International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF RIB CONFIGURATION ON BOND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN ...Shoaib Wani
To conduct pull out test as per IS 2770-1967 (Methods of testing bond in reinforced concrete –part 1 pull out test ) to assess the bond strength development between concrete and steel rebar.
Pull-out test was conducted on:
Mild steel bar
HYSD –parallel ribbed bar
HYSD – diamond ribbed bar
STUDY ON BOND MECHANISM OF PSWC BARS WITH CONCRETEShoaib Wani
PSWC- Plain surface with wave-type configuration, a rebar for durable concrete construction at zero cost addition and much more. The yield strength & the bond strength of HYSD bars > plain round mild steel straight bars. The durability issues related to the use of HYSD bars in RCC & problems of early distress.
Early corrosion due to the provision of surface protrusions in HYSD bars for achieving the higher bond strength.
Alternative solution : A new type of reinforcing steel bar (named as PSWC-bar) with normal plain round surface and deformed axis is proposed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of a student's research project on the seismic behavior of beam-column joints using high-strength materials. The project aims to study different methods and find the best approach. The student will calculate seismic forces, model joints in software, perform manual calculations, and compare results. A literature review covered previous research on reinforcing joints with steel plates or fiber-reinforced polymer sheets and the behavior of high-strength concrete joints under axial loads. The project schedule outlines tasks from literature collection to thesis writing to be completed between January 2016 to May 2016.
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on reinforced concrete beam-column junctions subjected to quasi-static (monotonic) loading. The study analyzes parameters like stress, displacement, and joint stiffness. Previous research on corner and exterior beam-column joints under cyclic loading is reviewed. The behavior of exterior joints differs from corner joints. Finite element analysis is used to model the joints, and results are compared to experimental data. Design and performance criteria for beam-column joints in seismic regions are discussed. Joint shear strength and bond strength are important factors addressed in the design process.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Modeling and Analysis of Retrofitted Exterior RC Beam Column connectionmaged salama
The primary tasks of the current study are to:
1. Construct macro models using the pushover analysis procedure for a exterior beam-column joint able to predict the overall behavior, capacity and the modes of failure.
2. Studying the behavior of a CFRP retrofitted exterior beam-column joint constructing a macro model using the pushover analysis procedure in order to predict its overall behavior, capacity and the modes of failure.
3. construct a model of ten-multi-story structure using the pushover analysis procedure able predict its overall behavior. Safety of construction members against earthquake and its mode of failure
4. studying the need of using retrofitting withstand the equivalent static force calculated by response spectrum analysis for the building by retrofitting only the first story then, retrofitting two stories and so on, and predict the overall behavior for each case until the capacity of building reach the safe zone against the earthquake
Ferrocement beams and columns with x shaped shear reinforcement and stirrupsIAEME Publication
1. The document discusses using an X-shaped shear reinforcement and stirrups in ferrocement beams and columns instead of the typical rectangular shape.
2. This modification is proposed to increase the load carrying capacity and improve earthquake performance by adding truss action in beams and a tower/space truss action in columns.
3. Welded mesh around the perimeter is also suggested to prevent concrete splitting and keep the concrete in place.
STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF RIB CONFIGURATION ON BOND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN ...Shoaib Wani
To conduct pull out test as per IS 2770-1967 (Methods of testing bond in reinforced concrete –part 1 pull out test ) to assess the bond strength development between concrete and steel rebar.
Pull-out test was conducted on:
Mild steel bar
HYSD –parallel ribbed bar
HYSD – diamond ribbed bar
STUDY ON BOND MECHANISM OF PSWC BARS WITH CONCRETEShoaib Wani
PSWC- Plain surface with wave-type configuration, a rebar for durable concrete construction at zero cost addition and much more. The yield strength & the bond strength of HYSD bars > plain round mild steel straight bars. The durability issues related to the use of HYSD bars in RCC & problems of early distress.
Early corrosion due to the provision of surface protrusions in HYSD bars for achieving the higher bond strength.
Alternative solution : A new type of reinforcing steel bar (named as PSWC-bar) with normal plain round surface and deformed axis is proposed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of a student's research project on the seismic behavior of beam-column joints using high-strength materials. The project aims to study different methods and find the best approach. The student will calculate seismic forces, model joints in software, perform manual calculations, and compare results. A literature review covered previous research on reinforcing joints with steel plates or fiber-reinforced polymer sheets and the behavior of high-strength concrete joints under axial loads. The project schedule outlines tasks from literature collection to thesis writing to be completed between January 2016 to May 2016.
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on reinforced concrete beam-column junctions subjected to quasi-static (monotonic) loading. The study analyzes parameters like stress, displacement, and joint stiffness. Previous research on corner and exterior beam-column joints under cyclic loading is reviewed. The behavior of exterior joints differs from corner joints. Finite element analysis is used to model the joints, and results are compared to experimental data. Design and performance criteria for beam-column joints in seismic regions are discussed. Joint shear strength and bond strength are important factors addressed in the design process.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Modeling and Analysis of Retrofitted Exterior RC Beam Column connectionmaged salama
The primary tasks of the current study are to:
1. Construct macro models using the pushover analysis procedure for a exterior beam-column joint able to predict the overall behavior, capacity and the modes of failure.
2. Studying the behavior of a CFRP retrofitted exterior beam-column joint constructing a macro model using the pushover analysis procedure in order to predict its overall behavior, capacity and the modes of failure.
3. construct a model of ten-multi-story structure using the pushover analysis procedure able predict its overall behavior. Safety of construction members against earthquake and its mode of failure
4. studying the need of using retrofitting withstand the equivalent static force calculated by response spectrum analysis for the building by retrofitting only the first story then, retrofitting two stories and so on, and predict the overall behavior for each case until the capacity of building reach the safe zone against the earthquake
Ferrocement beams and columns with x shaped shear reinforcement and stirrupsIAEME Publication
1. The document discusses using an X-shaped shear reinforcement and stirrups in ferrocement beams and columns instead of the typical rectangular shape.
2. This modification is proposed to increase the load carrying capacity and improve earthquake performance by adding truss action in beams and a tower/space truss action in columns.
3. Welded mesh around the perimeter is also suggested to prevent concrete splitting and keep the concrete in place.
Experimental study on strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using deflected structural steel
reinforcement and the conventional steel reinforcement are conducted in this study. The reinforcement quantity
of both categories was approximately equalised. Mild steel flats with minimum thickness and corresponding
width are deflected to possible extent in a parabolic shape and semi-circular shape are fabricated and used as
deflected structural steel reinforcement in one part, whereas the fabrication of ribbed tar steel circular bars as
conventional reinforcement on the another part of the experiment for comparison in the concrete beams. All the
beams had same dimensions and same proportions of designed mix concrete, were tested under two point
loading system. As the result of experiments, it is found that the inverted catenary flats and their ties, transfers
the load through arch action of steel from loading points towards the supports before reaching the bottom
fibre at the centre of the beam as intended earlier. Thereby the load carrying capacity and the ductility ratio
has being increased in deflected structural steel reinforced beams when compared with ribbed tar steel
reinforced concrete beams, it is also observed that the failure mode (collapse pattern)is safer.
Keywords --Arch profile, Conventional steel reinforcement, Cracks, Collapse, Deflected structural steel,
Ductility ratio.
This presentation elucidates the seismic behaviour of beam-column joint and some methods to improve the resistance of beam-column joints to seismic loads to avoid disasters.
- Beam-column joints are the weakest points in reinforced concrete frames during earthquakes due to stresses that cause cracking and failure. There are two main types of failure: shear and anchorage.
- Proper design of beam-column joints including use of closed loop ties, intermediate bars, wider columns, and straight beam bars inserted into the column improves earthquake resistance by resisting distortion and improving concrete confinement.
- Innovative techniques for strengthening joints include fiber reinforced concrete and FRP wrapping to prevent cracking and increase strength. Well designed joints are crucial to avoiding damage during seismic activity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the accuracy of using Darwin guidelines to determine the strength of steel beams with non-compact and slender webs that contain web openings. The study uses finite element analysis in ANSYS to model steel beams with various web opening parameters. It compares the maximum load capacities calculated using Darwin guidelines to those obtained from the finite element analysis. The results show that Darwin guidelines can accurately predict strength for some cases when openings are in high moment or shear zones, but not when in moment-shear combination zones. Therefore, the guidelines may need amendment for use with non-compact and slender beam sections.
This research devotes to conduct an investigation into the effects of lateral
reinforcement on the flexural behaviour of Straight Reinforced Concrete Beam
(SRCB). The amount of both longitudinal and lateral reinforcement, beam aspect ratio
(h/d) and shear span of concentrated load to depth ratio (a/d), are considered. The
experimental work includes casting and testing of fifteen SRCB of normal strength with
simple ends. The beams divided into three groups according to h/b ratio which taken
equal to (1.5, 2, and 2.5). The experimental results show that for SRCB with h/b equal
to 2 and under concentrated load at mid-span the ultimate load carrying capacity
increased by (30.8%, and 22.23%) when increasing the shear reinforcement by (50%,
and 100%) respectively. Also, the ultimate strength was increased by about 10.38%
and 16.53% with increment in shear reinforcement of 50%, and 100% respectively for
beams with h/b equal to 1.5 and under two-point load at third point. Finally, the results
appear not only increments in the capacity of ultimate load and decrement in the cracks
width when decreasing the shear reinforcement spacing but also the ductility of the
beams has increased observable.
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF EXTERIOR BEAM-CO...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to study analytically and experimentally on the seismic performance ofexterior beam column joint to improve the joint ductility with non-conventional reinforcement andby using steel fibres. Five joint sub assemblages were tested under reverse cyclic loading applied atthe beam end. Beam column joints are critical regions for frames designed for inelastic response tosevere seismic attack. The overall structural safety, especially for joints is due to lack of ductility.Different parameter of joint using ANSYS modelling was studied and experimentally verified theresults. All these details are presented.
This document discusses the seismic behavior of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete moment frames. It begins by introducing beam-column joints and their importance. It then explains that joints have limited strength and are vulnerable to damage during earthquakes. To prevent this, joints must be designed to resist earthquake effects. The document outlines how beams apply moments to joints during quakes and how this can cause diagonal cracking if the joint is not reinforced properly. It concludes that providing large column sizes or steel ties in the joint can prevent such cracking and damage.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Lateral Load Analysis of a Building with & Without Knee BracingIJERA Editor
In last decades steel structures has played an important role in construction industry. Providing strength, stability
and ductility are major purposes of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under
seismic loads. Steel braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures.
Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the
required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various types of steel bracings
such as Diagonal, X, K, V, inverted V type or chevron and global type concentric bracings. In the present study,
it was shown that modelling of the G+4 steel bare frame with various bracings (X, V, inverted V, and Knee
bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the
seismic parameters such as base shear, roof displacement, time period, storey drift, performance point for steel
bare frame with different bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than other
bracing systems.
Numerical modeling on behaviour of reinforced concrete exterior beam column j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
How do Beam-Column Joints in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes?Malay Patel
Beam-column joints are the intersections between beams and columns in reinforced concrete buildings. These joints must be designed carefully to resist seismic forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. Under earthquake shaking, the beams adjoining a joint experience moments in the same direction, pulling the top bars in one direction and bottom bars in the other. If the column is not wide enough or the concrete strength is low, the bars can slip inside the joint, weakening the structure. Providing closed loop transverse ties through the joint region helps prevent diagonal cracking and crushing of the concrete. The reinforcement cages for all beams at a floor level are ideally prepared together and lowered into place to ensure the ties surround the column bars through the joint region.
Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings must resist significant forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. These joints are vulnerable because the materials have limited strength. Closely spaced steel ties around the column bars in the joint region help control cracking and crushing of concrete by holding the joint together under forces. Sufficient column size and anchoring of beam bars into the column also improve the joint's ability to resist forces by providing better grip of the concrete on the steel reinforcement. Damage to beam-column joints during past earthquakes highlights their importance in earthquake-resistant design.
This document provides an overview of box girder bridges. It discusses the key features and advantages of box girder bridges, including their high torsional stiffness and structural efficiency. The document also examines the general behavior of curved box girder bridges, noting the effects of bending, torsion, and warping stresses. Finally, it reviews several past studies that have analyzed box girder bridges through experimental testing, finite element analysis, and varying parameters like curvature, span length, and cross-sectional depth.
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
This course outline provides details for the Design of Steel Structures course, which will teach students how to design common steel structural elements according to Indian codes, including axial, bending, and combined load members, as well as bolted, welded and eccentric connections, through lectures, tutorials, assignments and exams. The course will cover the properties of steel, loads on structures, design philosophies, plastic and limit state design of tension and compression members, beams, beam columns, plate girders and other elements. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm exam, tutorials, and a comprehensive final exam.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of spliced swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams. Three beams were tested: a control beam with standard stirrups, a beam with welded swimmer bars, and a beam with spliced swimmer bars. The spliced swimmer bars were a new type of shear reinforcement consisting of small inclined bars spliced to the longitudinal flexural steel bars. Testing results found that the beam with spliced swimmer bars exhibited similar shear strength and failure mode to the beam with welded swimmer bars, both performing better than the control beam. Cracks were monitored as the load increased.
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
Strengthening of reinforced concrete beam using steel fiber at different dept...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation for enhancing the shear and ultimate strength capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using steel fiber at different depths. Ultimate loads, load-deflection curves, cracking and crushing patterns have been compared with those of the RC beams without steel fiber henceforth noted as controlled beam. A total of four sets of experiments each having three concrete beams, one set control beam and three sets with randomly distributed discrete steel fiber at different depths henceforth noted as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) beam, were performed to determine the most economical structure in the perspective of ultimate strength and shear capacity. From the test results, it was found that incorporation of steel fiber in RC beams have shown to be effective in enhancing the shear strength capacity. It has also been observed that the strength increases with the use of varying depth of steel fiber. Beam strengthened using this scheme has shown 20% increase in shear strength and ultimate load in comparison to controlled beam.
