Memory is the storage of acquired knowledge that can be recalled later. Memory is stored in the brain by changing the sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity, forming memory traces. Memory can be explicit and involve consciousness, like episodic and semantic memory, or implicit and operate without consciousness, like skills and habits. Memory is also categorized by duration as short term, intermediate long term, or long term. Memory formation and recall involve changes in the structure and function of neurons in the brain.

2. DEFINATION:
Memory is the storage of acquired knowledge
for later call.
MEMORY TRACES: Memory is stored in
brain by changing basic sensitivity of
synaptic transmission b/w neuron as a
result of previous neural activity . The new
or facilitated pathway are c/d memory
traces .

3.  POSITIVE MEMORY:
Information causes important consequences such as
pain or pleasures.
 NEGATIVE MEMORY:
Brain has capability to learn to ignore information that is
of no consequence.
OTHER TERMS ARE:
HABITUATION.
SENSITIZATION.

4.  EXPLICIT :
Also c/d DECLARATIVE memory , associated with
consciousness.
 DIVIDED INTO
EPISODIC: Memory for events.
SEMANTIC : Memory for facts , words rules etc.
 IMPLICIT:
Also c/d non declarative , doesn’t involve consciousness. It
include skill , habit ,conditioned reflexes.

6.  Explicit Memory and many forms of implicit memory
involve the temporary storage of information in
working or short memory which lasts for few seconds
or minutes.

7.  SHORT TERM:
Memory lasts for seconds or at most minutes.
Example: One’s memory of 7 to 10 numerals in a phone
number for a few sec/min.
 INTERMEDIATE LONG TERM:
Memory lasts days to week .
 LONG TERM MEMORY:
Memory once stores ,can be recalled up to years.

10. 1
• Noxious stimulus.
2
• Release of serotonin from facilitating inter neuron.
3
• ↑ Cyclic AMP in presynaptic neuron.
4
• Blockage of K+ channels in presynaptic neuron.
5
• Prolongation of action potential in presynaptic neuron.

11. 6
• Ca2+ channels in presynaptic neuron kept open longer.
7
• Ca2+ influx.
8
• ↑ Output of transmitter from presynaptic neuron.
9
• ↑ Post synaptic Potential in efferent neuron.
10
• Enhanced Behavioral response to stimulus.

12. 1
• Repetitious indifferent stimulus.
2
• Closing of Ca2+ channels in presynaptic neuron.
3
• Ca2+influx ↓
4
• ↓ Output of transmitter from presynaptic neuron.
5
• ↓ Post synaptic Potential in efferent neuron.
6
• Reduced behavioral response to indifferent stimuli.

13.  ↑ in vesicle release sites for secretion of transmitter
substance.
 ↑ in number of transmitter vesicle released.
 ↑in number of presynaptic terminals .
 Change in structures of the dendritic spines that permit
transmission of stronger signals

16. Anterograde Amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia .