After all, it is people that make up society, right? Certainly, society is a concept that generally, for our purposes, refers to humans (although it can be used for other species as well), and many humans together form a society. But, interestingly, sociologists could come up with other responses that show that society is not really made up of the individuals that comprise it; or, perhaps more accurately, it is not the individuals alone that make up society, as society is much more than just the sum of all the individuals.
A more sociological approach is to look at the basic components of society as being statutes and roles, rather than individuals. A status is a social construct―it is an idea or perception that has been created through people’s social and cultural practices and beliefs. And to define these terms, a status is a position that a person occupies in society, and the role is what the person does in that status, or the expectations that others have for someone in that status. So, for example, in a classroom one status is teacher, and some of the expectations that are attached to the status of being a teacher are leading the class, offering instruction, giving assignments, helping students who are struggling and the like. All of these expectations form the role of teacher; because others have, through experience, formed expectations of what teachers should do, teachers see all of these as their job description. Another status in a classroom is a student. What are some of the roles attached to the status of student?
So, while we might think of a classroom as consisting of individuals, what we really have are individuals who are occupying specific statuses and playing specific roles. Note that these statuses and roles consist of roughly the same qualities irrespective of any specific individual; the expectations for a teacher are roughly the same whether it is Mr. Gomez or Ms. Yamamoto who is the specific teacher in the classroom. Each has to do many of.
This document discusses socialization and its role in human development. It defines socialization as the process through which people learn the norms and values of their society. It examines socialization from sociological and psychological perspectives, exploring theories from thinkers like Freud, Erikson, Mead, and Gilligan. Key agents of socialization discussed include family, peers, schools, workplaces, religion, government, and media. Socialization is described as an ongoing process that occurs throughout the lifespan and involves both learning and relearning social roles.
Sociology is important for nursing as it enables nurses to understand the social forces that can influence patients, collect important socio-cultural information about patients, understand different social perspectives and challenges patients may face, and educate people about health issues. Sociology provides nurses with knowledge of social problems patients face, techniques for interviews and applying statistics, and ways to facilitate adjustment. It helps nurses understand psycho-social problems which is useful for medical treatment.
UTS - The Self, Society, and Culture.pptxKryzzleTritz
The document discusses the relationship between society, culture and the self. It explains that humans are social beings that develop within social and cultural contexts. The self is shaped by interactions with others and the norms, values and roles taught through socialization. Key institutions like family, education, government and religion introduce individuals to the culture and affect concepts of identity. While social forces influence many aspects of the self, individuals also make some independent choices. The self emerges from ongoing interactions between a person and their social world.
This document provides an overview of sociology and key concepts in the field. It discusses the founders of sociology like Auguste Comte and their contributions. It also summarizes major sociological theories including functionalism, conflict theory, and interpretive theory. Additionally, it outlines common research methods used in sociology such as observation, surveys, interviews, and secondary data analysis.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on the self, including how society and culture shape the self. It describes Mead's theory of how children develop a self through 3 stages - preparation, play, and games. During these stages, children internalize social norms and learn to see from others' perspectives. The document also discusses how gender, language, families, and other social institutions influence identity development and the relationship between personal identity ("moi") and social identity ("personne").
Critical thinking involves using reasoning and evidence to evaluate ideas and make informed decisions. It's an important skill for understanding complex issues and problems.
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Ashford 2: - Week 1 - Instructor Guidance
Source:http://www.palomar.edu/sociology/
SOC 120 Ethics & Social Responsibility
Week 1 Guidance
Source: http://www.skillsandethics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/ethics-paid-for.jpg
Weekly Activities
Here is what you will be doing this week:
· Post your Introduction (Day 1, Tuesday),
· Read Chapter 1 in the text: Introduction to Ethics and Social Responsibility
· Read Chapter 2 in the text: Ethical Questions in the Public Square
· Post to Discussion Board 1 on Theory, Evidence, Beliefs and Bias (Day 3, Thursday)
· Post to Discussion Board 2 on Three Classical Ethical Theories (Day 3, Thursday)
· Respond to two discussion posts by classmates in each discussion (by Day 7, Monday)
· Week One Quiz (due by Day 7, Monday)
Brief Introduction to Sociology
For those who have not taken a Sociology course previously, here is a brief introduction to the discipline...
