Thrips are serious pests of many crops that feed on plant tissues, reducing yields. Their populations can be monitored using sticky cards and magnifying lenses. Cultural controls include crop rotation, vegetation management, mulches, and fertilizer use. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also suppress thrips naturally. When thresholds are exceeded, organic pesticides are available to control thrips.
This document provides information on thrips, a type of tiny insect pest that feeds on plants. It discusses the identification and life cycle of thrips, the types of damage they cause to plants, and integrated pest management strategies for controlling thrips. These include cultural practices like pruning, use of resistant plant varieties, and conservation of natural enemies. Monitoring and both chemical and non-chemical controls are described. While difficult to control, an integrated approach combining various methods offers the best approach for managing thrips.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of thrips species in Sri Lanka conducted from 2005-2008. The survey found 72 species of thrips in 45 genera inhabiting 324 host plant species across 83 families. The most widely distributed species were Megalurothrips usitatus, Thrips palmi, and Haplothrips gowdeyi. Many of the recorded thrips species are considered major agricultural and horticultural pests. The survey identified 24 species not previously recorded in Sri Lanka and updated information on the thrips species present along with their host plants and distributions.
This document discusses nematode problems and their management in polyhouses. It begins by defining nematodes and describing where they are found. It then discusses plant-parasitic nematodes in more detail, including how they damage plants through feeding and vectoring other pathogens. Symptoms of nematode infection above and below ground are provided. The document notes that nematode problems are severe in polyhouses due to favorable temperature and moisture conditions. It concludes by outlining phytosanitary, cultural, and chemical management strategies to control nematodes in polyhouses.
Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a major agricultural pest that feeds on over 250 plant species including onion, cotton, sunflower, carrot, apple, rose and citrus. It causes damage through feeding and transmission of viruses. Symptoms vary by plant but include white streaking on flowers, leaf distortion, silvering and spotting of fruits. Key predators that feed on thrips include pirate bugs of the genus Orius. Pest management involves cultural controls like removing weeds and debris and using insect screening as well as application of chemical insecticides like lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulphan, imidacloprid and profenophos.
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
Importance of nematodes in horticultural crops and root knot nematodeAdhiyamaan Raj
This document discusses nematodes, specifically root knot nematodes, that affect horticultural crops. It notes that nematodes are tiny worm-like animals invisible to the naked eye. About 50% of nematode species are free-living in soil and help with nutrient cycling, decomposition, and pollution indication. Some, like root knot nematode, are plant parasitic and infect crops like tomatoes, eggplants, chilies, and okra, forming galls on roots and stunting plant growth. Management strategies include using nematode-resistant cultivars, crop rotation, solarization, and nematicides. Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are beneficial for controlling some
Recent Trends in Nematode Management Practices: The Indian ContextIRJET Journal
1) Nematodes pose a serious threat to crop production worldwide, causing over $100 billion in damages annually.
2) The document discusses recent trends in nematode management practices in India, including the use of crop rotations, nematicides, and developing resistant plant varieties.
3) It emphasizes the need for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly approaches like using naturally occurring nematicides, biological control, and integrated pest management systems to control nematodes while reducing environmental impacts.
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
This document provides information on thrips, a type of tiny insect pest that feeds on plants. It discusses the identification and life cycle of thrips, the types of damage they cause to plants, and integrated pest management strategies for controlling thrips. These include cultural practices like pruning, use of resistant plant varieties, and conservation of natural enemies. Monitoring and both chemical and non-chemical controls are described. While difficult to control, an integrated approach combining various methods offers the best approach for managing thrips.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of thrips species in Sri Lanka conducted from 2005-2008. The survey found 72 species of thrips in 45 genera inhabiting 324 host plant species across 83 families. The most widely distributed species were Megalurothrips usitatus, Thrips palmi, and Haplothrips gowdeyi. Many of the recorded thrips species are considered major agricultural and horticultural pests. The survey identified 24 species not previously recorded in Sri Lanka and updated information on the thrips species present along with their host plants and distributions.
This document discusses nematode problems and their management in polyhouses. It begins by defining nematodes and describing where they are found. It then discusses plant-parasitic nematodes in more detail, including how they damage plants through feeding and vectoring other pathogens. Symptoms of nematode infection above and below ground are provided. The document notes that nematode problems are severe in polyhouses due to favorable temperature and moisture conditions. It concludes by outlining phytosanitary, cultural, and chemical management strategies to control nematodes in polyhouses.
Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a major agricultural pest that feeds on over 250 plant species including onion, cotton, sunflower, carrot, apple, rose and citrus. It causes damage through feeding and transmission of viruses. Symptoms vary by plant but include white streaking on flowers, leaf distortion, silvering and spotting of fruits. Key predators that feed on thrips include pirate bugs of the genus Orius. Pest management involves cultural controls like removing weeds and debris and using insect screening as well as application of chemical insecticides like lambda-cyhalothrin, endosulphan, imidacloprid and profenophos.
This document discusses potential methods for controlling lethal yellowing disease (LYD) in coconut palms, which is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and spread by insect vectors. It first provides background on LYD and describes current control challenges like the inability to culture phytoplasma. Then it discusses several potential control approaches, including:
1. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system or entomopathogenic fungi to control the disease-causing phytoplasma bacteria or their insect vectors.
