2. Memory and attention.pptx
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Memory is the ability to encode, store, retrieve, and forget information over time. There are three main memory systems - sensory memory which briefly stores sensory information, short-term memory which can hold a limited amount of information for a short period of time, and long-term memory which stores information for the long-term. Memory is classified based on its physiological basis into explicit memory which is declarative memory of facts and experiences, and implicit memory which is nondeclarative memory of skills and habits. Attention is the cognitive ability to focus cognitive processing on a particular object, location, or attribute. There are different types of attention including sustained attention, selective attention, and alternating attention.
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Memory
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Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
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Retrieval: Getting information out
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Information-processing model
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Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
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This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
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Sensory.
7MemoryRevised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of N.docx
7
Memory
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Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
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Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
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This PPT contains Memory from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Memory is a cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It enables us to retain and recall past experiences, learning, and knowledge. Memory plays a fundamental role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and shaping our identity and interactions with the world.
In psychology, memory is a complex and multifaceted cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and overall functioning in daily life. Memory allows individuals to retain and recall past experiences, facts, skills, and knowledge.
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7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
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Retrieval: Getting information out
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Memory construction errors
Improving memory
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Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
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Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
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Retention of facts and personal events that can be consciously retrieved
Formed via effortful processing
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Automatic processing and implicit memories
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This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
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7
Memory
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Studying memory
Building memories: Encoding
Memory storage
Retrieval: Getting information out
Forgetting
Memory construction errors
Improving memory
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Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Information-processing model
Compares human memory to a computer’s operation
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Stages in Information-Processing Model
Encoding
Getting information into the memory system
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Recording to-be-remembered information as a fleeting sensory memory
Processing information into short-term memory, where it is encoded through rehearsal
Moving information into long-term memory for later retrieval
Sensory memory: Immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
Long-term memory: Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Modified Three-Stage Processing Model of Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s classic three-step model helps us to think about how memories are processed, but today’s researchers recognize other ways long-term memories form.
For example, some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it (automatic processing).
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Newer understanding of short-term memory
Includes the conscious and active processing of:
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Information retrieved from long-term memory
Working memory is more efficient when individuals focus on one task at a time, without distractions.
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Want to try to see how good your working memory is?
In Class Demonstration
Two-Track Memory System
Implicit (nondeclarative) memory
Retention of learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness
Formed via automatic processing
Explicit (declarative) memory
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Formed via effortful processing
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Automatic processing and implicit memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and classically conditioned associations.
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Explicit memories become automatic with experience and practice.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
Your two-track mind processes information efficiently via parallel processing, which involves processing of many aspects of a problem at the same time.
This method is the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions.
13
Sensory ...
Cns 19
The document discusses several topics related to higher functions of the nervous system including language, speech pathways, memory types, learning, and memory disorders. It describes how language allows expression of thoughts through sounds and how the speech pathway works. It also summarizes the types of memory as declarative and nondeclarative, and explains short-term versus long-term memory and memory consolidation processes in the brain.
Declarative memory
This document discusses declarative memory, which includes both episodic and semantic memory. It defines declarative memory as factual knowledge and memories of past events that are encoded by the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex. Episodic memory refers to autobiographical memories of specific events and experiences, while semantic memory involves general factual knowledge. The document also discusses the HM case of a patient with amnesia following removal of parts of the hippocampus, and how this case contributed to understanding the brain regions involved in memory formation.
Human Memory
Memory can be defined as the ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. There are different types of memory based on how long information is retained. Sensory memory only lasts up to 500 milliseconds. Short-term or working memory briefly stores information for up to 20 seconds through rehearsal before transferring it to long-term memory. Long-term memory can store information for lifetimes and is divided into explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory includes episodic memory of personal experiences and semantic memory of facts, while implicit memory involves unconscious procedural skills and habits. Information is retrieved from long-term memory through processes like recall, recognition and relearning. There are several theories for why we forget, including decay, interference, encoding and
Memory introduction by md.sayef
Memory is the ability to encode, store, and recall past experiences. There are three main types of memory: sensory memory (less than 1 second), short-term memory (less than 1 minute), and long-term memory (lifetime). Long-term memory includes both implicit memory (procedural memory like skills) and explicit memory (facts and autobiographical events), which can be either episodic (personal experiences) or semantic (general knowledge). Memory is distributed across the brain and involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. It is influenced by many factors and is not perfectly accurate, as memories can be distorted or modified over time.
Memory
This document discusses memory, including its types, anatomical basis, evaluation, and clinical implications. It defines memory as the mental process of storing information for later recall. The three main types of memory discussed are short-term memory, recent memory, and remote memory. It describes the role of different brain regions in memory storage and processing, including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and association areas of the cortex. Methods for evaluating different aspects of memory like immediate recall, recent memory through orientation questions, and remote memory through personal and historical events are also outlined.
information processing theory
Information processing theory views how people receive, mentally modify, remember, and process information over time. It has four main components: thinking, analyzing stimuli, modifying responses based on situations, and evaluating obstacles. Information is received through senses and stored in three parts of memory - sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, working memory actively processes and stores information for brief periods, and long-term memory permanently stores vast amounts of information through different types like episodic, semantic, procedural, and implicit memories.