Sociology is the study of the relationship between individuals and their social contexts (Mills, 1959). Like other social scientists, sociologists are interested in understanding human behavior, and Sociology is focused on the social causes of human behavior. Humans are by nature social beings; we cannot survive unless we interact with other humans. But our interactions are not random, they are shaped by our social context, which consists of our relationships with others, our cultural values and beliefs, the rules of institutions (e.g., family, religion, government, economy) we participate in, our position in social hierarchies, and our experiences in previous interactions, among other things. All of these exert influence over our decisions and actions, by shaping how we perceive and interpret the actions of others around us.
Our relationships, social groups, organizations, social class, institutions, and culture―which taken together form the structure of our society―are created as we interact with others. Our experiences within our social structures always guide us as we interact with others, and by “acting normally” within the parameters of our social context, we reinforce all of the structures that constitute the context. Thus, our interactions are both shaping our social context, and also shaping us at the same time. Our social context and structures influence our own personalities, identities and worldviews. And these guide us in making decisions and in acting.
People experience interaction within these social structures over the course of a lifetime, beginning with interaction in the family, then among their neighbors, then with their teachers and classmates at school, perhaps in their church, later in the workplace, and so on. So, most of us do not think of ourselves as constructing the institutions―they are already in place when we are born and we live our lives within their rules. But, in fact, every time we adhere to time-honored means of interaction, we are essentially recreating that rule, and thus recreating the institution.
So.
Social interaction and social structure are central to sociological study as they are closely related to socialization and how social reality is constructed. Social structure includes elements like status, roles, and groups. Statuses can be ascribed or achieved, and a master status can dominate other statuses. Roles are expectations for those in a given status and role conflict can occur when incompatible roles arise. Groups are important for transmitting culture and institutions create stability, though some views see them as maintaining inequality.
The document discusses key concepts in analyzing clinical trials, including:
- Intention-to-treat analysis, which analyzes all participants based on initial treatment assignment regardless of compliance, and measures effectiveness. This is the recommended primary analysis method.
- Per-protocol analysis, which only includes compliant participants, and measures maximum efficacy. This undermines randomization.
- Measures of effect size such as relative risk, absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction, and number needed to treat, which are used to assess clinical significance beyond just statistical significance.
- The importance of assessing both statistical and clinical significance of trial results, where clinical significance considers the minimum clinically meaningful effect.
Dr. Eman M. Mortada discusses threats to validity in experimental designs, including internal validity threats such as history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and mortality. External validity threats include reactive arrangements like the Hawthorne effect and experimenter effects such as the halo effect. Control validity threats involve factors that could influence the dependent variable other than the independent variable, such as selection bias, statistical regression, and diffusion of treatment. Randomization, control groups, and blinding techniques can help address threats to validity. True experiments have higher internal but lower external validity compared to quasi-experimental designs.
This document provides an overview of experimental research designs, including pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. It discusses key elements like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and pretesting and posttesting. Specific designs covered include the one-shot case study, one-group pretest-posttest, static group comparison, posttest-only control group, pretest-posttest control group, and Solomon four-group designs. The document emphasizes random assignment and control groups as critical features of true experiments that enhance internal and external validity.
Types of clinical trials designs were discussed including parallel designs, crossover designs, factorial designs, cluster designs, and adaptive designs. The key factors in choosing a clinical trial design are treatment duration and chronology of events, trial cost, and subject convenience. Commonly used designs include parallel, crossover, factorial, and equivalence/non-inferiority designs. The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design is often considered the best to determine efficacy. Different designs can answer different therapeutic questions.