Key Words: Reinforced Concrete Beams, High Strength Concrete, Steel fibers, strengthening
This document summarizes an experimental study on using swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete deep beams compared to vertical stirrups. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than or equal to 2. Four different shear reinforcement patterns were tested: vertical stirrups (control), single swimmer bars, rectangular shaped swimmer bars, and rectangular shaped swimmer bars with cross bracings. Test results showed that beams with single swimmer bars had the highest failure load, increasing flexural strength by about 22% compared to the control beam. Beams with rectangular swimmer bars also increased strength but by a lesser amount. Crack patterns were diagonal shear cracks in all beams.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, focusing on steel framing systems. It describes shear frames, which provide lateral stiffness through moment connections, and shear truss-frame systems, which combine shear frames with vertical trusses. Outrigger and belt truss systems connect vertical trusses to perimeter frames to improve stiffness. Framed tube systems use closely spaced columns and spandrel beams to create tube-like behavior. Developments in steel, like tailor-made beams and high-strength steels, have enabled taller and more efficient structures. The document provides examples of different structural systems used in high-rise building designs.
Experimental study on strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using deflected structural steel
reinforcement and the conventional steel reinforcement are conducted in this study. The reinforcement quantity
of both categories was approximately equalised. Mild steel flats with minimum thickness and corresponding
width are deflected to possible extent in a parabolic shape and semi-circular shape are fabricated and used as
deflected structural steel reinforcement in one part, whereas the fabrication of ribbed tar steel circular bars as
conventional reinforcement on the another part of the experiment for comparison in the concrete beams. All the
beams had same dimensions and same proportions of designed mix concrete, were tested under two point
loading system. As the result of experiments, it is found that the inverted catenary flats and their ties, transfers
the load through arch action of steel from loading points towards the supports before reaching the bottom
fibre at the centre of the beam as intended earlier. Thereby the load carrying capacity and the ductility ratio
has being increased in deflected structural steel reinforced beams when compared with ribbed tar steel
reinforced concrete beams, it is also observed that the failure mode (collapse pattern)is safer.
Keywords --Arch profile, Conventional steel reinforcement, Cracks, Collapse, Deflected structural steel,
Ductility ratio.
This presentation elucidates the seismic behaviour of beam-column joint and some methods to improve the resistance of beam-column joints to seismic loads to avoid disasters.
- Beam-column joints are the weakest points in reinforced concrete frames during earthquakes due to stresses that cause cracking and failure. There are two main types of failure: shear and anchorage.
- Proper design of beam-column joints including use of closed loop ties, intermediate bars, wider columns, and straight beam bars inserted into the column improves earthquake resistance by resisting distortion and improving concrete confinement.
- Innovative techniques for strengthening joints include fiber reinforced concrete and FRP wrapping to prevent cracking and increase strength. Well designed joints are crucial to avoiding damage during seismic activity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the accuracy of using Darwin guidelines to determine the strength of steel beams with non-compact and slender webs that contain web openings. The study uses finite element analysis in ANSYS to model steel beams with various web opening parameters. It compares the maximum load capacities calculated using Darwin guidelines to those obtained from the finite element analysis. The results show that Darwin guidelines can accurately predict strength for some cases when openings are in high moment or shear zones, but not when in moment-shear combination zones. Therefore, the guidelines may need amendment for use with non-compact and slender beam sections.
This research devotes to conduct an investigation into the effects of lateral
reinforcement on the flexural behaviour of Straight Reinforced Concrete Beam
(SRCB). The amount of both longitudinal and lateral reinforcement, beam aspect ratio
(h/d) and shear span of concentrated load to depth ratio (a/d), are considered. The
experimental work includes casting and testing of fifteen SRCB of normal strength with
simple ends. The beams divided into three groups according to h/b ratio which taken
equal to (1.5, 2, and 2.5). The experimental results show that for SRCB with h/b equal
to 2 and under concentrated load at mid-span the ultimate load carrying capacity
increased by (30.8%, and 22.23%) when increasing the shear reinforcement by (50%,
and 100%) respectively. Also, the ultimate strength was increased by about 10.38%
and 16.53% with increment in shear reinforcement of 50%, and 100% respectively for
beams with h/b equal to 1.5 and under two-point load at third point. Finally, the results
appear not only increments in the capacity of ultimate load and decrement in the cracks
width when decreasing the shear reinforcement spacing but also the ductility of the
beams has increased observable.
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF EXTERIOR BEAM-CO...IAEME Publication
The present work aims to study analytically and experimentally on the seismic performance ofexterior beam column joint to improve the joint ductility with non-conventional reinforcement andby using steel fibres. Five joint sub assemblages were tested under reverse cyclic loading applied atthe beam end. Beam column joints are critical regions for frames designed for inelastic response tosevere seismic attack. The overall structural safety, especially for joints is due to lack of ductility.Different parameter of joint using ANSYS modelling was studied and experimentally verified theresults. All these details are presented.
This document discusses the seismic behavior of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete moment frames. It begins by introducing beam-column joints and their importance. It then explains that joints have limited strength and are vulnerable to damage during earthquakes. To prevent this, joints must be designed to resist earthquake effects. The document outlines how beams apply moments to joints during quakes and how this can cause diagonal cracking if the joint is not reinforced properly. It concludes that providing large column sizes or steel ties in the joint can prevent such cracking and damage.
This document provides information about the course "Design & Detailing of RC Structures 10CV321" taught by Dr. G.S. Suresh at NIE Mysore. It lists several reference books for the course and provides the evaluation pattern for both theory and drawing components. It also outlines the course content which includes limit state design method, stress-strain behavior of materials, assumptions in limit state design, behavior of reinforced concrete beams, stress block parameters, and calculation of ultimate flexural strength.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Lateral Load Analysis of a Building with & Without Knee BracingIJERA Editor
In last decades steel structures has played an important role in construction industry. Providing strength, stability
and ductility are major purposes of seismic design. It is necessary to design a structure to perform well under
seismic loads. Steel braced frame is one of the structural systems used to resist earthquake loads in structures.
Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the
required strength and stiffness. Bracing can be used as retrofit as well. There are various types of steel bracings
such as Diagonal, X, K, V, inverted V type or chevron and global type concentric bracings. In the present study,
it was shown that modelling of the G+4 steel bare frame with various bracings (X, V, inverted V, and Knee
bracing) by computer software SAP2000 and pushover analysis results are obtained. Comparison between the
seismic parameters such as base shear, roof displacement, time period, storey drift, performance point for steel
bare frame with different bracing patterns are studied. It is found that the X type of steel bracings significantly
contributes to the structural stiffness and reduces the maximum interstate drift of steel building than other
bracing systems.
Numerical modeling on behaviour of reinforced concrete exterior beam column j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
How do Beam-Column Joints in RC Buildings Resist Earthquakes?Malay Patel
Beam-column joints are the intersections between beams and columns in reinforced concrete buildings. These joints must be designed carefully to resist seismic forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. Under earthquake shaking, the beams adjoining a joint experience moments in the same direction, pulling the top bars in one direction and bottom bars in the other. If the column is not wide enough or the concrete strength is low, the bars can slip inside the joint, weakening the structure. Providing closed loop transverse ties through the joint region helps prevent diagonal cracking and crushing of the concrete. The reinforcement cages for all beams at a floor level are ideally prepared together and lowered into place to ensure the ties surround the column bars through the joint region.
Beam-column joints in reinforced concrete buildings must resist significant forces during earthquakes to avoid damage. These joints are vulnerable because the materials have limited strength. Closely spaced steel ties around the column bars in the joint region help control cracking and crushing of concrete by holding the joint together under forces. Sufficient column size and anchoring of beam bars into the column also improve the joint's ability to resist forces by providing better grip of the concrete on the steel reinforcement. Damage to beam-column joints during past earthquakes highlights their importance in earthquake-resistant design.