2. Breeding resistant coconut varieties, though current breeding efforts are outpaced by rising disease incidence.
3. Integrated pest management using traditional vector control plus novel techniques like manipulating symb
Importance of nematodes in horticultural crops and root knot nematodeAdhiyamaan Raj
This document discusses nematodes, specifically root knot nematodes, that affect horticultural crops. It notes that nematodes are tiny worm-like animals invisible to the naked eye. About 50% of nematode species are free-living in soil and help with nutrient cycling, decomposition, and pollution indication. Some, like root knot nematode, are plant parasitic and infect crops like tomatoes, eggplants, chilies, and okra, forming galls on roots and stunting plant growth. Management strategies include using nematode-resistant cultivars, crop rotation, solarization, and nematicides. Entomopathogenic nematodes in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are beneficial for controlling some
Recent Trends in Nematode Management Practices: The Indian ContextIRJET Journal
1) Nematodes pose a serious threat to crop production worldwide, causing over $100 billion in damages annually.
2) The document discusses recent trends in nematode management practices in India, including the use of crop rotations, nematicides, and developing resistant plant varieties.
3) It emphasizes the need for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly approaches like using naturally occurring nematicides, biological control, and integrated pest management systems to control nematodes while reducing environmental impacts.
This document provides information on the whitefly, a small sap-sucking insect pest that is an important vector of plant viruses. It describes the whitefly's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, damage caused to plants, and biological control. Some key whitefly genera that are agricultural pests are mentioned. Methods of control include chemical pesticides, introduction of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, and use of companion plants that attract predators of whiteflies.
Tomato pest insects A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM MI...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document provides information on 19 different insect pests that affect tomatoes. It describes the symptoms and signs of each pest and recommends various control methods including chemical pesticides, cultural practices like crop rotation and tillage, and biological controls using predators and parasites. Common tomato insect pests discussed include fruitworms, whiteflies, aphids, flea beetles, cutworms, hornworms, and nematodes. A variety of treatment options are presented for each pest ranging from insecticides to trapping and handpicking.
The document discusses the banana stem borer pest, Odoiporus longicollis. It provides details about the banana plant and lists some major pests that affect bananas. It then focuses on the stem borer pest, describing its systematic position, identification marks, life cycle, nature of damage, and control measures. The stem borer's larvae bore into and tunnel through the pseudostem of banana plants, weakening the stem and reducing yields. Cultural, chemical, and biological control methods are recommended to manage the pest population and minimize damage.
This document provides information about the chilli thrips pest through a seminar presentation. It introduces chilli thrips and provides its scientific classification. It then covers the pest's economic importance, host range, distribution, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management methods. The presentation concludes by summarizing that a field study found certain botanical and chemical insecticides, including Spinosad at 0.015%, to be effective in managing chilli thrips on chili crops.
MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENTramya sri nagamandla
The document summarizes economically important plant parasitic nematodes found in India, including their distribution and impact. It discusses nematodes that affect crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibers, banana, citrus, grapes, spices and tubers. For each crop, it identifies key nematodes and estimates yield losses. Maps show the distribution of nematodes infecting different crops across India. The document is an overview of major nematode issues faced by Indian agriculture.
P. cinnamomi is a fungus that causes Phytophthora root rot, which has devastated crops and native vegetation in Australia. The fungus grows through plant root systems, preventing water and nutrient uptake and causing death. It spreads through soil water and spores. Symptoms include leaf browning, yellowing, and dieback. Prevention through limiting the fungus's spread is critical, using quarantine, sanitization, and phosphite treatment, though the fungus can survive dormant for years in soil. More research is still needed on control and treatment.
White fly control in fruit crops under protected STRUCTUREiari
White flies are a major pest in greenhouse fruit crops. The warm, humid conditions in greenhouses allow whitefly populations to grow rapidly. Several whitefly species can infest fruit crops, with the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) being most common. Integrated pest management for whiteflies in greenhouses includes prevention through exclusion barriers and sanitation, monitoring with yellow sticky cards, and control using biological controls like parasitoids and predators, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, and selective use of biopesticides or chemical pesticides.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of Master Gardeners regarding entomology and integrated pest management (IPM). Some key findings were that the most worrisome pests were weeds, insects, and diseases. Many respondents were not aware of biological control products or IPM practices. The top priorities for IPM were identified as minimizing environmental impact and reducing chemical pesticide use. Common hurdles to adopting IPM included a lack of awareness and availability of information. The document also provides guidance on scouting and identifying various common garden pests like aphids, flea beetles, and caterpillars.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are economically important plant parasites attacking many crops including cucurbits. They cause symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, and gall formation on roots. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil fumigation or non-fumigant nematicides. Soil fumigants more consistently control root-knot nematodes in Florida soils compared to non-fumigants. Proper application and soil conditions are important for effective fumigation.
1) Leaf curl disease of tomato is caused by different species of Begomovirus that infect the plant at any stage and cause symptoms like leaf curling, puckering, yellowing and stunting.
2) The virus is transmitted by the whitefly vector and takes 1-3 weeks to show symptoms depending on temperature.
3) Management of the disease involves cultural practices like crop rotation and use of resistant varieties as well as chemical control of the whitefly vector and destruction of infected plants.
This document summarizes techniques for scouting and managing insect pests that affect vegetable crops. It discusses common vegetable insect pests like aphids, thrips, flea beetles, and caterpillars. It provides guidance on scouting methods for different pests and thresholds for when to take action. It also reviews options for insecticides, including biopesticides, and emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management.