This document outlines the key steps in conducting a clinical trial:
1. Drawing up a detailed research protocol that serves as the trial's operating manual.
2. Selecting and screening participants according to eligibility criteria to identify the study population. Sample size is also calculated.
3. Randomly allocating the study participants into experimental and control groups through a process like randomization to reduce bias.
This study compares two ice cream eating regimens - accelerated versus cautious eating - and their effects on headaches. Participants will be randomly assigned to quickly eat 100ml of ice cream in under 30 seconds or slowly eat it over 5 minutes. The study aims to determine if the speed of ice cream consumption impacts headache occurrence. This level of review would likely be expedited due to minimal risk to participants.
Dr. Eman Mortada discusses research ethics and provides an outline on the topic. The document outlines key concepts such as defining research ethics, the consequences of scientific misconduct, and the need and objectives for research ethics. It also provides a historical perspective on unethical practices through examples like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Nazi experiments. The development of ethics codes is reviewed, including the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, and Belmont Report. Ethical principles and dilemmas in research are also discussed.
Dr. Eman Mortada's lecture discusses the history and phases of clinical trials. It begins with early examples of clinical trials like James Lind's experiments in 1747 and Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccination trials in the late 18th century. It then covers the four phases of modern clinical drug trials - phase I tests safety on healthy volunteers, phase II assesses efficacy on patients, phase III tests larger groups for efficacy and safety, and phase IV monitors effectiveness and side effects post-approval. The lecture also discusses types of clinical trials based on the unit of study and ethics considerations around clinical equipoise.
This document outlines a lecture on intervention research and clinical trials. It begins by defining basic concepts like the hierarchy of evidence and different research designs. It then discusses the classical experiment, noting that it involves independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, and pre-testing and post-testing. The document goes on to enumerate different types of clinical trials based on their purpose, number of participants, randomization approach, study design, and other factors. It concludes by listing the major ethical principles in clinical trials, including beneficence, respect for rights, and justice.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on gender inequality. It begins by differentiating between the concepts of sex and gender, noting that sex refers to biological attributes while gender refers to social and cultural roles and expectations. It then examines the process of gender socialization through key socializing agents like family, education, peers and media. Finally, it explores several sociological theories that seek to explain the origins and persistence of gender inequality in areas like the workplace, family roles, politics, health and violence. The document aims to provide an overview of sociological understandings of gender as a social construct and the social forces that contribute to gender inequality.
The document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on drug abuse. It is presented in six main parts that cover: basic facts about commonly abused substances like alcohol, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, and nicotine; types of abused substances such as stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and steroids; the stages of drug use from experimental to addiction; physical, behavioral, and psychological warning signs of drug abuse; gateway drugs like nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana; and specific drugs including nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, LSD, amphetamines, and cocaine.
This document provides an overview of sociological perspectives on mental health problems. It begins with an introduction to key terms like mental health, mental illness, and mental disorders. It then discusses the high prevalence and burden of mental disorders globally and nationally. Several specific types of common mental disorders are described in detail, including mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and others. The focus is on defining the disorders and outlining their symptoms and impacts.
3rd lecture- Sociological perspectives and their applications on health 2020Dr. Eman M. Mortada
The document discusses sociological perspectives on health and illness from three major theoretical perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. According to the functionalist perspective, health is important for society's stability as illness prevents people from fulfilling their social roles. The sick role concept developed by Talcott Parsons outlines the rights and obligations of those who are ill in a society. Conflict theory views health inequalities in terms of power struggles around factors like race, class, and gender. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how health, illness, and medicine are socially constructed and mediated by communication and symbols.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It begins by defining sociology as the systematic study of human society, social interaction, and social behavior. It discusses how sociology examines things from a macro level, looking at patterns of social behavior in groups. The document also outlines how sociology relates to and differs from other social sciences like anthropology, psychology, economics, and political science. It emphasizes that sociology focuses specifically on studying social problems in society from a social and group perspective.
