2 7.1 - dna structure hl
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The document describes the key features of DNA structure. It discusses the antiparallel nature of DNA strands, with 5' and 3' ends on opposite sides. Nucleotides are linked by covalent bonds between phosphate and carbon groups. DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which organize and compact the DNA. Nucleosomes further coil to achieve different levels of compaction, including supercoiling, allowing DNA to fit in cells. The document also notes the differences between coding and non-coding regions of eukaryotic DNA.
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This document contains a worksheet on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis with 49 multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions. It covers topics such as the structure of DNA, DNA replication, transcription of DNA to mRNA, translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNA and ribosomes, genetic mutations, and differences between DNA and RNA. Key terms defined include nucleotides, nitrogen bases, DNA structure, base pairing, replication, transcription, translation, codons, and mutations.
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DNA is the genetic material found in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. It has a double helix structure like a twisted ladder, with sugar and phosphate molecules forming the sides and nitrogen base pairs forming the rungs. There are four nitrogen bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine - that always pair up in the same way: A pairs with T and G pairs with C. DNA replication is the process where the DNA double helix unwinds and each half acts as a template for a new partner strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules.
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DNA replication is a semiconservative process where the parental DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. It occurs in three stages: unwinding, base pairing, and joining. During unwinding, enzymes separate the double helix and add RNA primers. Then, DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to each new strand by matching A-T and C-G. The lagging strand replicates in fragments that are later joined.
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The nucleus controls cell activities through DNA. James Watson and Francis Crick established that DNA has a double helix structure like a twisted ladder, with bases on the rungs and alternating sugar and phosphate molecules on the sides. Messenger RNA carries copies of DNA instructions from the nucleus to direct protein production in the cell.
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DNA replication is a highly regulated process that occurs semiconservatively before cell division. It involves unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicases, followed by synthesis of new strands complementary to each parental strand. This is carried out by DNA polymerases that add nucleotides according to base pairing rules. In eukaryotes, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments which are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA replication ensures faithful transmission of genetic material to daughter cells.
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DNA replicates before cell division to ensure each new cell receives a full copy of the genome. DNA replication is semi-conservative, whereby each new DNA double helix contains one original strand and one newly synthesized complementary strand. It begins at the origin of replication, where the DNA unwinds and replication forks form. New strands grow from the forks in the 5' to 3' direction as DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments that are later joined together. Enzymes such as helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, and ligase facilitate replication with high fidelity despite DNA's immense length.
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1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
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The document discusses the structure and location of DNA in cells. It provides details about DNA's double helix structure, how it is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells associated with chromatin and histone proteins. DNA replicates itself through a process where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands to be synthesized by DNA polymerase and nucleotides to form two new double helix DNA molecules.
Life sciences slides
The document discusses the structure and location of DNA in cells. It provides details about DNA's double helix structure, how it is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells associated with chromatin and histone proteins. DNA replicates itself through a process where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for new partner strands to be synthesized by DNA polymerase and nucleotides to form two new double helix DNA molecules.
Genetics
The document discusses the structure and location of DNA in cells. It provides details about DNA's double helix structure, how it is composed of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates. DNA contains the genetic code and is found coiled tightly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells associated with chromatin and histone proteins. DNA replicates itself through a process where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for nucleic acids to pair and form new DNA molecules.
DNA and RNA , Structure, Functions, Types, difference, Similarities, Protein ...
DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides, with each nucleotide containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. DNA exists as a double helix held together through base pairing between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine. DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of cells to the next through the process of replication. It also controls the production of proteins through transcription of DNA into RNA and the translation of RNA into proteins, which are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body.
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean Briefly.pdf
Genes code for gene products. What does this statement mean? Briefly describe the structure of
DNA by using the following terms: nucleotide, strand, complementary, deoxyribose, phosphate,
anti-parallel, base pairing, adenine, cytosine. How many DNA molecules are in a chromosome?