This document discusses various cultural strategies for nematode management using plants, including using non-host crop rotations, green manure cover crops, antagonistic plants, trap crops, and resistant cultivars. It provides examples of different plants used in each strategy and their effects on nematode populations, such as marigolds and cruciferous plants which can reduce populations through nematicidal compounds in root exudates. Trap crops are discussed as a way to attract and trap sedentary nematodes before they can reproduce. Early planting and harvest is also summarized as a strategy to avoid nematode damage by escaping high nematode activity periods.
Nematode management in protected cultivation describes about existing practices of farmers and scientific integrated nematode management techniques along with IIHR package of practices.
B.Sc. Agri II IN U-3 Symptoms caused by NematodeRai University
1) Most plant-parasitic nematodes feed on root portions of plants and suck sap using a stylet, causing symptoms like leaf discoloration, stunted growth, and root lesions or galls.
2) Symptoms are classified into those caused by above-ground or below-ground feeding nematodes and include stunting, discoloration, wilting, root galls or knots, and reduced root systems.
3) Nematodes can also interact with fungi, bacteria, and viruses, assisting in disease transmission and worsening infections. Certain nematodes even act as vectors for plant viruses.
Plant parasitic nematodes economically important Genera.Francis Matu
This document provides information on several economically important plant parasitic nematode genera including root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), cyst nematode (Heterodera and Globodera spp.), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis), and their distribution, host range, symptoms, economic importance, and diagnostics. It outlines the systematic classification of each genus and includes images to illustrate symptoms and morphology.
Root Knot Nematode is a microscopic parasite that infects plant roots and causes galls and stunted growth. It feeds on the roots of many crops like tomatoes, potatoes, beans and carrots. While it describes itself as harmless, its toxic saliva destroys root cells and tissue. Control methods include crop rotation with resistant plants, planting marigolds or asparagus which are toxic to the nematode, and maintaining healthy soil with compost and mulch to discourage infestations. Physical signs of infection appear when plants are pulled up and show knot-like galls and damage to the root system.
Interaction of nematodes with the bacterial plant pathogens. this will give the idea how the bacteria and nematode symbiotically interact each other and causes diseases in plant system.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
Integrated pest management in watermelonMuhmmad Asif
This document discusses integrated pest management strategies for watermelon production. It outlines various insect, disease, weed and nematode pests that affect watermelons and their management. Common insect pests include aphids, whiteflies, cutworms and rindworms. Important diseases are anthracnose, fusarium wilt, downy mildew and gummy stem blight. Weed control involves mulching and herbicides. Nematode pests like root-knot nematodes can be managed through crop rotation and resistant varieties. The document recommends monitoring pests and using cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls based on thresholds.
Thrips are small, winged insects that feed on plant tissues and pollen. The western flower thrips is a major pest of tomatoes and peppers and can transmit tomato spotted wilt virus. It has different color forms and goes through egg, larval, and pupal stages. Scouting and yellow sticky cards are used to monitor populations. Cultural controls include weeding, screening, and using UV-reflective mulch. The minute pirate bug is a key predator. Insecticides from different classes are used when thresholds are exceeded, but resistance is a problem requiring integrated pest management.
Whitefly are small, sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by feeding on their leaves. There are two common species in Australia: the greenhouse whitefly and the silverleaf whitefly. Whitefly reproduce rapidly and excrete honeydew that can lead to sooty mold growth. Controlling whitefly populations requires using multiple integrated pest management techniques, like yellow sticky traps, vacuuming insects, disturbing plants to encourage whitefly to move, attracting natural predators, and applying organic sprays. Larger infestations may require commercial controls like predatory wasps.
The document discusses managing common greenhouse pests like whiteflies, aphids, and thrips using integrated pest management strategies, which include monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, and using cultural, biological, and chemical control methods like beneficial insects, insecticides applied through drip irrigation systems, and sanitation to control pests below economic thresholds. It provides examples of specific IPM programs for managing pests on cucumbers, tomatoes, and brassicas using drip-applied neonicotinoid and diamide insecticides.
1. Las termitas son insectos que viven en colonias y se alimentan de celulosa. 2. Presentan diferentes castas como obreras, soldados y reproductores. 3. Cumplen un importante papel ecológico como descomponedores de la materia orgánica aunque algunas especies pueden causar daños a estructuras de madera.
Tomato pest insects A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan Provincial Coordinator IPM MI...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
1. The document provides information on 19 different insect pests that affect tomatoes. It describes the symptoms and signs of each pest and recommends various control methods including chemical pesticides, cultural practices like crop rotation and tillage, and biological controls using predators and parasites. Common tomato insect pests discussed include fruitworms, whiteflies, aphids, flea beetles, cutworms, hornworms, and nematodes. A variety of treatment options are presented for each pest ranging from insecticides to trapping and handpicking.
The document discusses the banana stem borer pest, Odoiporus longicollis. It provides details about the banana plant and lists some major pests that affect bananas. It then focuses on the stem borer pest, describing its systematic position, identification marks, life cycle, nature of damage, and control measures. The stem borer's larvae bore into and tunnel through the pseudostem of banana plants, weakening the stem and reducing yields. Cultural, chemical, and biological control methods are recommended to manage the pest population and minimize damage.
This document provides information about the chilli thrips pest through a seminar presentation. It introduces chilli thrips and provides its scientific classification. It then covers the pest's economic importance, host range, distribution, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management methods. The presentation concludes by summarizing that a field study found certain botanical and chemical insecticides, including Spinosad at 0.015%, to be effective in managing chilli thrips on chili crops.
MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENTramya sri nagamandla
The document summarizes economically important plant parasitic nematodes found in India, including their distribution and impact. It discusses nematodes that affect crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibers, banana, citrus, grapes, spices and tubers. For each crop, it identifies key nematodes and estimates yield losses. Maps show the distribution of nematodes infecting different crops across India. The document is an overview of major nematode issues faced by Indian agriculture.
P. cinnamomi is a fungus that causes Phytophthora root rot, which has devastated crops and native vegetation in Australia. The fungus grows through plant root systems, preventing water and nutrient uptake and causing death. It spreads through soil water and spores. Symptoms include leaf browning, yellowing, and dieback. Prevention through limiting the fungus's spread is critical, using quarantine, sanitization, and phosphite treatment, though the fungus can survive dormant for years in soil. More research is still needed on control and treatment.
White fly control in fruit crops under protected STRUCTUREiari
White flies are a major pest in greenhouse fruit crops. The warm, humid conditions in greenhouses allow whitefly populations to grow rapidly. Several whitefly species can infest fruit crops, with the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) being most common. Integrated pest management for whiteflies in greenhouses includes prevention through exclusion barriers and sanitation, monitoring with yellow sticky cards, and control using biological controls like parasitoids and predators, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, and selective use of biopesticides or chemical pesticides.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of Master Gardeners regarding entomology and integrated pest management (IPM). Some key findings were that the most worrisome pests were weeds, insects, and diseases. Many respondents were not aware of biological control products or IPM practices. The top priorities for IPM were identified as minimizing environmental impact and reducing chemical pesticide use. Common hurdles to adopting IPM included a lack of awareness and availability of information. The document also provides guidance on scouting and identifying various common garden pests like aphids, flea beetles, and caterpillars.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are economically important plant parasites attacking many crops including cucurbits. They cause symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, and gall formation on roots. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil fumigation or non-fumigant nematicides. Soil fumigants more consistently control root-knot nematodes in Florida soils compared to non-fumigants. Proper application and soil conditions are important for effective fumigation.
1) Leaf curl disease of tomato is caused by different species of Begomovirus that infect the plant at any stage and cause symptoms like leaf curling, puckering, yellowing and stunting.
2) The virus is transmitted by the whitefly vector and takes 1-3 weeks to show symptoms depending on temperature.
3) Management of the disease involves cultural practices like crop rotation and use of resistant varieties as well as chemical control of the whitefly vector and destruction of infected plants.
This document summarizes techniques for scouting and managing insect pests that affect vegetable crops. It discusses common vegetable insect pests like aphids, thrips, flea beetles, and caterpillars. It provides guidance on scouting methods for different pests and thresholds for when to take action. It also reviews options for insecticides, including biopesticides, and emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management.
This document discusses various cultural strategies for nematode management using plants, including using non-host crop rotations, green manure cover crops, antagonistic plants, trap crops, and resistant cultivars. It provides examples of different plants used in each strategy and their effects on nematode populations, such as marigolds and cruciferous plants which can reduce populations through nematicidal compounds in root exudates. Trap crops are discussed as a way to attract and trap sedentary nematodes before they can reproduce. Early planting and harvest is also summarized as a strategy to avoid nematode damage by escaping high nematode activity periods.
Nematode management in protected cultivation describes about existing practices of farmers and scientific integrated nematode management techniques along with IIHR package of practices.
B.Sc. Agri II IN U-3 Symptoms caused by NematodeRai University
1) Most plant-parasitic nematodes feed on root portions of plants and suck sap using a stylet, causing symptoms like leaf discoloration, stunted growth, and root lesions or galls.
2) Symptoms are classified into those caused by above-ground or below-ground feeding nematodes and include stunting, discoloration, wilting, root galls or knots, and reduced root systems.
3) Nematodes can also interact with fungi, bacteria, and viruses, assisting in disease transmission and worsening infections. Certain nematodes even act as vectors for plant viruses.
Plant parasitic nematodes economically important Genera.Francis Matu
This document provides information on several economically important plant parasitic nematode genera including root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), cyst nematode (Heterodera and Globodera spp.), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis), and their distribution, host range, symptoms, economic importance, and diagnostics. It outlines the systematic classification of each genus and includes images to illustrate symptoms and morphology.
Root Knot Nematode is a microscopic parasite that infects plant roots and causes galls and stunted growth. It feeds on the roots of many crops like tomatoes, potatoes, beans and carrots. While it describes itself as harmless, its toxic saliva destroys root cells and tissue. Control methods include crop rotation with resistant plants, planting marigolds or asparagus which are toxic to the nematode, and maintaining healthy soil with compost and mulch to discourage infestations. Physical signs of infection appear when plants are pulled up and show knot-like galls and damage to the root system.
Interaction of nematodes with the bacterial plant pathogens. this will give the idea how the bacteria and nematode symbiotically interact each other and causes diseases in plant system.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
Integrated pest management in watermelonMuhmmad Asif
This document discusses integrated pest management strategies for watermelon production. It outlines various insect, disease, weed and nematode pests that affect watermelons and their management. Common insect pests include aphids, whiteflies, cutworms and rindworms. Important diseases are anthracnose, fusarium wilt, downy mildew and gummy stem blight. Weed control involves mulching and herbicides. Nematode pests like root-knot nematodes can be managed through crop rotation and resistant varieties. The document recommends monitoring pests and using cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls based on thresholds.