The document summarizes key information about several vaccine-preventable diseases including measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, and chickenpox. It provides details on the infectious agents, reservoirs, modes of transmission, incubation periods, typical clinical manifestations, and potential complications for each disease. Vaccine recommendations for children and adolescents are also listed for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combinations.
School health services aim to promote the health and well-being of students. There are six key components:
1) Health appraisal and screening to identify health issues early.
2) Preventing communicable diseases through immunizations.
3) Maintaining a healthful school environment with proper sanitation, lighting, and facilities.
4) Providing nutritional services like mid-day meals to ensure students' nutritional needs are met.
5) Offering first aid and emergency care training for teachers to respond to student injuries and illnesses.
6) Implementing comprehensive health education to promote healthy behaviors.
The coordinated school health program is an organized set of policies and activities designed to protect student health and well-being. It has 8 components: health education, physical education, health services, nutrition services, counseling/psychological services, healthy school environment, health promotion for staff, and family/community involvement. The overall goals are to improve students' ability to learn through supporting their physical and mental health.
The document discusses comprehensive school health education and adolescent risky behaviors. It begins by identifying the six main categories of risky behaviors among adolescents according to the CDC: tobacco use, unhealthy dietary behaviors, physical inactivity, alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors, and behaviors that contribute to injuries and violence. It then provides more details on each of these categories. The document discusses that a comprehensive school health education curriculum is designed to teach students about these risks and develop skills to avoid them. It emphasizes building health literacy through standards-based education across six content areas from kindergarten through 12th grade. The goal is for students to develop decision-making, goal-setting, and communication skills to maintain health and prevent disease.
The document provides an introduction to school health education. It defines key terms like health and health education. It recognizes the need for school health education and identifies the learning objectives of understanding health education in the curriculum. It discusses the scope of health education, principles of health education, settings of health education, health problems of school students, and priorities for health education topics in developed and less developed countries. Finally, it provides context on the history and current state of the education system in Saudi Arabia.
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Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
2 social structure
1. Building blocks of Social
Structure and interactions
2nd lecture
Dr/ Eman M. Mortada
Associate professor
In sociology, public health and preventive medicine
In
2. Illustrate the levels of sociological analysis.
Identify the macrosociological Perspective:
Social Structure
Determine components of the social structure
Identify the types of Societies and their
Transformation
Recognize Social Interaction from a
Microsociological Perspective
Lecture Outline
4. **Meaning of Sociology (1):
The word “Sociology” is derived from:
‟Socius„
Latin word
which means ‟society„
“logos”
• Greek wordwhich means ‟science„ or
study
Science of society or
study of society.
5. Sociology is the study of
“people doing things together”
Above definition reminds us of the fact that
Neither society nor the individual exists in isolation but each
is dependent on the intertwined with the other…
Meaning of Sociology (2):
6. Meaning of Sociology (3):
Sociology is the Systematic study of human society, social
interaction and social behavior
Systematic
Study
Human
society,
Social
interaction
Social
behavior
7. ❑ The different sociological perspectives are like
the photographers' lenses,
❑ allowing different ways of looking at a
common subject
Sociologist can take:
❑ a Micro sociological lens: zoom lens
❑ a Macro sociologicallens: wide-angle lens
Two Levels of Sociological Analysis
Society
Culture
Social Institutions
Social Inequality
(Class, Gender,
Ethnicity)
Groups
Roles
Socializatio
n
Interac
tion
Self
Sociology covers a wide range of topics
at different levels of analysis
8. Macro sociological perspectives
❑The macro perspective assumes
that society’s larger structures
shape those individual
interactions
The goal is to examine the large
scale influences of society
The study of society as a
whole and Social Structure
Ex: Functionalism, Conflict
Theory
9. Micro sociological perspectives
❑The micro perspective assumes
that society’s larger structures
are shaped through individual
interactions
❑Examines social interaction
Focus on face to face
interaction
The study of small group
behavior
Ex: Symbolic Interactionism
11. • Look for connections
between :
I. The behavior of
individual
II. and
III. The structures of
society in which they
live.
