PESTS OF CLOVE , STEM BORER AND SCALE INSECT, ITS MANAGEMENT, BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, CHEMICAL CONTROL, CULTURAL CONTROL, MECHANICAL CONTROL, SPICES, ALLAHABAD AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, SHUATS, SHIATS,

1. PESTS OF CLOVE
Submitted to- Submitted by-
Prof. Dr. Sasya Nagar Nitesh Kumar Maru
Dept. Of Biological Sciences 16MSENT006
MSc.(Ag) Entomology

2. INTRODUCTION : CLOVE
• An evergreen tree (Syzygium aromaticum)
native to the Moluccas in Indonesia and
widely cultivated for its aromatic dried flower
buds.
• Clove grows up to 8–12 m tall, with large
leaves and crimson flowers.
• Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian,
African, and Middle East countries, to give
aromatic and flavour qualities to hot
beverages, meat, curry and vegetables etc.

3. CLOVE Tree INFLORESCENCES

4. CLOVE BUDS AFTER HARVESTING SUN DRYING OF BUDS
CLOVE AFTER DRYING COMMERCIAL PACKING OF CLOVE

5. USES OF CLOVE
Clove Oil
Clove Candy
Medicine
Chewing Gum
Clove Cigrates

6. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Order: Myrtales
• Family: Myrtaceae
• Genus: Syzygium
• Species:S. aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry
TAXONOMIC SYNONYMS
• Caryophyllus aromaticus L.
• Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill.
• Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.
• Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.)

7. PESTS OF CLOVE
1 :- CLOVE STEM BORER
2 :- CLOVE SCALE INSECT

8. STEM BORER
• The stem borer is the most serious
pest of clove in India and is
generally seen in clove plantations
grown near forest clearings.
• The pest has a wide host range and
has been recorded on more than
40 species of woody plants and
trees. FIG: LARVAE OF STEM BORER

9. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Insecta
• Order: Lepidoptera
• Family: Hepialidae
• Genus : Sahyadrassus
• Family: malabaricus Moore

10. NATURE OF DAMAGE
• The larva of the stem borer girdles the stem of
young clove trees at the basal region and
bores downward into the root zone.
• The girdled region and the bore-hole are
covered with frass consisting of coarse wood
particles and looks like a mat-like structure.
• The infested trees wilt and defoliate and
succumb to the pest attack subsequently.

11. FIG :FRASS MAT, MADE BY STEM BORER IN BASAL REGION OF CLOVE TREE

12. • EGG: Laid on the weeds around the basins
of clove trees.
• LARVAE: Early instar larvae feed on the weed
plants and the later instars migrate
to the clove trees and bore into the
stem. (90 mm In Length, Dark brown)
• PUPA: Occurs within the larval tunnel.
• ADULT: Moth with a wing span of 110 mm,
greyish brown mottled forewings.
BIOLOGY OF INSECT

13. EGG
(Laid On The Weeds)
LARVA
PUPA
(Within The Larval Tunnel)
(Or enters Hibernation)
ADULT
(On Saplings around )
(Emerge in late April-May)
Life cycle
2-3 Months
5-8 Days
3-4 Months
FIG : LIFE CYCLE OF CLOVE STEM BORER
ONE BROOD IN A YEAR
LARVAE
PUPAE
ADULT
EGG

14.  MECHANICAL CONTROL :-
•The base of clove trees is to be inspected
regularly for symptoms of pest infestation.
•In case the pest infestation is noticed on the
stem, the mat-like frass has to be removed with
the help of hand held “KHURPI”.
MANAGEMENT

15. CULTURAL CONTROL :-
• Keeping the basins of clove trees free of
weeds are prophylactic measures for
preventing the pest infestation.
• Paraquat @ 3 ml/lit can be used to kill weeds
in the vicinity of tree on monthly interval .
MANAGEMENT

16. CHEMICAL CONTROL :-
• Chloropyriphose 50%+Cypermethrin 1%
@2.5 ml/lit of water OR
• Quinalphos 0.1% (or 1 ml/lit of water )must be
sprayed around and injected into the bore
hole.
• Swabbing the basal region of the main stem of
young clove trees with fenvalrate paste.
MANAGEMENT

17. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL :-
 Bacillus thusingiensis subsp. kurstaki (@1500ml/ha
in July-Aug )an IPM-compatible insecticide product
which can be used along with botanicals and
chemical insecticides.
MANAGEMENT
Egg parasitoids like
Tricogramma chilonis @1.5
lacs /ha can be released.
Tricogramma chilonis

18. • Many species of scale insects infest clove seedlings in
the nursery and sometimes young plants in the field.
• All of them belongs to Hemiptera: Coccidae
SCALE INSECTS
Sr. No. Common Name Scientific Name
1 Black Scale Saissetia nigra
2 Masked scale Mycetaspis personata
3 Wax scale Ceroplastes floridensis
4 Shield scale Pulvinaria psidii
5 Soft scale Kilifia accuminata

19. BLACK SCALE MASKED SCALE WAX SCALE
SHIELD SCALE SOFT SCALE

20. The scales are generally seen clustered
together on tender stems and lower surface of
leaves.
 scale feeds from the Phloem.
Damage due to the feeding of an individual
scale is small. However, large feeding
populations can cause:-
 yellowing, defoliation, reduction in fruit set,
and loss in plant vigour.
NATURE OF DAMAGE

21. Black Scale: Saissetia nigra
Adults are elliptical,
flattened and shiny black.
It infests tender leaves,
shoots and twigs.
Sooty mould fungus is
observed on leaves due to
honey dew secretion.
Black scale

22. Masked scale: Mycetaspis personata
 Adults are elliptical, flattened
and brown in colour.
 Dome shaped and greyish
brown scale on the under
surface of leaves especially of
young clove plants.
Masked scale

23. wax scale : Ceroplastes floridensis
 Adult female Florida wax scales are
elliptical, reddish brown with a short
anal process.
Each female has a reddish body that
is coated with a thick layer of pinkish-
white wax.
 Males are not known in these
species
Wax scale

24. shield scale : Pulvinaria psidii
Adults are ovoid, green to yellow,
and covered with a Greenish
OR brownish shield like
structure . The eyes are black.
The green shield scale attacks a
large number of hosts
including avocado, Citrus,
coffee, ferns, flowering plants,
ginger, guava, litchi,
pomegranate, pepper tree etc.
 It has some preference for broad
leaf plants.
Shield scale

25. soft scale : Kilifia accuminata
AKA Mango soft scale &
acuminate scale.
Polyphagous, infesting leaves of
fruit trees like citrus,
guava, mango and pear as well
as various ornamentals.
Body broadly oval, pear-like,
pale green or yellow green.
Soft scale

26. Life cycle

27. Life cycle
Life cycle as in Ovovivoparity & Parthenogenesis
4-5 Generations/Year

28.  BIOLOGICAL CONTROL :-
• The parasitoids Scutellista
caerulea is major natural
enemies.
• Predatory coccinellids
Chilocorous nigritus also
take care of this scale
control.
Management
Scutellista caerulea
Chilocorous nigritus

29. Management
 CULTURAL CONTROL :-
Planting of trap crops like
Hibiscuse rosa sinensis or
GURHAL may act as indicator
plant for incidence of the pest .
SCALE INSECT ON HIBISCUS

30.  CHEMICAL CONTROL :-
• Use of Neonicotinoids ,systemic insecticides -
• Imidaclopride 70%WG @4 gm/tree
• Thiamethoxim 30 % WG @ 4 gm/tree
• Acetamipride 20% SP @ 20 gm/tree
 MECHANICAL CONTROL :-
• Manual removal of affected leaves and branches will
prevent the spread
Management

31. • www.vikaspedia.in/agriculture/ipm-for-spices
• www.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/
syzy_aro.html
• Book “Biological control of insect pest” by
Ninfa M. Rosas-Garcia.
• www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19881110151
• www.nbair.res.in
References

32. QUESTION TIME