Thrips are small, winged insects that feed on plant tissues and pollen. The western flower thrips is a major pest of tomatoes and peppers and can transmit tomato spotted wilt virus. It has different color forms and goes through egg, larval, and pupal stages. Scouting and yellow sticky cards are used to monitor populations. Cultural controls include weeding, screening, and using UV-reflective mulch. The minute pirate bug is a key predator. Insecticides from different classes are used when thresholds are exceeded, but resistance is a problem requiring integrated pest management.
Whitefly are small, sap-sucking insects that can damage plants by feeding on their leaves. There are two common species in Australia: the greenhouse whitefly and the silverleaf whitefly. Whitefly reproduce rapidly and excrete honeydew that can lead to sooty mold growth. Controlling whitefly populations requires using multiple integrated pest management techniques, like yellow sticky traps, vacuuming insects, disturbing plants to encourage whitefly to move, attracting natural predators, and applying organic sprays. Larger infestations may require commercial controls like predatory wasps.
The document discusses managing common greenhouse pests like whiteflies, aphids, and thrips using integrated pest management strategies, which include monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, and using cultural, biological, and chemical control methods like beneficial insects, insecticides applied through drip irrigation systems, and sanitation to control pests below economic thresholds. It provides examples of specific IPM programs for managing pests on cucumbers, tomatoes, and brassicas using drip-applied neonicotinoid and diamide insecticides.
1. Las termitas son insectos que viven en colonias y se alimentan de celulosa. 2. Presentan diferentes castas como obreras, soldados y reproductores. 3. Cumplen un importante papel ecológico como descomponedores de la materia orgánica aunque algunas especies pueden causar daños a estructuras de madera.
Este documento describe las características principales del orden Isoptera, conocido comúnmente como termitas. Explica que las termitas se dividen en dos grupos, termitas inferiores y superiores, y que la familia Termitidae representa aproximadamente el 70% de todas las especies. También describe brevemente la morfología, las tres castas básicas (obreras, soldados y reproductivos), e importancia económica de las termitas como plagas de madera y otros materiales.
O documento descreve as características, taxonomia, anatomia, reprodução e hábitos dos trips (Thysanoptera), incluindo sua importância econômica como pragas agrícolas e medidas para seu controle preventivo e químico.
This presentation was provided to small retailers that participated at the CHR training courses statewide in Alabama in 2013. It includes research highlights of conventional and organic insecticides suitable for retailers and small producers.
This is a short update about some new vegetable insecticides suitable for chewing and sucking insect pest control. This is preliminary information - please contact your Extension service and industry personnel for recent recommendations. Insecticide label is the law - please follow the label! For IPM articles, newsletters and training videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
This document provides a summary of 3 chapters from an employee registration manual for the pest control industry in Georgia. Chapter 1 introduces the manual and describes the services provided in the industry and the employee registration program requirements. Chapter 2 summarizes several key laws governing pesticide use including FIFRA, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the Georgia Structural Pest Control Act. Chapter 3 discusses regulations for minimum treatment standards for subterranean termites under the Georgia Structural Pest Control Act.
Thrips Management Alternatives in the FieldGardening
This document summarizes alternatives for managing thrips populations in agricultural fields. It discusses monitoring thrips using sticky cards and examining plant parts with a lens. Cultural control methods include avoiding susceptible crops after grains, managing weeds, using colored mulches, and balanced soil nutrition. Some cabbage and onion varieties have genetic resistance. Beneficial insects also help suppress thrips naturally. Organic pesticides are available when needed to control thrips.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other non-chemical control methods.
This document summarizes sustainable control methods for thrips in greenhouses, which are difficult to control due to their small size and feeding habits. It discusses monitoring techniques, cultural controls like sanitation and screening, and biological controls using beneficial organisms. It also explores the use of biorational pesticides when needed to supplement other techniques for thrips management.
This document provides information on sustainable thrips control in greenhouses. It discusses monitoring techniques like crop scouting and sticky traps to detect thrips early. Biological controls like beneficial insects and biorational pesticides are emphasized. Maintaining good sanitation is also important to control thrips, which can rapidly reproduce and vector damaging viruses in greenhouse crops.
Chemical and ecological control methods for Epitrix spp.GJESM Publication
Very little information exists in regards to the control options available for potato flea beetles, Epitrix spp. This short review covers both chemical and ecological options currently available for control of Epitrix spp. Synthetic pyrethroids are the weapon of choice for the beetles. However, the impetus in integrated pest management is
to do timely (early-season) applications with something harsh which will give long-term protection at a time when there are not a lot of beneficials in the field. Finding the balance for control of Epitrix spp. is proving difficult.
This document discusses various aspects of weed management, including definitions, classifications, and effects of weeds. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields by competing for water, light, nutrients, and space. They are classified based on morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, and other characteristics. Weeds propagate through sexual reproduction via seeds, asexual reproduction, and vegetative reproduction using structures like rhizomes and stolons. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of weeds and their propagation methods. It also mentions some economic uses of certain weed species.
This document provides an overview of weeds and weed management. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields through competition for water, nutrients, light and space. They propagate through seeds, vegetative reproduction and asexual means. Management involves prevention, eradication and control using cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. The document also classifies weeds based on morphology, life cycle, habitat and other characteristics, and discusses their ecology and impact on agriculture.