Chap5.memory
This document summarizes different types of memory and memory processes. It defines explicit memory as clearly expressed memories, and implicit memory as suggested memories. It distinguishes between retrospective memory of past events and prospective memory for future acts. The stages of memory processing are encoding, storage through maintenance or elaborative rehearsal, and retrieval. Different memory systems include sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Factors like context, state of mind, interference, and amnesia can affect memory retrieval and storage.
Information - Processing View (Atkinson Shiffrin).pptx
Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations
Information-processing view (Atkinson Shifrin)
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. In 1968 these two proposed a multi-stage theory of memory. They explained that from the time information is received by the processing system, it goes through different stages to be fully stored. They broke this down to sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson). In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory, storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. It is very brief storage—up to a couple of seconds. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. An information processing model in psychology emphasises how information perceived via the senses is encoded, stored, retrieved and utilised by the human brain. It is a framework used by psychologists to explain and describe mental and cognitive processes. The premise of Information Processing Theory is that creating a long-term memory is something that happens in stages; first we perceive something through our sensory memory, which is everything we can see, hear, feel or taste in a given moment; our short-term memory is what we use to remember things for very short
Information - Processing View (Atkinson Shiffrin).pptx
Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations
Information-processing view (Atkinson Shifrin)
Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. In 1968 these two proposed a multi-stage theory of memory. They explained that from the time information is received by the processing system, it goes through different stages to be fully stored. They broke this down to sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson). In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory, storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. It is very brief storage—up to a couple of seconds. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. An information processing model in psychology emphasises how information perceived via the senses is encoded, stored, retrieved and utilised by the human brain. It is a framework used by psychologists to explain and describe mental and cognitive processes. The premise of Information Processing Theory is that creating a long-term memory is something that happens in stages; first we perceive something through our sensory memory, which is everything we can see, hear, feel or taste in a given moment; our short-term memory is what we use to remember things for very short
Unit 3 Cognitive process / Memory
This PPT contains Memory from Unit 3 Cognitive Process of the subject Psychology for F.Y.B.Sc. Nursing.
Memory is a cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It enables us to retain and recall past experiences, learning, and knowledge. Memory plays a fundamental role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and shaping our identity and interactions with the world.
In psychology, memory is a complex and multifaceted cognitive process that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information over time. It is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and plays a crucial role in learning, decision-making, problem-solving, and overall functioning in daily life. Memory allows individuals to retain and recall past experiences, facts, skills, and knowledge.
Biological process of memory
There are two types of long-term memory: declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory involves consciously recalling facts and experiences, including episodic and semantic memory. Non-declarative memory deals with skills and procedures rather than facts. Three systems in the brain are involved in long-term memory storage: the cerebellum and striatum for implicit memories, the amygdala for emotional memories, and the hippocampus for consciously recalled episodic and semantic memories. After initial processing, memories are stored in the cortical association areas.
Neurobiology of Memory
Understanding the encoding of memory and its retrieval is a complex task. The neurobiological correlates of memory have been summarised in this presentation for easy understanding of students.
Memori dan tubuh 2003
The document discusses several key facts about memory:
1) The brain is made up of around 1 trillion cells, with 100 billion actively firing and 900 billion serving as support. Memory connections form between up to 20,000 cells.
2) Memory can be categorized as explicit, such as facts, or implicit, like skills. Explicit memory further divides into episodic memory of unique events and semantic memory of general knowledge.
3) A classic model of memory outlines three stages - sensory memory, short-term working memory holding 7 items for 30 seconds, and long-term memory for permanent storage. Encoding, storage, and retrieval are key processes.
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- 2. Memory is the ability of the body to capture, store and reproduce information. Memory functions: 1.Encoding 2.Storage 3.Retrieval 4.Forgetting
- 3. 1. Nervous system 2. Immune system 3. Genetic system
- 4. 1.Volume 2. Speed 3. Accuracy 4. Duration
- 5. By time of the storage (old) 1. Sensory memory a)Iconic (0,25 sec.) b)Echoic (3-4 sec.) 2. Short-term memory 3. Long-term memory
- 6. By time of the storage (new) 1. Short-term memory 2.Working memory 3. Long-term memory
- 7. By the physiological basis 1. Explicit (declarative) memory: of general knowledge, facts, and experiences (processed by the hippocampus) 2. Implicit (nondeclarative) memory: of skills and conditioned responses (processed by other parts of the brain, including the cerebellum)
- 8. The ability of a person to concentrate his "cognitive processes" on a single object in order to study it.
- 9. concentration, distribution, volume, switchability, stability.
- 10. 1) - voluntary attention - involuntary attention 2) - Sustained attention - the ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity. - Selective attention - the ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli. - Alternating attention - the ability of mental flexibility that allows individuals to shift their focus of attention and move between tasks having different cognitive requirements. - Divided attention - refers to the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands