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2. SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION
(6500)
Maria Bibi

3. INTRODUCTION
 Sociology of education is that branch of knowledge which trees to
control social forces through the educative process going on in the
family, school, play group. mosque etc.
 It analyses and utilises the educative process that influence the
development of personality in order to transform the individual for
desirable social ends.

4. Sociological methods and Models
 Sociology is the study of social relationships among people who live together.
When people live together.
 They form a society where there are some common interests, mutual help.
give and take, duties or division of labour for the good of all as each is in
need of others.
 The society is composed of men. women and children living together from
one generation to another according to some traditions, ways of life or
conventions, beliefs which are passed on to the succeeding generations.
 It can be delineated into four methods i.e. Historical, empirical, analytical
and scientific methods.

5. Cont…
Historical Method
 Through this method we consider the thoughts of the founding fathers' books
and researches. These are accepted as the main pillars of sociology.
 There are Auguste Comte, Emil Durkheim, Herbert Spencer and Max Weber.
Their work on sociology covers the whole nineteenth and twentieth
century. Every one of them played a considerable part in the developing
stage of sociology as an intellectual discipline.
Empirical Method
 In this method sociology is considered as a collection of sub-disciplines
that deal with institutions and social process.
 Current sociological books and writings of modern writers are the
examples of empirical method.

6. Cont…
Analytical Method
 Reason is applied in this method to divide and delimit some larger
subject matter and allocate it among various branches of knowledge.
Social act is the smallest unit of which sociological analysis is applied.
 It is directly visible action which has a reasonably clear meaning for both
the actor and others with whom he is in contact.
Scientific Method
 A scientist is concerned to be engaged in the study of electronics,
molecules, viruses, cells, rocks, stars, skeletons or skulls and is confined
in laboratories with his instruments of study like microscope, telescope
etc.

7. Cont…
Relativism
 It means that conclusions drawn are never taken as permanent, final and
absolute truths. The scientists believe that the theories held today are open
to question tomorrow.
 Science itself is self-correcting, Its theories are not so sacred and its
conclusions not so final.
Ethical Neutrality
 Science does not preach. It does not ask a man whether to become a
physician or a carpenter, whether to make an atom bomb or an antimissile
device. There are issues with which science is not concerned.
 Problems of this kind are out of the scope of science.

8. Sociology as a Science
 According to Auguste Comte and Durkheim, “Sociology is a science because it
adopts and applies the scientific method”.
 Sociology does make use of scientific methods in the study of its subject
matter. Hence Sociology is a science.

9. Interaction of Institutions
 Social interaction occurs when two or more people take account of each other
and modify their behaviour accordingly. When individuals interact, they
develop shared meanings about the world that forms' the basis of
culture.
 Social interaction is also the mechanism by which the values and norms of an
existing culture are transmitted from generation to generation. Interaction is
important because it is the basis of social order.
 By orienting their behaviour to one another and by considering other people's
reaction to them, people develop and understanding of behaviour.

10. Types of Interaction
Cooperative
 It is a form of interaction in which people strive for a common goal
and depend on each other. Cooperation can be demanded by a higher
authority or is agreed upon by equal partners.
Competition
 It is another form of social interaction. In competition participants
seek the same limited goals and agree to abide by certain rules in their
efforts to achieve that goal.

11. Types of Relationships in Interaction
 Domination and Subordination
 Symbolic Interaction
 Facial Expressions
 Physical Gestures
 Points to Remember

12. Family Socialization and Stratification
 Societies include a number of institutions of transmitting their
culture to children ad youth.
 The most important institutions in many societies have been the
mosque, the peer groups, the school, and of course the family and also
the mass media which has emerged to play a major part in socialisation.
 Changes and trends in the structure and characteristics of the
contemporary family also have important implications for the child's
educational development and for his success in school.

13. Cont…
Increase in Working Methods
 The percentage of working mothers has been increasing steadily. The
trend toward greater female participation in labour force is expected to
continue.
 The reason is better opportunities for women, family financial pressure
and changes in older cultural attitudes and patterns that dictated that
mothers stay at home.

14. Religious Institutions
 Religion as a part of society gives common beliefs and practices which are
acquired by each individual as a member of the society he belongs to.
 The relationship of people with God and worship of God is public matter
and is supported by the community. In Islam it is communal in character.
 The collective rituals (e.g. 'Namaz', fasting, Haj) give expressions to
shared beliefs and reinforce the adherents devotion to the ends of society.
Identification with other persons of the same religion is also strengthened.

15. Religion is functional on account of five
things
 It offers through its system of supernatural beliefs, an explanation of the
society's ends and justification of their principles.
 It provides through its collective rituals, a means for constant renewal of
common sentiments.
 It supplies a reference for the values and reinforcement for all persons who
share the same values.
 It provides an ultimate and insuperable source of rewards and punishments
i.e. reward for good and punishment for bad conduct.
 Religion makes a unique contribution to social integration.

16. Religion and Personality
 Religion is instrumental in orgamsmg healthy traits of personality. Each
individual has certain aspirations related to his life goals. These goals are
motivating force which channelise his energies.
 These goals are dependent to a large extent on cultural norms and values.
The goals like the relieving of human sufferings, propagation of faith,
brotherly feelings for fellows of the faith acquire importance.
 These goals when realised give a sense of moral achievement. Traits of
self-esteem, or self-affection or sympathy for others are developed.

17. The Peer Group as an Institution
 Family is the first and most basic of the primary groups with which a
child is associated. peer group interactions soon become frequent-the
playgroup for the small child and the teenage clique for the
adolescent.
 The peer group provides significant learning experience in how to interact
with others.
 Functions of Peer Group
 Peer Culture and the School
 Friendship Patterns
 Participation in Extra Curricular Activities

18. The School as a Social and Cultural
System
Aspects of School Culture
 Each school has its own sub-culture-the set of values and behaviours that it
reinforces and rewards. Education in school, compared with that in the family
or peer group is carried on in relatively formal ways.
 Groupings are formed not by voluntary choices but according to age,
aptitudes and by sex.
Culture of Classroom

19. Television and other Media
 Other formal agencies share in socialising the child. but their influence
today is generally much less then that of family, peer group and
school.
 However, the mass media, especially television, are extremely effective
in shaping the attitude and behaviour of children as well as those of adults.
 A Second School System
 TV and Aggressive behavior
 Positive Aspects

20. Educational Goals
 Child holistic development
 Command of the fundamental process
 Home membership
 Vocation
 Citizenship
 Ethical character

21. School Functions and Role of Teacher
 The school is the stretched arm of the family and the child goes to school
with the same basic needs to be satisfied for his proper growth.
 In the school there are also human relationship between children
themselves, between children and the teachers or heads and other
personnel working in the school, which determine the socialisation of
individual children.
 Role of Teacher

22. Conclusion
 The sociology of education involves the study of educational institutions.
 In fact socialisation in the first few years of life occurs as a result of
interaction of children with their parents.
 School is another important agent of socialisation, because formal education
is needed to do most jobs. Schools also instil the cultural values and norms
such as patriotism, discipline and hard work.
 Children's self-images are influenced by the way their teachers and peers
respond to them. Peer group is important to play part in socialisation of
children and adults.
 Mass media, which include television. radio. movies. magazines and
newspapers, is a strong agent of socialisation, which has both positive and
negative effects.