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
Grasshoppers are difficult to control but their impact can be minimized through preventative management over the long term using non-chemical strategies. These include cultural controls like fall tillage to destroy eggs, trap cropping to concentrate grasshoppers, and encouraging natural predators. Biological controls such as the protozoan Nosema locustae and fungus Beauveria bassiana can be used against nymphs and adults. Physical barriers and traps can also help reduce grasshopper populations. Maintaining farm biodiversity is key to preventing major outbreaks.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It outlines cultural, biological and alternative pesticide approaches. Cultural controls include using crop rotation, trap cropping with Chinese Southern Giant Mustard or radishes, and row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites that naturally suppress flea beetle populations. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides like neem, rotenone and pyrethrins, as well as insecticidal soap, garlic extracts, and diatomaceous earth.
This document discusses organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It begins by describing flea beetles and the damage they cause. It then outlines several cultural controls including crop rotation, trap cropping, and row covers. Biological controls like beneficial insects and entomopathogenic nematodes are also discussed. Finally, the document reviews alternative pesticides that are allowed in organic production, such as insecticidal soaps, botanical pesticides, and diatomaceous earth. Monitoring fields is important to determine when any treatments may need to be applied.
This document provides information on organic control options for flea beetles, a serious pest of vegetable crops. It discusses cultural, physical, biological and alternative pesticide controls. Cultural controls include providing optimal growing conditions, crop rotation, trap cropping, and sanitation. Physical controls are row covers. Biological controls rely on beneficial predators and parasites. Alternative pesticides mentioned include botanical insecticides, insecticidal soap, diatomaceous earth, and Surround. Regular monitoring is important to determine if and when pesticidal applications are needed.
Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for CroplandsGardening
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the USDA. It is headquartered in Fayetteville, Arkansas with offices in Montana and California. The document discusses principles of sustainable weed management for crop lands, including using allelopathic cover crops like rye that release chemicals to inhibit weed growth. It also discusses using crop rotations, intercropping, and weed-free cropping designs to manage weeds proactively by addressing their root causes rather than reactively controlling them with tillage and herbicides. The focus is on managing croplands according to nature's principles to reduce weed problems over the long run.
This document provides an overview of nematodes and methods for managing plant-parasitic nematodes in a sustainable way. It begins with an introduction that defines nematodes and describes their prevalence in soil. It then discusses the major plant-parasitic nematode genera and their effects on plants. The rest of the document covers symptoms of nematode damage, sampling techniques, and alternative control methods like preventing spread, managing soil biology, crop rotations, cover crops, botanical nematicides, biocontrols, plant resistance, and other cultural practices.
This document discusses major pests and diseases that affect paddy crops, including rice blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, false smut, and brown spot. It also covers insect pests like the yellow stem borer, gall midge, green leafhopper, brown plant hopper, and rice earhead bug. Cultural practices to control these pests include clipping seedling tips, using short-stature varieties, destroying crop residues, draining fields, and synchronizing planting dates. The document also outlines biological control methods using parasitoids, predators, and habitat manipulation.
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
This document summarizes information about ornamental plants and their pests, with a focus on armored scale insects. It discusses three main categories of plants (agricultural, weedy, ornamental), then describes the economic importance and diversity of ornamental plants. It notes that armored scale insects are well-adapted pests of ornamentals in urban settings. The document then examines the pest status and damage from armored scale insects on ornamentals, as well as control methods like oils, insecticides, and integrated pest management. It provides details on the cactus scale as a representative pest of succulents.
Lace bugs feed on the underside of leaves from over a dozen plant species, causing pale stippling and leaf drop. They have three life stages - egg, nymph, and adult - and overwinter as eggs or adults. While the damage is mostly aesthetic, high populations can stress plants. Management options include tolerating minor damage, washing bugs from plants, conserving natural enemies, and applying contact or systemic pesticides as a last resort.
Similar to Thrips Management Alternatives in the Field (20)
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
2. ity to produce food and interferes with trans- Monitoring Thrips
portation of foliar nutrients to the bulb. The
resulting damage is usually measured as an
Monitoring to identify when thrips arrive and
overall reduction in bulb size and weight of
to determine population levels is helpful in de-
onions and flower corms produced. There may
signing an appropriate control strategy. In on-
also be effects on the number, size, and appear-
ions, thrips generally migrate into a field when
ance of flowers. The injury caused by thrips’
plants in surrounding areas begin to dry, so
rasping of the leaves enables various plant
monitoring efforts should be timed accordingly.
pathogens to gain entry, thus increasing disease
problems. In addition, thrips carry plant patho-
Thrips numbers should also be determined. The
gens on their mouth parts from one plant to
University of California recommends sampling
another. In onions, entire fields can be de-
at least five (onion) plants from four separate
stroyed, especially in dry seasons. In fruit crops,
areas of each field. Leaves should be pulled apart
thrips damage may also result in the scarring of
and examined carefully with the assistance of a
fruit and significant loss to culling.
hand lens, and all thrips counted.(1) The num-
bers present can be used to determine action
The stage of growth when an infestation occurs
thresholds for applying pesticides. In corm-
seems to determine the extent of yield loss. In
propagated flowers, blue sticky cards are some-
onions, it appears that early and late-season
times used for trapping and monitoring thrips
infestations diminish yields less than those oc-
populations.(3) However, research at the Uni-
curring in mid-season during the bulbing stage.
versity of California has indicated that hot-pink
(2)
sticky cards outperform blue-colored traps for
this purpose.(4)
For more basic information see the THRIPS com-
puterized knowledge database at <http://
Coviello et al.(1) note that reliable treatment
www.gladescropcare.com/tech-thrips.html>.
threshold levels for onions are speculative. They
THRIPS covers nine species of thrips occurring
are, in the least, variable, depending on whom
in the U.S. and a major thrips predator, the
you ask. In California, a threshold of 30 thrips
minute pirate bug. The site provides detailed
per plant at mid-season has been used success-
information on identification, biology, scouting,
fully for dry bulb, fresh market, and drying on-
life cycles, and control using pirate bugs.
ions, using conventional, synthetic pesticides.