FailDesk. (2013, January 24). Retrieved February 11, 2015 from
http://faildesk.net/2013/01/24/the-sad-truth-of-modern-human-
behavior-comic/
Describe this situation
The sad truth of
modern human behavior
13. Herbert Spencer was the first sociologist to through light on
the structure of the society.
❑According to him the meaning of social structure
can be easily understood if we take an example of
the organic structure of body.
❑Body is an arrangement of different parts like legs
,mouth , nose and ears ,etc.
❑The body works through these interdependent and
inter-related parts.
17. Father of
social Darwinism.
He believed that societies, like living organisms, evolve
through time by adapting to their changing environment. This
is referred to “social Darwinism.”
18. like a body, society is composed of many parts working
together to promote its well-being and survival.
Compared society to the body
19. Social structure: the network of interrelated statuses and
roles that guide human interaction
Social structure within a family
20. The structure of a society
refers to
the way society is organized.
21. Society is organized into 4 building blocks:
1. Statuses
2. Roles
3. Social institutions
4. Groups
28. Ascribed Status:
a status assigned according to:
qualities beyond a person’s control (involuntary)
based on a person’s inherited traits (age, gender, race etc.)
29. Achieved Status:
Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some:
❑ special skill,
❑knowledge, or
❑ability.
what you accomplish.
30. Examples
Male/Female (Sex)
Age
Lower/Middle/Upper Class (@ Birth)
Religion (Birth/Culture)
Race
Ethinic group
Husband/Wife (Marital Status)
Father/Mother (Parents)
Occupation Teacher/Doctor
(Employment)
Ascribed Status Achieved Status
32. The line between achieved status and ascribed status is not always black and white.
There are many statuses that can be considered a mixture of achievement and
ascription.
Children usually have more ascribed statuses than adults since they do not usually
have a choice in most matters.
Ascribed and Achieved Status
33. A family's social status or socioeconomic status,
would be,
SES an achieved status
for adults
but an ascribed status
for children.
34. Master Status:
The status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life
and determining social identity.
37. Status Symbols
When people are proud of a particular social status that they occupy, they often
choose to use visible means to let others know about their position.
Status symbols are material items we use as signs to display our status and
inform others of a person’s specific status.
These symbols can be positive or negative
Home
Car
Clothes
Etc.
41. “ You occupy a status, but you play a role”
People play many different roles everyday
Status
A described position
◼ An instructor of
sociology.
Role:
A described behavior
◼ Teaching students the main ideas
of sociological studies.
◼ develop lesson plans
◼ must grade
43. Behavior included both rights and obligations
Rights:
behaviors that individuals
can expect from others
Obligations:
behaviors that individuals
are expected to perform
toward others
44. Reciprocal Roles
Reciprocal Roles- corresponding roles that define the patterns
of interaction between related statuses
Doctor-patient
Teacher-student
Athlete-coach
Husband –wife
Parent-Child
Friend- Friend
Employee-Employer
45. Role Strain:
Difficulty fulfilling the expectations of a single status
Prepare for examProject due time
Status: Student
46. “I’ll be late for dinner, Dear.
I’m up to my neck in paperwork.”
Role Strain:
47. Role Conflict:
a situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one status
makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another status.
Status: physician Status: mother
Take care of her babies
Cook meals
Homework with kids
Go to hospital
Go to her clinic
Prepare her PhD
49. ➢ A social institution is a group of statuses and roles that are organized to
satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society.