This document provides an overview of box girder bridges. It discusses the key features and advantages of box girder bridges, including their high torsional stiffness and structural efficiency. The document also examines the general behavior of curved box girder bridges, noting the effects of bending, torsion, and warping stresses. Finally, it reviews several past studies that have analyzed box girder bridges through experimental testing, finite element analysis, and varying parameters like curvature, span length, and cross-sectional depth.
Retrofitting of Beam-Column Joint using Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer and G...Satyam Vijay Bhosale
Retrofitting of an existing building is immensely essential for the deteriorated and damaged structure in Engineering and Medical fields. It refers to endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the structures, not necessarily damage area. Beam-column joints, being the lateral and vertical load transferring connections in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures and hence the satisfactory performance of these joints is key to control the performance of connecting structural members during any event.
The project involves the study of the load carrying capacity of the beam-column joint after the application of the CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) and GFRP (Glass fibre Reinforced Polymer) sheets. Five beam-column joint models were cast out of which one model was the control specimen and others were cast for the purpose of the retrofitting. Four specimens were retrofitted by L-shape and straight configurations. The project focused on the effect of using the CFRP sheets and GFRP sheets for enhancing the strength and ductility of the beam-column joint. The wraps were provided to prevent the shear failure of the beam-column joint. The failure criteria including ultimate capacity, mode of failure, initial stiffness, ductility and developed ultimate strain in the reinforcing steel and respective sheet were considered and then compared.
This course outline provides details for the Design of Steel Structures course, which will teach students how to design common steel structural elements according to Indian codes, including axial, bending, and combined load members, as well as bolted, welded and eccentric connections, through lectures, tutorials, assignments and exams. The course will cover the properties of steel, loads on structures, design philosophies, plastic and limit state design of tension and compression members, beams, beam columns, plate girders and other elements. Students will be evaluated based on a midterm exam, tutorials, and a comprehensive final exam.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of spliced swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete beams. Three beams were tested: a control beam with standard stirrups, a beam with welded swimmer bars, and a beam with spliced swimmer bars. The spliced swimmer bars were a new type of shear reinforcement consisting of small inclined bars spliced to the longitudinal flexural steel bars. Testing results found that the beam with spliced swimmer bars exhibited similar shear strength and failure mode to the beam with welded swimmer bars, both performing better than the control beam. Cracks were monitored as the load increased.
Dynamic analysis of steel tube structure with bracing systemseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays, competition towards rise of tall steel structures made certain factors are compulsory like serviceability and comfort of human relating to lateral loads caused by wind or earthquake. Earthquake is dangerous to the living beings in terms of its effects on manmade structures. Structures like tall buildings are built to resist gravity loads. However many tall buildings are not so resistant in lateral loads due to earthquake so need an improvement in resisting lateral loads. So there are many structural systems which resist lateral loads by varying orientation, addition of different structural systems. Like steel tubular structural system is considered and compared for their results against lateral forces and also by providing mega bracing system and diagrid bracing system. In this dissertation work, four structural systems are considered in which one is framed structure and rest are tubular system with addition of different bracing systems as mega bracing and diagrid bracing system. For the purpose 45 storey steel structure with rectangular plan of dimension 44mx24m uniform throughout the height is considered and analyzed for gravity and lateral loads using ETABS software. Its intention is to obtain the functioning characteristics like displacements, storey shear, time period, frequency, peak displacement and peak acceleration in both x and y direction to get most economical structure in all ways. Results shows that the steel tubular structure with mega bracing system performance is much better than the framed structure, tubular and tubular structure with diagrid bracing system. Keywords: Steel Tube Structure, Mega Bracing, Diagrid Bracing, Dynamic Analysis, ETABS, Time and History Analysis.
Strengthening of reinforced concrete beam using steel fiber at different dept...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation for enhancing the shear and ultimate strength capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using steel fiber at different depths. Ultimate loads, load-deflection curves, cracking and crushing patterns have been compared with those of the RC beams without steel fiber henceforth noted as controlled beam. A total of four sets of experiments each having three concrete beams, one set control beam and three sets with randomly distributed discrete steel fiber at different depths henceforth noted as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) beam, were performed to determine the most economical structure in the perspective of ultimate strength and shear capacity. From the test results, it was found that incorporation of steel fiber in RC beams have shown to be effective in enhancing the shear strength capacity. It has also been observed that the strength increases with the use of varying depth of steel fiber. Beam strengthened using this scheme has shown 20% increase in shear strength and ultimate load in comparison to controlled beam.
Key Words: Reinforced Concrete Beams, High Strength Concrete, Steel fibers, strengthening
This document summarizes an experimental study on using swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete deep beams compared to vertical stirrups. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than or equal to 2. Four different shear reinforcement patterns were tested: vertical stirrups (control), single swimmer bars, rectangular shaped swimmer bars, and rectangular shaped swimmer bars with cross bracings. Test results showed that beams with single swimmer bars had the highest failure load, increasing flexural strength by about 22% compared to the control beam. Beams with rectangular swimmer bars also increased strength but by a lesser amount. Crack patterns were diagonal shear cracks in all beams.
This document discusses different structural systems used for high-rise buildings, focusing on steel framing systems. It describes shear frames, which provide lateral stiffness through moment connections, and shear truss-frame systems, which combine shear frames with vertical trusses. Outrigger and belt truss systems connect vertical trusses to perimeter frames to improve stiffness. Framed tube systems use closely spaced columns and spandrel beams to create tube-like behavior. Developments in steel, like tailor-made beams and high-strength steels, have enabled taller and more efficient structures. The document provides examples of different structural systems used in high-rise building designs.
This document provides a brief history of prestressed concrete, beginning in 1824 with the development of Portland cement. It then outlines several important developments in prestressed concrete technology from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century by innovators from various countries. These include early uses of steel in concrete, prestressing methods like pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, and development of high-strength steel and anchoring systems. It also mentions increased use of prestressed concrete during World War 2 and establishment of professional organizations to support the field.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes how beams and columns in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings resist earthquakes. It discusses the reinforcement and design strategies for beams and columns.
For beams, it describes the longitudinal bars and stirrups that provide flexural strength and resist shear cracks. The design focuses on placement of steel to resist stretching on both faces. Columns use longitudinal bars and transverse ties to resist axial and shear stresses. The design aims to prevent shear failure through close spacing of ties. Reinforcement details like hook ends and lap lengths are specified to improve ductility.
Comparative Analysis between Tube in Tube Structure and Conventional Moment R...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of a conventional moment resisting frame structure to a tube-in-tube steel structure through computer modeling and analysis. Five 50-story building models are analyzed: a conventional frame, two tube-in-tube structures with different column spacing, and two tube-in-tube structures with additional X bracing. The analyses indicate that the tube-in-tube structures perform better in resisting lateral loads but have greater displacements. Reducing column spacing and adding bracing in the tube-in-tube models increases their stiffness and decreases displacements and drift, while increasing base shear and accelerations. The tube-in-tube structure with close column spacing and bracing provides the best performance against static and dynamic loads
Comparitive study on rcc and composite (cft) multi storeyed buildingseSAT Journals
The document compares the performance of reinforced concrete (RCC) and composite (CFT) multi-storey buildings under lateral loads. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on G+14, G+19, and G+24 buildings with different lateral load-resisting systems including bracing and shear walls. Parameters like natural period, displacement, and drift were compared. The CFT buildings showed shorter periods and better performance, with natural periods up to 25% less than the RCC buildings. The CFT buildings also exhibited reduced displacements and drifts compared to the RCC structures.