This number would be adjusted downward for
very young plants and upward for larger, ma-
ture plants. In New York State a conservative
action threshold of three thrips per leaf has been
suggested, and one thrips per leaf for Spanish
and green bunching onions.(5) Georgia ento-
mologist David Riley suggests an initial treat-
ment threshold of one thrips per plant and then
waiting until they have reached five thrips per
plant for a second treatment.(6)
When considering appropriate action threshold
levels, it is important to remember that no single
number will always be a reliable guide. Climate
is a factor. Hot and dry conditions favor thrips
damage, and cool rainy weather hinders it. In
drier years fewer thrips per leaf can be toler-
Figure 1. Thrips life cycle. ated before yield losses result.(2) In onions,
Used with permission of California Statewide IPM Project. thrips must be controlled before the crop reaches
the early bulbing stage, so that populations do
not exceed manageable levels.(1)
PAGE 2 //THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD
3. Plant architecture can also influence thrips duce thrips attack. High nitrate levels will in-
population levels. In onions, cultivars with flat- vite thrips, and the effects of excessive nitrate
sided leaves and a compact growth point (where are compounded by shortages of potassium,
the leaves are closely compressed) protect thrips sulfur, boron, and manganese. Foliar applica-
from natural enemies, weather, and insecticides. tions of soluble calcium and kelp will balance
Conversely, round, openly spaced leaves reduce the excess nitrogen. These nutrient levels can
thrips’ hiding places.(2) be monitored on a weekly basis, using plant tis-
sue analysis, to make accurate adjustments.(11)
Cultural Control Methods
In iris, gladiolus, daylilies, and other vegetatively
propagated flowers, severely infested plant parts
The choice of cover crops can affect the num- should be cut away and destroyed. Dig corms
ber of overwintering thrips. Thrips-susceptible early in the fall and cut off the tops before thrips
crops should not be planted following wheat or move down into them. Destroy the remaining
rye, which provide excellent over-wintering sites debris.(3)
for thrips. Oats is a better choice, but requires
later fall planting than rye or wheat—a factor
that constrains its use as a cover crop in colder Genetic Resistance
regions.(7)
Among onions, varietal resistance in some sweet
Weed destruction in the field and surrounding Spanish types is noted in the literature. It is sug-
margins can help to reduce thrips populations, gested that these may be older cultivars with
since these areas serve as overwintering and re- more open canopy growth.(5) There is also
infestation sites. Growers should take care, how- some genetic resistance among cabbage culti-
ever, that vegetation management does not con- vars: Masada, Brutus, Galaxy, and Amtrack
flict with strategies designed to reduce soil loss are reported to be highly resistant; Fresco,
(through maintaining soil cover), to increase SuperElite, Satelite, Protector, Bartolo, and
biodiversity, and to make the farm system more Supergreen demonstrate moderate resistance.
sustainable. (12)
Drought stress increases the susceptibility of Biological Control
onions to thrips damage. Adequate irrigation
throughout the growing season is a critical fac-
tor in minimizing damage.(2) Many beneficial organisms work to suppress
thrips. These include lady beetles, minute pi-
The fact that thrips are color-sensitive suggests rate bugs, ground beetles, big-eyed bugs, lace-
that colored mulches may be effective in their wings, hover flies, predatory mites, and spiders.
control. Louisiana researchers conducted a (5) Unfortunately, these predators and parasites
study to see whether aluminum-coated mulch may be hampered by the fact that thrips feed
would repel the pest.(8) Black plastic was spray- under close-fitting leaves and down in the leaf
painted in the field with aluminum paint. The sheaths where they are difficult for predators
reflective mulch repelled 33 to 68% of the thrips. to find. Insecticides, even those cleared for use
Ultaviolet-absorbing plastics—used to build in organic production, also tend to work against
walk-in field tunnels—have proved effective in beneficial predators and parasites. They should
protecting crops from western flower thrips, as be used minimally and applied with caution.
well as sweet potato whitefly, cotton aphid, and
the diseases they vector.(9) On occasion, thrips populations may explode,
as large numbers migrate from nearby vegeta-
Soil fertility management may also affect thrips tion that is mowed, harvested, or drying up. In
infestation and damage. According to one such circumstances, in-field populations of
source(10), a lack of adequate soil calcium may beneficial predators and parasites may not be
invite higher populations of thrips. Another adequate. The grower can increase the num-
writer suggests that nutritional balance can re- bers of predatory and parasitic insects and
//THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD PAGE 3
4. arachnids on the farm by providing protective Noted organic proponent J. Howard Garrett rec-
habitats for them. These habitats—often called ommends use of a homemade botanical spray
refugia—can be integrated into crop rotation formulated from garlic and pepper.(17)
planning, and can supplant “weedy” field bor- Garrett’s garlic/pepper tea is made by liquefy-
ders and waste areas. For more details on refu- ing two bulbs of garlic and two cayenne or
gia, ask for the ATTRA publication Farmscaping habañero peppers in a blender 1/3 full of wa-
to Enhance Biological Control. ter. Solids are strained out, and enough water
is added to make one gallon of concentrate.