50. ➢ Five Basic Social Institutions
Government or politics
Religion
Education
Economy
Family
An easy way to remember the social
institutions is by using the initials
GREEF
Economy
Education
FamilyGovernment
Religion
51. ➢ Some sociologists argue that
other social institutions, such
as science and technology,
mass media, medicine, sport,
and the military, also play
important roles in modern
society.
Mass
media
Medicine
MilitarySports
Science and
technology
52. FUNCTIONInstitution
the most universal social institution,
takes responsibility for raising the young and
teaching them accepted norms and values.
The family
organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and
services.
The economic
institution
the system of norms that governs the exercise and distribution of power
in society.
The political
institution
ensures the transmission of values, patterns of behavior, and certain
skills and knowledge.
Education
provides a shared, collective explanation of the meaning of life.Religion
53. Social groups
The 4th building block
1. Statuses
2. Roles
3. Social institutions
4. Groups
54. Groups are the foundation of social life.
Institutions are made up of social groups.
Groups have 4 major features:
1. Consist of 2 or more people.
2. Interaction among members.
3. Members must have shared expectations.
4. Members must possess some sense of common
identity.
They differ in terms of size, life, organization, and
purpose.
55. • Size
• A dyad is two people.
• A triad is three people.
• Fifteen is the largest number that works well as a group.
Types of Groups
• Time
• A group can be a one-time meeting or a lifetime.
• Interaction is not continuous; there are breaks.
• Organization
• A formal group has clearly defined structure, goals, and activities.
• An informal group has no official structure or rules of conduct.
56. Secondary Groups
Interaction is impersonal and
temporary
people who share only part of
their lives and are Task oriented
and characterized by impersonal
and formal interaction.e.g.
Work Groups
Function
to accomplish a goal
to complete a task
Primary Groups
Small group that interacts over
a long period of time on a
personal basis
people who know each other
well, are emotionally close and
characterized by intimate and
informal interaction. E.g.
❑ Best Friends
❑ Close Neighbors
Function
❑ Emotional support
❑ Socialization
❑ Conformity
Types of Groups (cont.)
57. Social Networks
• The web of relationships across groups
that occurs because of the many groups
people belong to
• No clear boundaries
Reference Groups
• A group whose attitudes and values are
adopted
• Can have both positive and negative
effect on behavior
In-Groups and Out-Groups
• In-group: any group that a person
belongs to and identifies with
• Out-group: any group that the person
does not belong to or identify with
Types of Groups (cont.)
Electronic Communities
• Have arisen with arrival of internet
• Some reflect primary-group dynamics
59. Three broad categories:
Preindustrial Societies
Industrial Societies
Post-Industrial Societies
59
Societies and Their Transformations
One of the most common ways in which sociologists classify societies is by their
subsistence strategy
Subsistence Strategy: Way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of
its members
As societies change over time their complexity also changes
Societies become more diverse
This leads to changes in the social structure
60. Preindustrial Societies
Food production is the main economic activity
Carried out through the use of human & animal labor
Divided according to their level of technology &
method of producing food
➢ Hunting and Gathering
➢ Pastoral
➢ Horticultural
➢ Agricultural
61. Hunting and Gathering Societies:
A society that survives by:
hunting animals and
gathering edible plants
62. 1- Hunting & Gathering Societies
Characteristics
Nomadic: Move around in search of food (no
permanent villages)
Small size (60 people)
Statuses are relatively equal, Division of labor
limited to gender and age
Family is the main social unit & carries out most
social functions
No social classes.
Examples:
Australian
Aboriginals
Inuit in
Alaska
Tribes
along the
Amazon
River Basin
64. 2- Horticultural Societies
Examples:
Micronesian
tribes
Certain African
tribes (Dahomey)
Tribes in South
America
Ancient Olmec,
Maya, Aztec &
Inca
Main form of food production: fruits & veggies grown
in garden
Characteristics
Grow & harvest instead of just gather
More permanent settlement
Use slash and burn tactics for crops
Wild vegetation is burned
Ash turns into compost for new farming.
