A short Introduction to DNA and the structure of DNA. It also explains base pairing and Chargaff's rule. It informs you of who built the first model of DNA using wire and tin to show a description of how DNA looks like.
Genetic code is a dictionary that corresponds with sequence of nucleotides and sequence of amino acids.
Genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material(DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Term given By ″ Goerge Gamow ʺ
A short Introduction to DNA and the structure of DNA. It also explains base pairing and Chargaff's rule. It informs you of who built the first model of DNA using wire and tin to show a description of how DNA looks like.
Genetic code is a dictionary that corresponds with sequence of nucleotides and sequence of amino acids.
Genetic code is a set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material(DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.
Term given By ″ Goerge Gamow ʺ
DNA structure, the bonds involved and it seperationMohit Adhikary
DNA structure, and the bonds that stabilizes it. The structural components, units and the proteins involved. Types of DNA and its separation methods. Chargaffs rule and its application
At this time; reading, listening or writing the word DNA doesn’t amaze us, we know that it is deoxyribonucleic acid. But it was not always like this. There was a time when it was a mystery; many of the scientists, researcher and workers spent their whole life in searching out what is DNA.
Molecular genetics: it deals with the structure, composition, function and replication of chromosomes and genes, representing genetics material like DNA and RNA.
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
DNA structure, the bonds involved and it seperationMohit Adhikary
DNA structure, and the bonds that stabilizes it. The structural components, units and the proteins involved. Types of DNA and its separation methods. Chargaffs rule and its application
At this time; reading, listening or writing the word DNA doesn’t amaze us, we know that it is deoxyribonucleic acid. But it was not always like this. There was a time when it was a mystery; many of the scientists, researcher and workers spent their whole life in searching out what is DNA.
Molecular genetics: it deals with the structure, composition, function and replication of chromosomes and genes, representing genetics material like DNA and RNA.
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
Unit 1 genetics nucleic acids DNA (1) Biology aid Lassie sibanda
These slides will help those who love biology but yet find it so hard to break down see how easy and interesting life science is. hope these improve your knowledge
DNA is the largest molecule known. A single, unbroken strand of it can contain many millions of atoms. When released from a cell, DNA typically breaks up into countless fragments. In solutions, these strands have a slight negative electric charge, a fact that makes for some fascinating chemistry.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. LOCATION OF DNA IN
A CELL
Locus: Position of gene on chromosome
3. LOCATION OF DNA IN
A CELL
•Chromatin is a complex of DNA
and protein, and is found in the
nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
•Histones are proteins that are
responsible for the first level of
DNA packing in chromatin
•The chromatin network in the
nucleus of a cell will coil up
tightly during cell division and
form individual chromosomes.
4. DNA : A LONG LINEAR POLYMER FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF A CELL
AND FORMED FROM NUCLEOTIDES AND SHAPED LIKE A DOUBLE HELIX
ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION .
5. THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
http://cronodon.com/BioTech/Cell_Nucleus.html
6. NUCLEIC ACID : (BIOCHEMISTRY) ANY OF VARIOUS MACROMOLECULES
COMPOSED OF NUCLEOTIDE CHAINS THAT ARE VITAL
CONSTITUENTS OF ALL LIVING CELLS.
TYPE OF NUCLEIC ACID :
DNA AND RNA
7. STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE
A nucleotide is made
of 3 components:
• A Pentose sugar
• This is a 5 carbon
sugar
• The sugar in RNA is
ribose.
• The sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose.
8. STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE
• A Phosphate group
• Phosphate groups are
important because
they link the sugar on
one nucleotide onto
the phosphate of the
next nucleotide to
make a
polynucleotide.
9. STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEOTIDE
• A Nitogenous base
• In DNA the four bases are:
• Thymine
• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Guanine
• In RNA the four bases are:
• Uracil
• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Guanine
10. WHAT IS DNA
• A nucleic acid that contains genetic
information.
• Double helix shape
• Composed of nitrogenous bases (adenine,
cytosine, guanine and thymine), a five-carbon
sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate
molecule.