How many genes are in an average bacterial chromosome? What is the purpose of DNA
replication? (\"To make more DNA\" would not be a complete answer.) Summarize the process
of DNA replication by using the following terms: replication fork, template, nucleotide, primer,
DNA polymerase, DNA ligase. (Know what each term means.) Summarize the process of RNA
synthesis (transcription) by using the following terms: template, promo RNA polymerase,
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, terminator. (Know what each term means.) Where are operons found and
what is the advantage of organization of genes within operons? What are some fundamental
differences in organization of genes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? How do eukaryotes
produce mRNA that they can use for translation? Summarize the process of protein synthesis
(translation) by using the following terms: genetic code, ribosome, mRNA, protein, amino acid,
tRNA, codon, anticodon, start codon, stop codons, polypeptide. (Know what each term means.)
Be able to predict the sequence of a complementary strand in both DNA and RNA synthesis, w
hen the template sequence is given. Be able to use genetic code table to predict amino-acid
sequence of a encoded by a nucleic acid, when the nucleic acid sequence is given. Classify
mutations by type and briefly describe how mutations arise, are prevented or repaired. Explain
why mutations are important by giving at least three different examples. Why do bacteria and
viruses mutate so much faster than eukaryotes? What are some consequences of Briefly explain
(and be able to compare and contrast) three different mechanisms of horizontal gene in bacteria:
transformation, conjugation and transduction. What are some practical implications of these
phenomena?
Solution
3. Genes code for gene products
Gene is a portion of DNA. It is made up of nucleotide sequences. It expresses itself and transfer
from one generation to next generation.
Gene expression means the nucleotide sequence is used for synthesizing a biomolecules-
generally it is protein but it may be RNA molecules. Here gene products are those proteins and
RNAs.
4. Structure of DNA
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that contains all genetic information of an
organism.
DNA has a double helix shape, which is like a ladder twisted into a spiral. Each spiral is
composed of polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of - deoxyribose, a kind of sugar with
5 carbon atoms; a phosphate group made of phosphorus and oxygen, and nitrogenous base. There
are four types of nucleotide: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G). Nucleotides
are joined to one another by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the
phosphate of the next, kn.
Dna
DNA contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It exists as a double helix composed of nucleotides with a phosphate-sugar backbone and nitrogenous bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. DNA undergoes replication to make copies for new cells, and is transcribed and translated to make proteins for cell functions. It can also undergo recombination during cell division to increase genetic variation.
DNA PRESENTATION.pptx
A DNA molecule is composed of two chains of nucleotides that wind about each other to resemble a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made up of sugars and phosphates, and the rungs are formed by bonded pairs of nitrogenous bases. These bases are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
The Structure Of A Double Helix
A gene is defined as a sequence of nucleotides that encodes hereditary information. DNA, which is made up of nucleotides consisting of four bases, contains genes. Genes provide instructions for making proteins or controlling cell functions. During gene expression, genes are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins, which determine an organism's traits and allow transfer of genetic information from parents to offspring.
DNA
DNA contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides containing bases, sugars, and phosphates. The sequence of these bases encodes genetic information in a code that is read by processes like transcription and translation. DNA is organized into structures like chromosomes and is replicated before cell division to ensure each new cell contains the same DNA sequence.
Biotechnology Chapter Four Lecture- DNA
This document provides an introduction to studying DNA. It describes the structure and function of DNA, including the double helix structure formed by base pairing between nucleotides. It also differentiates between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA structure and regulation. Key aspects covered include DNA replication, bacterial culture techniques, plasmid vectors, operon regulation in prokaryotes, and gene expression in eukaryotes. The learning outcomes focus on understanding DNA structure and function, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, viral applications in genetic engineering, and gel electrophoresis techniques.
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2 7.1 - dna structure hl
- 1. DP Biology 11 Unit 7.1 DNA Structure HL
- 16. DNA Structure
- 17. DNA Structure
- 20. DNA Structure
- 25. ANIMATION