IRJET - Experimental Study on Performance of Buckling Restrained BracingsIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the performance of buckling restrained bracings (BRBs). BRBs are a type of seismic bracing that can yield in both tension and compression without buckling, providing stable energy dissipation. The study models five different BRB designs using finite element analysis to evaluate their hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity when subjected to cyclic loading. The BRB designs vary the core plate shape and thickness, the material properties, and the gap size between the core and restraining tube. The goal is to identify the most efficient and economical BRB design that maximizes yield capacity and energy dissipation for seismic applications.
Torsional strengthening of under reinforced concrete beams using crimped stee...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an experimental study on enhancing the torsional strength of under-reinforced concrete beams using steel fiber reinforcement. Beams were cast with varying volumes of crimped steel fibers (0-1% by volume) and tested under torsion. Results showed that steel fiber reinforcement led to significant increases in ultimate load capacity and torsional moment strength compared to normal reinforced concrete beams. Specifically, beams with 0.75% fiber volume exhibited the highest load capacity (47% increase) and torsional moment (2.689 kNm). The study demonstrates that steel fiber reinforcement is effective at strengthening concrete beams against torsional loads.
A Review of detailed investigation on Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete fra...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on retrofitting reinforced concrete frames with steel bracings. It discusses different types of bracing patterns (X, V, inverted V, etc.) and their effects on reducing displacement, improving stiffness and strength. Studies have shown that X-bracing is most effective at increasing lateral stiffness and reducing displacement. Retrofitting existing buildings with steel bracings can increase lateral load capacity by up to 20 times and improve seismic behavior. The document reviews several past studies that analyzed retrofitted building models and found steel bracings to be effective at improving structural performance under lateral loads.
Seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frame with steel bracingsTin Bui Van
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 10-story reinforced concrete frame building with and without steel bracing through computer modeling. Three cases are considered: a bare frame (Case 1), a frame with bracing in the middle bays (Case 2), and a frame with bracing at the corners (Case 3). Results show that Case 2 with middle bracing has the lowest time period, displacements, and drift, indicating it best resists earthquake forces by increasing the lateral stiffness of the frame. While the bare frame has the lowest base shear, the addition of bracing in Cases 2 and 3 significantly improves the seismic performance of the building.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The document summarizes research on the bond between concrete and steel reinforcement. It discusses how bond is achieved through adhesion, friction, and mechanical interlocking. It also examines different bond failure modes and factors that affect bond strength. The effects of steel fibers on bond are explored, finding they can increase toughness and confinement, but their benefit decreases with distance from the surface due to segregation. Bond testing methods are outlined, including pull-out, beam, and splice tests.
This document analyzes the seismic performance of a 13-story reinforced concrete building with different types of concrete and steel bracing systems. The bracing systems studied include diagonal, V-type, inverted V-type, combined V-type, K-type, and X-type bracings. The building is analyzed using ETAB software according to Indian seismic design standards. Results show that X-type concrete bracing and combined V-type steel bracing most effectively reduce story drift and displacement. Both systems increase the building's base shear, stiffness, strength, and displacement capacity when bracing is provided on all sides or any two parallel sides of the building. The study concludes that concrete and steel bracing are effective techniques for
This document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete (RC) frames according to Indian standards. It explains that detailing involves translating the structural design into the final structure through reinforcement drawings. Good detailing ensures reinforcement and concrete interact efficiently. Key aspects of ductile detailing covered include requirements for beams, columns, and beam-column joints to improve ductility and seismic performance. Specific provisions are presented for longitudinal and shear reinforcement in beams and columns, as well as confining reinforcement and lap splices. The importance of cover and stirrup spacing is also discussed.
IRJET- Comparing the Load Pattern on Box Concrete Gridder with Consideration ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the load patterns on concrete box girders using the Indian Road Congress (IRC) code and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) code. It models box girder bridges with varying spans from 10-50 meters in a structural analysis software. The analysis subjects the bridges to different vehicle load classes specified in the two codes and determines the resulting shear forces and bending moments. It finds that for 2-lane bridges, the IRC LM-1 load class produces the maximum shear force and AASHTO HL-93 produces the maximum bending moment. For 4-lane bridges, the AASHTO Class A load produces both the maximum shear force and bending moment.
This document describes an automatic safety door lock system for cars that uses infrared sensors and a hydraulic piston to prevent injuries caused by closing car doors. The system uses IR sensors placed along the door and outer panel connected to a microcontroller. When an object is detected between the closing door and outer panel, the sensors transmit a signal to the microcontroller which activates a relay driver to extend the hydraulic piston to stop the door from closing. The system aims to prevent the over 120,000 injuries that occur annually from unexpected car door closings.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
This document proposes a novel analytical model to define a new concept of critical mass in the context of spreading energy awareness in smart cities. The model incorporates centrality measures in both single-layer and multilayer social networks. Simulation results show that including centrality measures and a multilayer approach lowers the critical mass needed to trigger and spread good consumer habits. Specifically, the model calculates critical mass values using eigenvector centrality in single layers and a heterogeneous eigenvector-like centrality in multilayers. Considering network structure and central nodes' influence allows a smaller critical mass to foster diffusion compared to models that do not account for centrality. Extending the analysis to multilayers further reduces critical mass by increasing tie strength between nodes.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
This study analyzed factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery places in Surabaya, Indonesia based on preferences and choice theory. The study found that:
1) Nearly half of women chose healthcare for delivery based on information from others
2) Most women's main criteria for choosing a delivery place was that it was safe, comfortable and cheap
3) The majority of women's primary choice for a delivery place was one that was close, comfortable and cheap
Prediction of the daily global solar irradiance received on a horizontal surf...irjes
This document presents a new approach for predicting the daily global solar irradiance received on a horizontal surface as a function of local daytime and the maximum daily value. An exponential distribution function is suggested and compared to experimental data from several locations. The maximum daily value (qmax) is estimated theoretically in terms of the solar constant adjusted for earth-sun distance variation. Computed values using the new approach show good agreement with experimental data, within 16% error except for some extreme points.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH A GENERALIZED BESSEL-STRUVE OPERATOR ON THE...irjes
This document summarizes a research paper that considers a generalized Bessel-Struve operator on the real line. It defines generalized Bessel-Struve and Weyl integral transforms, which are shown to be transmutation operators relating the generalized Bessel-Struve operator to derivatives. These tools are then used to develop a new harmonic analysis associated with the generalized Bessel-Struve operator, including generalized Sonine integral transforms. Key results proven include Paley-Wiener theorems and properties of the various integral transforms.
The Role of Community Participation in Planning Processes of Emerging Urban C...irjes
This document summarizes a research study examining the level of community participation in the physical planning process in Paidha Town, Uganda. The study found that community participation in planning is very low, limited mostly to a few mass meetings. Few community members are actually involved in planning. Even those involved do not understand their rights and roles. Physical planning has not been adequately prioritized or funded. To improve participation, the study recommends involving communities at different administrative levels from villages to the town council, and using a wider range of participatory methods beyond just meetings. Overall, the study finds that community participation in planning is still limited and needs to be strengthened for more sustainable urban development.
Understanding the Concept of Strategic Intentirjes
This document summarizes the concept of strategic intent in strategic management. It begins by discussing the origins and evolution of strategic management from Greek history to modern theories. It then defines strategic intent, comparing various authors' definitions. A key model by Hamel and Prahalad links strategic intent to other strategic components like foresight and core competencies. Strategic intent inspires long-term thinking beyond strategic planning alone. It provides direction and commitment to help organizations shape competitive priorities and capabilities for the future. Chief executives play a critical role in developing strategic intent to guide organizational progress over 10-20 years.
The (R, Q) Control of A Mixture Inventory Model with Backorders and Lost Sale...irjes
This document summarizes an inventory model that considers a mixture of backorders and lost sales when stockouts occur. The model has the following key features:
1) The set-up cost and lead time are controllable variables that can be optimized.
2) Instead of minimizing stockout costs, the model employs a service level constraint to bound the stockout level per cycle.
3) The model is solved using a genetic algorithm approach to find optimal values for ordering quantity, set-up cost, and lead time that minimize total costs while satisfying the service level constraint.
Relation Between Stress And Menstrual Cycle At 18-21 Years Of Ageirjes
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between stress and menstrual cycles in Indonesian nursing students ages 18-21. It found:
1) Nearly half (45.5%) of the 132 students studied experienced irregular menstrual cycles.
2) Slightly over half (50.8%) of students reported experiencing stress.
3) There was a significant relationship between stress and irregular menstrual cycles, with stressed students over 4 times more likely to have irregular cycles.
The study concluded that most of the nursing students experienced irregular menstrual cycles and stress, and that stress was strongly correlated with irregular menstrual periods.
Wave Transmission on Submerged Breakwater with Interlocking D-Block Armorirjes
1. The document summarizes a study on wave transmission through a submerged breakwater with interlocking D-block armor. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how water depth, wave period, structure height, and wave steepness influence the transmission coefficient.
2. Regression analysis showed that transmission coefficient (Kt) is most influenced by the ratio of wave length to top width, ratio of structure height to water depth, and ratio of wave height to wave period squared. A formula for Kt in terms of these parameters was developed.
3. Comparisons with previous studies show the same trend that higher wave steepness results in lower transmission coefficient, validating the results. The study provides useful insights into breakwater design using inter
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 4(April 2013), PP.40-49
www.irjes.com
www.irjes.com 40 | Page
Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in
Reinforced Concrete Beams
1
Moayyad M. Al-Nasra, 2
Naem M. Asha, 2
AbdulQader S. Najmi
1
Department of Engineering Technology, West Virginia University,
Institute of Technology, Montgomery, WV 25136
2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
ABSTRACT: The behavior of reinforced concrete beams at failure by shear is distinctly different from their
behavior by bending, which is considered to be unsafe mode of failure. The shear failure of beams is usually sudden
without sufficient advanced warning, and the diagonal cracks that develop due to excess shear forces are
considerably wider than the flexural cracks. The cost and safety of shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete
beams led to the study of other alternatives. Swimmer bar system is a new type of shear reinforcement. It is a small
inclined bars, with its both ends bent horizontally for a short distance and welded to both top and bottom flexural
steel reinforcement. Regardless of the number of swimmer bars used in each inclined plane, the swimmer bars form
plane-crack interceptor system instead of bar-crack interceptor system when stirrups are used. Test results of
several reinforced concrete beams will be presented. The effectiveness of the new swimmer bar system as related to
the old stirrup system will be discussed. Beam deflection is also targeted experimentally in the lab. Several
deflection measurements were taken to study the effect of using new swimmer bar system on deflection. Also the
crack width of the tested reinforced concrete beams was monitored.
Keywords: Simmer bar, Deflection, Beam, Crack, Stirrup
I. INTRODUCTION
Beams carry loads primarily by internal moments and shears. In the design of a reinforced concrete
member, flexure is usually considered first, leading to the size of the section and the arrangement of reinforcement
to provide the necessary resistance for moments. Limits are placed on the amounts of flexural reinforcement to
ensure ductile type of failure. Beams are then designed for shear. Since shear failure is frequently sudden with little
or no advanced warning, the design for shear must ensure that the shear strength for every member in the structure
exceeds the flexural strength. The shear failure mechanism varies depending upon the cross-sectional dimensions,
the geometry, the types of loading, and the properties of the member.
Reinforced concrete (RC) beams are important structural elements that transmit the loads from slabs, to
columns. Beams must have an adequate safety margin against bending and shear forces, so that it will perform
effectively during its service life. At the ultimate limit state, the combined effects of bending and shear may exceed
the resistance capacity of the beam causing tensile cracks. The shear failure is difficult to predict accurately despite
extensive experimental research.
Shear failures in beams are caused by the diagonal cracks near the support providing no shear
reinforcement. Beams fail immediately upon formation of critical cracks in the high-shear region near the beam
supports. Whenever the value of actual shear stress exceeds the permissible shear stress of the concrete used, the
shear reinforcement must be provided. The purpose of shear reinforcement is to prevent failure in shear, and to
increase beam ductility and subsequently the likelihood of sudden failure will be reduced.
Normally, the inclined shear cracks start at the middle height of the beam near support at approximately 450
and extend toward the compression zone. Any form of effectively anchored reinforcement that intersects these
diagonal cracks will be able to resist the shear force to a certain extent. In practice, shear reinforcement is provided
in three forms; stirrups, inclined bent-up bars and combination system of stirrups and bent-up bars.
In building construction, stirrups are most commonly used as shear reinforcement, for their simplicity in
fabrication and installation. Normally, spacing between stirrups is reduced to resist high shear stress. Congestion
near the support of RC beams due to the presence of the closely spaced stirrups increase the cost and time required
for installation.
2. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 41 | Page
The use of bent-up bars along with stirrups had been used in the past. In case where all the tensile
reinforcement is not needed to resist bending moment, some of the tensile bars where bent-up in the region of high
shear to form the inclined legs of shear reinforcement. For example, beams provided with 4 bars of main tensile
reinforcement, 2 bars may be bent diagonally in shear region and used as shear reinforcement, while the other 2 bars
will be left straight up to the support. The use of bent-up bars is not preferred nowadays. Due to difficulties in
construction, bent-up bars are rarely used. In beams with small number of bars provided, the bent-up bar system is
not suitable due to insufficient amount of straight bars left to be extended to the support as required by the code of
practice.
In this study, several reinforced concrete beams were tested using new shear reinforcement swimmer bar
system. Beams with traditional stirrups as shear reinforcement were also tested in order to study the effectiveness of
the new swimmer bar system. These beams are used as reference beams. In this investigation, all of the beams are
supposed to fail solely in shear, so adequate amount of tension reinforcement were provided to give sufficient
bending moment strength. This study aims at investigating a new approach of design of shear reinforcement through
the use of swimmer bars provided in the high shear region. The main advantages of this type of shear reinforcement
system are: flexibility, simplicity, efficiency, and speed of construction.
Piyamahant (2002) showed that the existing reinforced concrete structures should have stirrup
reinforcement equal to the minimum requirement specified the code. The theoretical analysis shows that the amount
of stirrup of 0.2% is appropriate. The paper concluded that small amount of web reinforcement is sufficient to
improve the shear carrying capacity. The study focused on the applicability of the superposition method that used
in predicting shear carrying capacity of reinforced concrete beam with a small amount of web reinforcement at the
shear span ratio of 3. Also the failure mechanisms were considered when small amount of stirrup used.