Surplus food (fewer needed to work) leads to a
complex division of labor & role specialization
Inequalities in wealth & power
66. Pastoral Societies
Characteristics
Reliable food source = support larger
populations
Food surpluses = complex division of labor –
specialization by individuals or groups in the
performance of specific economic activities
Surplus allows development of social inequity
(class system)
Women remain home, men provide food.
Male dominated
Examples:
African societies
(Horn, Sahel, &
Sub-Saharan)
including the
Bedouin, Somalis,
& Berbers
Sherpa in Nepal
Navajo of North
America
68. Agricultural Societies
Characteristics
Technology allows farming to make large surplus of food: Tractors and
Irrigation
Large division of labor, but many specialized roles
Build armies to provide protection from outside attack
Construct roads = facilitates trade (use money instead of barter); develop
writing system
Sharp status differences (landowners & peasants)
Examples:
Pre Industrial
Revolution Europe
America before
1900
Amish in the U.S.
69. Industrial Societies emerged after industrial Revolution
❑ Industrial Revolution occurred in the 19th and 20th
centuries
70. Industrial Societies
A society that depends on
science and technology to produce its basic goods and
services
Industrial Society:
71. Industrial Societies
Characteristics
Drew people away from the home and reduced importance of
family and tradition.
Production (food & goods) by machine (mechanization) =
reduced need for agricultural workers
Causes urbanization: People move to cities for work
More freedom to compete for social position; statuses achieved
Examples:
China
Republic of South
Africa
Australia
New Zealand
Argentina
72. What happens when agricultural societies
become industrial societies?
1- Mechanization:
replacing animal and human power with machine power
73. What happens when agricultural societies
become industrial societies?
2- urbanization:
the shifting of population from farms and villages to large cities
What happens when agricultural societies
become industrial societies?
74. Contrasting Societies
It describes a society based on tradition,
and intimate social relationships
These relationships were found in
preindustrial societies
It is characterized by weak family ties,
competition, and less personal
relationships
It is found in industrial societies
Gemeinschaft: “community” Geselschaft: “society”
German sociologist: Ferdinand Tonnes
Two Ideal Types of societies based on social structure of social relationships and
the degree of valued shared among societal members
75. Refers to simple societies where all
the individuals are interconnected by
a simple division of labor and
sharing same values
In preindustrial times
Mechanical Solidarity Organic Solidarity
Refers to more complex societies
where there are many forms of work
and the division of labor is much
more complex
Industrialized societies
Emile Durkheim Claimed that society is distinguished based on its type of social
solidarity (the degree to which a society is unified in the face of obstacles).
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
76. Postindustrial Society
A society in which the
economic emphasis is on
providing services and information
Postindustrial society:
77. Postindustrial Societies
The term was coined in 1973; the production of information using
computer technology
Rather than producing things, produces ideas and information.
Place strong emphasis on science and technology
Standard of living & quality of life improve (wages increase)
Individual rights & personal fulfillment are important (social
equality & democracy)
Examples:
United States
Canada
Western Europe
(some say Japan)
78. 5 Major Features Of Postindustrial Societies
According to sociologist Daniel Bell:
1. Majority of the labor in services
2. White collar replaces blue collar workers
3. Technological knowledge is the key organizing feature
4. Technology change is planned and assessed
5. Reliance on computer modeling in all areas
79. Five Major Features of a Post-Industrial Society:
1. the majority of the labor force are employed in services rather than in
agriculture or manufacturing.
80. This graph indicates the trend in the relationship
between service and manufacturing jobs
81. 2. White-Collar employment replaces much blue-collar work.
Five Major Features of a Post-Industrial Society:
82. 3. Technical knowledge is the key organizing feature in postindustrial
society.
Five Major Features of a Post-Industrial Society:
83. 4. Technological change is planned and assessed.
Five Major Features of a Post-Industrial Society:
84.
85. 5. Reliance on computer modeling in all areas.
