This document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Health has multiple dimensions including physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and vocational. Disease is defined as impairment, disability, or handicap. Causes of disease can include agents, hosts, and environmental factors. Theories of disease causation discussed include germ theory and the epidemiological triad model of agent-host-environment interactions. Health is a dynamic concept across a spectrum from positive health to illness and death.
Stress is very important word of our daily life. In a simple word, it is our response to real or imagined challenges or threats. • Stress influences human biology, physiology, behavior, emotion and cognitive process.
Stress is very important word of our daily life. In a simple word, it is our response to real or imagined challenges or threats. • Stress influences human biology, physiology, behavior, emotion and cognitive process.
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
this topic is all about stress which is a feeling experienced by everyone. this presentation is about stress and how to manage it. it is very essential and beneficial for our daily life.
Screening for mental health ppt by Dr. MumuxMumux Mirani
Screening for mental health ppt. Sports psychology, screening for health, fitness and wellness. A health promotion and fitness topic by Dr. Mumux Mirani.
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
this topic is all about stress which is a feeling experienced by everyone. this presentation is about stress and how to manage it. it is very essential and beneficial for our daily life.
Screening for mental health ppt by Dr. MumuxMumux Mirani
Screening for mental health ppt. Sports psychology, screening for health, fitness and wellness. A health promotion and fitness topic by Dr. Mumux Mirani.
Introduction to health & illness book of FON bsc nursing NS crown
This is PDF of 1st unit (intro to health & illness) of Fundamental Of Nursing book of 1st year of Bsc nursing/GNM/ANM .
It's very easy to read and understand the fundamentals of nursing .
concept of health and disease, public health.pptxVarshaTambe6
This topic is a part of Social and Preventive Pharmacy subject of Final year B. Pharm. This PPT will help students to clear their concept related to health and disease.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
6. 6
Health: Definition
World Health Organization
It is a state of complete physical, mental
and social wellbeing and not merely
absence of disease or infirmity.
1. Mere absence of disease is NOT Health
2. Three dimensions of health
3. Complete wellbeing on three dimensions
4. Fourth dimension ‘spiritual’ now added
7. 7
Health: Definition: Major criticism
1. Only four dimensions considered (emotional
& vocational omitted)
2. Too idealistic, not reachable in practice
3. Health considered as “a state” i.e. a static
entity. (In practice it is a dynamic concept)
• “Ability to lead socially & economically
productive life” is also now added to this
definition.
10. 10
Physical Dimension:
Individual level
1. Every organ of ‘normal’ shape and size
2. Every organ & system functions at optimum
level
3. Individually & in coordination
4. E/o growth in children
15. 15
Decision making
1. Right decision at
right moment
2. Realistic goals &
ambitions
Meaningfulness
1. Leading life with
‘purpose’
2. Dependable
16. 16
Confidence in :
1. Own abilities
2. Own strengths
3. Neither
overconfident
4. Nor under confident
Self control
1. Does not loose control
easily
2. Controls emotions
3. Faces frustration &
conflict gracefully
Coordination
1. Leading life harmoniously with others
2. Adjusting with others
3. Rare conflicts
19. 19
Mental Health
Community Level
Indicators:
1. Suicides
2. Homicides
3. Drug dependence
4. Offences related to women & children
5. Morbidity due to mental illnesses
6. Morbidity due to psychosomatic illnesses
21. 21
Social Health
Individual Level
• Defined as quantity and quality of an
individuals interpersonal ties and the extent
of involvement with the community.
• Development of Social skills & functions
(Socialization)
• Performance of ‘Social roles’
22. 22
Social Health
Community Level
Equity in distribution of resources
Indicators:
1. Per capita GDP
2. Literacy rates
3. Status of women
4. Employment / unemployment
23. 23
Spiritual Dimension
Most difficult dimension to explain & quantify
Includes such aspects like:
1. Ethics
2. Principles
3. Integrity
• Spiritual healthy person is fulfilled,
contented and relaxed
24. 24
Emotional Dimension
Emotion:
Sudden forces of feelings emerging in mind
Types:
Positive: Love, Joy
Negative: Hatred, Sadness, Dejection
Expression of correct emotion, at correct place,
in controlled form =
Emotional health
25. 25
Emotional Dimension
Common forms of emotional disturbances:
Anxiety: Inability to concentrate, insomnia
Depression: Sadness, dejection , suicidal
tendency
Mood swings: Sadness / joy on trivial incidences,
sometimes hostile
26. 26
Vocational Dimension
1. Concerned with job
2. Job & person ‘made for each other’.
3. Expression of frustration, unhappiness
over job
4. Frequent changes in job
5. Maladjustment with job
6. Occupational disorders
29. 29
Positive Health
• Not a new concept. Explained in Ayurveda as
the concept of ‘Swastha Purush.”
• Highest degree of health in all six
dimensions
• Equivalent of scoring 100 % marks in all 6
subjects (dimensions)
30. 31
Better Health
1. Not 100% in all dimensions, but
near it
2. Equivalent of getting distinction in
ALL 6 subjects (dimensions),
probably 100% in one or two
3. Practically attainable
31. 32
Freedom From Sickness
1. No evidence of any physical, mental,
social or emotional illness
2. No evidence of such illness even under
stress
3. Equivalent of passing in all 6 subjects
(dimensions), probably with distinction
in one or two
32. 33
Unrecognized Illness
No clinical e/o illness
Proof of illness by biophysical / bichemical or
other tests only
Illness under stress (e.g. Stress test for IHD)
33. 34
Mild & Severe Illness
Mild Illness
1. Illness without
complications
2. Reversible?
Severe Illness
1. Illness with
complications
2. Multiple
illnesses
3. Not reversible?
34. Health- A relative concept
• Individualized standards for each country
instead setting of an universal health
standards.
35
36. Concept of wellbeing
• Can the wellbeing measured?
• Components of well being
37
Wellbeing
Objective
Standard
of living
Level of
living
Subjective
Quality of
life
37. Wellbeing objective components
• Standard of living:-
It is refer as usual scale of our expenditure,
goods we consume and the services we enjoy.
level of education, employment of status,
food, dress, house, comforts of modern living
Measure in per capita GNP and is expressed in
currency of U.S. dollars
38
38. • Level of living:-
• Parallel term used for standard of living
• Nine components:-health, food consumption,
education, occupation and working
conditions, housing, social security, clothing,
recreation and leisure and human rights
39
39. Wellbeing subjective components
• Quality of life:-
Health, marriages, financial or educational
opportunities, self-esteem and trust in others.
Perceived sense of happiness, satisfaction,
and gratification by the person.
Subjective feeling of happiness of
unhappiness about life
40
40. Disease: Concepts
• Disease # Illness # Sickness
• Disease: Without ease/ uneasiness
• Illness: It is a subjective feeling of not
being well.
• Sickness: - It is a state of 'social
dysfunction' when person assumes
'sickness role' and unable to perform
social role
41
41. • Difficulties in defining disease
Spectrum of disease (in-apparent to sever)
Onset acute or gradual
Carrier state
Single organism may cause many clinical
manifestation
Single disease may cause by many organism
Short duration or Prolong duration
42
42. Impairment/Disability/Handicap
• Impairment: - It is the loss or abnormality of
physiological, psychological function, anatomical
structure or function
• Disability: - It is the inability to carry-out activities
relevant to age and sex
• Handicap: - It is the disadvantage due to impairment
or disability
43
Loss of type writer job
Loss of right upper limb
Un able to hold an object
43. 44
Loss of Rt. Upper Limb Unable to hold an object Loss of Job
44. Cause of Disease
45
Event Condition Characteristic
Accident
Exposure to
infected person
Eating stale
food
Unimmunized
status
Age
Gender
45. Cause of Disease
• Necessary cause: Disease cannot be
produced without it
• Sufficient cause: Produces/ initiates
disease. May be single or a group
- A combination that leads to disease
46
46. Risk factor
• An attribute or exposure associated with
development of disease/ disorder
• Value as predictor
• Modifiable; Non-modifiable
• Susceptible/At risk person, Susceptible/at
risk groups
47
47. Theories of Disease Causation
1. Old theories
2. Theories in Ayurvedic / Greek/ Chinese
Medicine
3. Germ Theory
4. Epidemiological triad
5. Web of disease causation
48
48. Theories in Traditional medicine
• Tridoshas in Ayurveda: Cough/ Pitta/
Waata: Balance= Health
• Greek: Humors: phlegm, yellow bile,
black bile and blood.
• Chinese: Principles: Yang (Male Principle)
Yin (Female Principle)
49
49. Germ Theory
• Robert Koch showed
that anthrax is caused
by bacteria.
i. The organism must be
constantly associated
with the lesions of the
disease.
ii. It should be possible
to isolate the
organisms from pure
culture of the lesions.
• iii) Inoculation of the
pure culture in suitable
animal should
reproduce the lesions of
the disease.
• iv) It should be possible
to re-isolate the
organisms in pure
culture from the lesions
produced in
experimental animals.
50