Sneed, and Julio (2008) discussed the results of experimental research performed to test the hypothesis that
the effective depth does not influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete flexural members that do not contain
web reinforcement. The results of eight simply supported reinforced concrete beam tests without shear and skin
reinforcement were investigated. The beams were designed such that the effective depth is the variable while the
values of other traditionally-considered parameters proven to influence the shear strength (such as the compressive
strength of concrete, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, shear span-to-depth ratio, and maximum aggregate size) were
held constant. The values selected for the parameters held constant were chosen in an attempt to minimize the
concrete shear strength.
Noor (2005) presented several results of experimental investigation on six reinforced concrete beams in
which their structural behavior in shear was studied. The research conducted was about the use of additional
horizontal and independent bent- up bars to increase the beam resistance against shear forces. The main objectives
of that study were studying the effectiveness of adding horizontal bars on shear strength in rectangular beams, the
effectiveness of shear reinforcement, and determining the optimum amount of both types of shear reinforcement to
achieve a shear capacity similar to that of a normal links system. From experimental investigation of the system it
was found that, the use of independent horizontal and bent-up bars as shear reinforcement were stronger than
conventional shear reinforcement system.
II. SWIMMER BARS
A swimmer bar is a small inclined bar, with its both ends bent horizontally for a short distance, welded at
the top and the bottom of the longitudinal bars as shown in Fig. 1-3. There are three major standard shapes; single
swimmers, rectangular shape, and rectangular shape with cross bracings. Several additions to these standard shapes
can be explored, such as addition of horizontal stiffener bars in the rectangular shapes, dividing the large rectangle
horizontally into smaller rectangles. Additional swimmer bars can also be used. By adding one more swimmer bar to
the rectangular shape, the large rectangular shape will be divided vertically into two rectangles. Addition of two
more swimmer bars will divide the large rectangle vertically into four small rectangles. A combination of horizontal
bars and additional swimmer bars may also be explored. This swimmer bar system is integrated fully with the
longitudinal steel bars. Several options of the swimmer bar systems are used in order to improve the shear
performance of the reinforced concrete beams, reduce the amount of cracks, reduce the width and the length of
cracks and reduce overall beam deflection. Different bar diameters can be used in order to add stiffness to the steel
cage, and increase shear strength of the reinforced concrete beam.
3. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 42 | Page
Figure 1: Single swimmer bar system
Figure 2: Rectangular swimmer bar system.
Figure 3: Rectangular swimmer bar system with cross bracings.
4. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 43 | Page
III. ACI CODE PROVISION FOR SHEAR DESIGN
According to the ACI Code, the design of beams for shear is to be based on the following relation:
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ø𝑉𝑛 1
Where: Vu is the total shear force applied at a given section of the beam due to factored loads and Vn = Vc + Vs is the
nominal shear strength, equal to the sum of the contribution of the concrete and the web steel if present. Thus for
vertical stirrups
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ø𝑉𝑐 +
ø𝐴 𝑣ƒ 𝑦𝑡
𝑑
𝑠
2
and for inclined bars
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ø𝑉𝑐 +
ø𝐴 𝑣 ƒ 𝑦𝑡 𝑑 sin 𝛼+cos 𝛼
𝑠
3
Where: Aʋ is the area of one stirrup, α is the angle of the stirrup with the horizontal, and S is the stirrup spacing.
The nominal shear strength contribution of the concrete (including the contributions from aggregate
interlock, dowel action of the main reinforcing bars, and that of the un-cracked concrete) can be simplified as shown
in Eq. 4.
𝑉c = 0.17𝜆 ƒ 𝑐
′
𝑏w 𝑑 4
Where: bw and d are the section dimensions, and for normal weight concrete, λ = 1.0. This simplified formula is
permitted by the ACI code expressed in metric units.
IV. SUGGESTED METHOD OF DESIGNING SWIMMER BARS
The analysis of needed shear reinforcement using swimmer bar system is based on the truss analogy
concept. If S1 is the swimmer bar spacing in a single truss analogy, n is the number of bars, and As is the area of
steel of a single swimmer bar, then.
𝑆1 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (5)
and
𝑇𝑠
𝑆1
=
𝑇𝑠
𝑛𝑠
=
𝑉𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
1
𝑑 − 𝑑′ cot 𝛽 + cot 𝛼
6
Where: Ts is the tension force in the bent bar, s is the spacing of the swimmer bars, α is angle between the tension
force and the horizontal in the triangular truss and β is the angle between the simulated concrete strut and the
horizontal in the triangular truss. If there are n swimmers bars within the s1 length of the analogous truss chord, and
if Av is the area of steel of one swimmer bar, then
𝑇𝑠 = 𝑛𝐴 𝑣ƒ 𝑦𝑡
(7)
Where: ƒyt = strength of transverse reinforcement and
𝑛𝐴 𝑣 =
𝑉𝑠 𝑛𝑠
𝑑 − 𝑑′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼 ƒ 𝑦𝑡
(8)
In the case of diagonal tension failure, the compression diagonal makes an angle β = 45º
with the horizontal, thus
Eq. 6 becomes
𝑉𝑠 =
𝐴 𝑣ƒ 𝑦𝑡
𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼 (9)
Which can be simplified as
𝑉𝑠 =
𝐴 𝑣ƒ 𝑦𝑡
𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (10)
Which is similar to those used by ACI code.
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐 (11)
5. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 44 | Page
V. TESTED BEAMS
Six reinforced concrete beams were prepared for the test, B1 through B6. All of the same dimension 2000
mm length, 200 mm width and 250 mm depth. The effective length was also kept at constant value of 1800 mm.
These beams were designed with 3ø14 mm top steel and 4ø16 mm bottom steel reinforcement. Reference beam B1
was designed with 10ø8 mm at 600 mm spacing vertical stirrup at either side. Table 1 shows details of the shear
reinforcement of each beam, and Fig. 4 shows details of the steel reinforcement for the beam B2. The Beams B3,
and B4 is similar but the swimmer bars are of 12 mm and 10 mm in diameter respectively. Beam B5 uses cross
bracing of 8 mm in diameter, and the swimmer bars are at a larger spacing of 275 mm compared to the spacing of
137.5 mm used in the beam B2. The beam B6 does not use any cross bracings, and the swimmer bars are spaced at
275 mm similar to the beam B5.
The compressive strength of concrete is measured according to ASTM C 192-57. Fifteen concrete samples
were prepared. The compressive strength of concrete is measured at the 28th
day. The concrete compressive strength
results range between 34.9 N/mm2
to 37.2 N.mm2
.
Table 1: Shear reinforcement of beams used in this study.
Beam
No.
Shear Reinforcement
Stirrups Swimmer
bar-system
Total Weight of Steel
Cage
(N)
B1 8ø8 @ 550 mm - 257.0
B2 - Single swimmer ø14 @137.5
mm
263.0
B3 - Single swimmer ø12 @ 137.5
mm
255.0
B4 - Single swimmer ø10 @ 137.5
mm
243.0
B5 - Two swimmer with cross ø 8
@ 275 mm
240.0
B6 -
Two swimmer
ø8 @ 275 mm
230.0
6. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 45 | Page
Figure 4: Details of beam B2.