Five Major Features of a Post-Industrial Society:
87. When you play a role – you are interacting with others
These are the 5 types of interaction that take place in societies throughout
the world.
Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation—stabilize
social structure
Competition and Conflict—can disrupt social structure
88. Exchange
The Most basic & common form of interaction
When people interact in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions
Example: Working, family life, friendship, politics all involve exchanges.
90. Exchange
Exchange theory
Exchange theorists believe that people are motivated by self-interest in their interactions
with other people.
In other words, people do things primarily for rewards.
Behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated.
91. Competition (achieve the goal)
Definition: an interaction that occurs when two or more people or groups
oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.
92. Competition (achieve the goal)
A common feature in Western society.
Example: College applications, Football Games, Contests
93. Competition (achieve the goal)
Positive: Rules of accepted
proper conduct are
followed.
Negative: Can lead to stress, lack of
cooperation, inequality and conflict
94. Conflict (defeat the opponent)
Sometimes competition becomes conflict
Definition: The deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose
someone, or to harm another person.
Four sources of conflict: war, disagreements within groups, legal
disputes, & clashes over ideology
Useful purposes: reinforces group boundaries, strengthens group
loyalty, lead to social change
95. Cooperation
Definition: interaction that occurs when two or more persons or
groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many
people
No group can complete its tasks or achieve its goals without
cooperation from its members.
Competition may be used along with cooperation to motivate
members to work harder for the group.
Necessary social process; gets things done
96. Accommodation
Definition: a state of balance between cooperation and conflict
Accommodation helps to ensure social stability.
You give a little, you take a little
It can take a number of different forms
Compromise
Truce
Mediation
Arbitration
97. Compromise
Each party gives up something
they want in order to come to
an agreement
Mediation
Calling in a third party who guides
the two parties toward
an agreement
Arbitration
A third party makes a decision that
is binding on both parties
Forms of Accommodation
Truce
Temporarily brings a halt to the
competition or conflict until a
compromise can be reached
99. Other Examples Of Social Interaction
People interact using verbal and non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication are interactions using:
❖ facial expressions,
❖ eye contact,
❖ body posture,
❖ gestures,
❖ touch, walk,
❖ status symbols and
❖ personal space
Non-verbal communication are:
Culturally specific
Learned through socialization
100. Personal Space
We surround ourselves with a
“personal bubble” and we let in our
intimates and keep others out
The amount of space we need varies
from culture to culture
North Americans have four different
“distance zones”
1. Intimate distance- 18”
2. Personal distance- 18” to 4’
3. Social Distance- 4’ to 12’
4. Public Distance- beyond 12’
Nonverbal Social Interaction
102. Stereotypes – Assumptions about the characteristics
of certain individuals which leads to generalizations
First impressions set the tone for interaction
Race, age, gender, clothing are thing we all notice
These things affect how we interact with that
person and how that person reacts to you
Stereotypes
Nonverbal Social Interaction
103. Body Language & Eye Contact
Our body language can communicate volumes about our true
thoughts and feelings.
Eye contact – used to communicate different messages:
showing interest
a challenge
threat
aggression
Nonverbal Social Interaction
106. Studying Social Interaction:
Dramaturgy
Life is like a play,
we are all just actors playing a part,
and the part (dress, script, props) depends on the scene.
107. Studying Social Interaction:
Dramaturgy
Performance includes
our statuses (parts),
our roles (scripts),
the way we dress (costume),
the objects we carry (props),
where we are (the set),
and even our tone of voice and gestures (demeanor).
Stage Social Life
Parts Statuses
Script (lines) Roles
costume the way we dress
the set where we are
108. According to Goffman, there are the two stages
where dramaturgy.
Front Stage: any place that we act in front of others so we spend
most of our lives in this stage
Backstage: When a person retreats to a private area so they don't
have to act and can be their real self. This is also a time when a person
can practice and prepare to return to the front stage