11. SUGAR PHOSPHATE BONDS
(BACKBONE OF DNA)
• Nucleotides are
connected to each other
via the phosphate on one
nucleotide and the sugar
on the next nucleotide
• A Polynucleotide
Thursday, August 24, 2017
12. NITROGENOUS BASES – TWO
TYPES
Pyramidines
Thymine - T
Cytosine - C
Uracil - U
Purines
Adenine - A
Guanine - G
Thursday, August 24, 2017
16. BASE PAIRING
• The Nitrogenous
Bases pair up with
other bases. For
example the bases of
one strand of DNA
base pair with the
bases on the
opposite strand of
the DNA. Thursday, August 24, 2017
17. THE RULE:• Adenine always base pairs with Thymine (or Uracil if
RNA)
• Cytosine always base pairs with Guanine.
• This is beacuse there is exactly enough room for
one purine and one pyramide base between the two
polynucleotide strands of DNA.
18. 3.DISCOVERY OF
THE DNA STRUCTURE
•Early in the 20th century, the identifi-
cation of the molecules of inheritance
loomed as a major challenge to
biologists.
19. •Discovery of the genetic role of DNA began with research by Frederick
Griffith in 1928.
•Griffith worked with 2 strains of a bacterium, 1 pathogenic (S cells) & 1
harmless (R cells)
•Heat-killed pathogenic strain were mixed with living cells of harmless
strain and the result = some living cells became pathogenic.
•This phenomenon was called transformation, now defined as a change in
genotype & phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA.
20. 1952: A. Hershey & M. Chase experiments
showing that DNA is the genetic material
of T2 phage.
To determine the source of genetic
material in the phage, they designed an
experiment showing that only 1 / 2
components of T2 (DNA or protein) enters
an E. coli cell during infection
They concluded that the injected DNA of
the phage provides the genetic
information
21. 4. THE ROLE OF DNA
•DNA is vital for all living beings
– even plants.
•It is important for:
•inheritance,
•coding for proteins and
•the genetic instruction guide
for life and its processes.
DNA holds the instructions for
an organism's or each cell’s
development and reproduction
and ultimately death.
DNA can replicate itself.
22. NON-CODING DNA
Multicellular eukaryotes have many introns(non-
coding DNA) within genes and noncoding DNA
between genes.
The bulk of most eukaryotic genomes consists of
noncoding DNA sequences, often described in the
past as “junk DNA”
Much evidence indicates that noncoding DNA plays
important roles in the cell.
Sequencing of the human genome reveals that
98.5% does not code for proteins, rRNAs, or tRNAs.
23. DNA REPLICATION
DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in
all living organisms and copies their exact DNA. It is
the basis for biological inheritance.
25. The first major step for the DNA Replication to take
place is the breaking of hydrogen bonds between
bases of the two antiparallel strands.
The unwounding of the two strands is the starting
point. The splitting happens in places of the chains
which are rich in A-T. That is because there are only
two bonds between Adenine and Thymine (there are
three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and
Guanine).
Helicase is the enzyme that splits the two strands.
The structure that is created is known as
"Replication Fork".
30. REPLICATION FORK
The replication fork is a structure that forms within
the nucleus during DNA replication. It is created by
helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding
the two DNA strands together. The resulting
structure has two branching "prongs", each one
made up of a single strand of DNA.
These two strands serve as the template for the
leading and lagging strands, which will be created
as DNA polymerase matches complementary
nucleotides to the templates; The templates may be
properly referred to as the leading strand template
and the lagging strand template
31. DNA strands have a directionality, and the different
ends of a single strand are called the
"3' (three-prime) end" and the "5' (five-prime) end"
with the direction of the naming going 5 prime to the
3 prime region.
The strands of the helix are anti-parallel with one
being 5 prime to 3 then the opposite
strand 3 prime to 5.
These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose
to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches.
Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis,
because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in
only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3'
end of a DNA strand.