VI. TEST PROCEDURE
Prior to testing, the surface of the specimens was painted with white emulsion to make it easy to detect and
follow cracks in the concrete beam. At age 28 days, the reinforced concrete beams were prepared for testing. Lines
locating the positions of point loads, supports and the middle of each beam were marked. Beams were placed in the
testing frame that uses hydraulic jacks. The test was carried out with the specimen placed horizontally in a simple
loading arrangement. The beams were supported by solid round steel on their two edges as simply supported
member. The effective length of each beam was kept at1800 mm measured from the center of each support. All the
beams were designed to ensure that the beams will only fail in shear rather than in flexure.
To ensure that shear cracks will occur near the support, two point loads were applied symmetrically to the
beam with av less than 2.5d. In this testing, av ≈ 550 mm, where av is shear span (the distance from the point of the
applied load to the support), and d is the effective depth of a beam.
A loading jack was placed at the mid-span position above the beam. The load was applied by jacking the
beam against the rig base member at a constant rate until the ultimate load capacity of the beam was reached. A
universal column section was used to transfer the load to the beam at two point loads via transfer girder. A
reasonable time interval was allowed in between 20.0 kN load increments for measuring deflections, marking
cracks, measuring the shear reinforcement strain and recording the ultimate load. Each beam took about two hours to
complete the test.
7. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 46 | Page
VII. BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS UNDER LOADS
The first beam designated as B1 is used as a reference beam where traditional stirrups were used as shear
reinforcement and no swimmer bars. Loading started at 30 kN, where hair cracks appeared in the bottom face
between the two applied loads. When loading reached 60 kN hair cracks appeared at the right side of the beam. At
the load of 200 kN shear cracks increased in width and length. Finally, shear failure occurred at the load of 260 kN.
The beam designated as B2 showed some hair cracks at the load of 140 kN. When the load reached 180kN more
hair cracks appeared at the moment region, then by raising the loads up to 220 kN shear cracks appeared at right side
of the beam. Finally, shear failure occurred at 310 kN as shown in Fig. 5. Similarly, beams B3, B4, B5, and B6
were studied during the test.
Figure 5: Beam B2, shear failure at the load of 310 kN.
Table 2 shows a summary of the test results. Beams B2, and B3 showed a substantial improvement in the
load carrying capacity due to the use of swimmer bar system compared with the traditional stirrup system. With
minor change in the amount of steel reinforcement these two beams improved the shear strength by 19.23% and
17.31% respectively and with respect to the reference beam B1. The beam B4 exhibited a substantial improvement
in shear strength performance of approximately 10% compared to the reference beam B1, but with less total steel
reinforcement of about 5% and substantial decrease in shear reinforcement. The load deflection behavior of this
beam is similar to the reference beam B1.
The beams B5, and B6 used much less total steel reinforcement compared to the reference beam B1 of
6.62% and 10.51% respectively. In these beams 8 mm diameter swimmer bars were used at large spacing of 275 mm
8. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 47 | Page
that reduced the amount of steel shear reinforcement substantially. This kind of shear reinforcement is recommended
in case of very congested steel reinforced beams, where shear failure is not of a concern.
Table 2: Test result summary
No. Ultimate Load
(kN)
at Failure
Wt of Steel Cage
(N)
%Increase./
Decrease
in Steel Gage Weight
Wt w.r.t ‘B1’
%Increase/
Decrease
in Strength
w.r.t ‘B1’
B1 260 257 0.00 0.00
B2 310 263 2.33 19.23
B3 305 255 -0.78 17.31
B4 285 243 -5.45 9.62
B5 240 240 -6.62 -7.69
B6 220 230 -10.51 -15.38
VIII. BEAM DEFLECTION
As can be noticed from Fig. 6, all beams exhibited the same load deflection behavior up the load of 140 kN
and deflection of about 4.5 mm, where substantial cracks were observed. At this stage, the beams showed similar
stiffness, but beyond this stage, beams started to show different behavior due different shear reinforcement. Beams
B2 and B3 showed higher resistance to deflection compared to the reference beam B1, the beam which was
reinforced by regular stirrups as shear reinforcement. The swimmer bars used in these two beams added stiffness to
the steel cage used. Beam B4 showed similar behavior to the reference beam but at a higher load carrying capacity.
Beams B5 and B6 showed less rigidity compared to the reference beam B1 when loaded by two-point loads due to
substantial reduction in steel shear reinforcement used in these two beam.
9. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 48 | Page
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
020406080100120140160180200210220230240250260280290310
Deflection(mm)
Applied Load, kN
CenterBeam Deflection
beam B1
beam B2
beam B3
beam B4
beam B5
beam B6
Figure 6: Central measured beam deflection of all tested beams, B1 - B6.
10. Investigating the Use of Swimmer Bars as Shear Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Beams
www.irjes.com 49 | Page
IX. CONCLUSIONS
Experimental test results showed substantial improvement in the shear performance of the reinforced
concrete beams by using the new swimmer bars system in comparison with the traditional stirrup system. The beam
deflection is also reduced along with the number and width of cracks in the tested beams under progressive applied
loads. The new swimmer bar system can be at a great advantage over the traditional stirrup system when used in
congested reinforced concrete beams.
REFERENCES
[1] ACI 318-11, 2011. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Commentary.
http://www.concrete.org/pubs/newpubs/31811.htm
[2] 2. Edward G.Nawy, 2009. Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach, Prentice Hall International, US, PP 120-315, ISBN
0132417030, 9780132417037
[3] Al-Nasra, M., and Abdel-Halim, M., 1991, Analysis of Factors Affecting Bond Strength, International Journal of Structures, Vol. 11
No.1, PP. 25-36
[4] Al-Nasra, M.M., and Wang, L.R.L., 1994, Parametric Study of Slab-On-Grade Problems: Due to Initial Warping and Point Loads. ACI
Structural Journal, Vol. 91 No. 2.
[5] http://www.concrete.org/PUBS/JOURNALS/OLJDetails.asp?Home=SJ&ID=4596
[6] T. Abu-lebdeh, S. Hamoush, W. Coi, and M. Al Nasra, 2011. High Rate-Dependent Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete
Columns American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1, PP 1-9, 2011,
[7] DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2011.1.9
[8] Abu-Lebdeh, T., S.A. Hamoush, W. Heard, and B. Zornig, 2010. Effect of matrix strength on pullout behavior of steel fiber reinforced
very high strength concrete composites”, Construction and Building Materials Journal,
[9] Piyamahant, (2002) , Shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with small amount of web reinforcement, M. Eng. Dissertation, Kochi
University of Technology, Japan
[10] Lesley H. Sneed and Julio A. 2008, Effect of Depth on the Shear Strength of Concrete Beams without Shear Reinforcement, USA
Portland and cement Association. http://www.cement.org/exec2/11-03-08.htm
[11] Noor Hamid (2005). The Use of Horizontal and Inclined Bars as Shear Reinforcement , Master Thesis, University of Technology ,
Malaysia, http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B26643352.
[12] Hamoush, S.A., T. Abu-Lebdeh, and T. Cummins, 2010, Deflection behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with PVA Micro-Fibers,
Const. and Building Materials 24 (2010) 2285–2293,DOI: 0.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.027