Naturally occurring fungal diseases can also Garrett mixes ¼ cup concentrate with two table-
devastate thrips populations.(5) Limiting the spoons of vegetable oil and enough water to
use of foliar fungicides by using forecasting sys- make 1 gallon of ready-to-use spray mix.(18) A
tems and cultural controls helps to protect ben- commercial product called Hot Pepper Wax®,
eficial fungi and maximize this natural control containing capsaicin (the active ingredient of
mechanism. cayenne pepper), is also recommended for
thrips control.(19) A highly refined horticul-
Alternative Pesticides tural oil can be used during the growing season
for control of thrips and several other insects.
(20)
Several alternative pesticides are available for
controlling thrips. Sulfur, insecticidal soap, and Spinosad (e.g., Conserve®)may also be useful in
diatomaceous earth have all demonstrated effi- controlling thrips in the field. Spinosad is a re-
cacy in suppressing thrips in several crops.(3, cently discovered insecticide, derived from the
13, 14) Being contact pesticides, however, their fermentation of Actinomyces bacteria com-
effectiveness in onions would probably be lim- monly found in the soil.(21) The National Or-
ited, because the thrips can hide between the ganic Standards Board has recommended that
leaves. In contrast, three applications of super- spinosad be allowed in organic production.
fine sulfur are recommended at monthly inter- Organic growers should consult their certifier
vals in fruit crops for spring thrips control. Lime before using.
sulfur has also been suggested as an alternative.
(14) Surround™ Crop Protectant is labeled for sup-
pression of thrips and several other insects for
Spray formulations of the biological agent apples, stone fruits, citrus, small fruits, and on-
Beauvaria bassiana (e.g., Naturalis-O ® , ions. Surround is a kaolin clay film sprayed onto
BotaniGard ®, Mycotrol ®) are also useful for the crop as a barrier to insect pests. Supple-
thrips control. The agent is a fungus that grows mental control measures may be needed in ad-
and reproduces in the host; therefore, effective dition to Surround. ATTRA has more informa-
control may not be observed until 7 to 10 days tion on the use of Surround in fruit crops, avail-
after application. B. bassiana is most effective able on request.
when used early, before large thrips populations
have built up.(14) Always follow label instructions when using
any pesticide, and keep in mind that the deci-
The botanical pesticides garlic, rotenone, ryania, sion to use a pesticide should be made only when
pyrethrum, neem, and nicotine have been sug- other approaches to pest management fail to
gested for thrips control.(10, 16, 17, 18) An- provide adequate crop protection. Again, be
other botanical presticide, sabadilla, also has a aware that some “natural” pesticides may be
record of controlling thrips and is suggested unacceptable or limited in certified organic pro-
when other botanicals fail.(3) Organic growers duction. Check with a certifying agent before
should be aware that nicotine and other tobacco- purchasing or using any such products.
based pesticides are prohibited in organic pro-
duction. The formulations of many other bo-
tanical products are also prohibited, and or-
ganic producers are encouraged to consult their
certifier before purchasing them.
PAGE 4 //THRIPS MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES IN THE FIELD
5. References 11) Cantisano, Amigo. 1999. Onion thrips
cause trouble in many regions. Growing for
Market. December. p. 8–9.
1) Coviello, R., W.E. Chaney, and S. Orloff.
1993. Onion and Garlic Pest Management
12) Williams, Greg, and Pat Williams. 1998. Re-
Guidelines. University of California State-
sistance of cabbage cultivars to onion thrips
wide IPM Program. Davis, CA. UC ANR
damage. HortIdeas. May. p. 53.
Publication 3453.
13) Flint, Mary Louise. 1990. Pests of the Gar-
2) Fournier, Francois, Guy Boivin, and Robin
den and Small Farm. University of Califor-
Stewart. 1995. Effect of Thrips tabaci
nia. Oakland, CA. 276 p.
(Thysanopters: Thripidae) on yellow onion
yields and economic thresholds for its man-
14) Metcalf, C.L., W.P. Flint, and R.L. Metcalf.
agement. Entomological Society of America.
1962. Destructive And Useful Insects: Their
Vol. 88, No. 5. p. 1401-1407.
Habits And Control, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, NY. 1087 p.
3) Ellis, Barbara W., and Fern Marshall Brad-
ley. 1992. The Organic Gardener’s Hand-
15) Porter, Patrick. No date. New Pesticide for
book of Natural Insect and Disease Control.
Less Toxic Insect Control. West Virginia
Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 534 p.
University, Morgantown, WV.
4) Anon. 1998. Pink thrips. B.U.G.S. Flyer.
16) Yepson, Roger B. 1976. Organic Plant Pro-
Winter. p. 3.
tection. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. p. 588-
589.
5) Hoffmann, Michael P., Curtis H. Petzoldt,
and Anne C. Frodsham. 1996. Integrated
17) Garrett, J. Howard. 1993. J. Howard
Pest Management For Onions. Cornell Uni-
Garrett’s Organic Manual. The Summit
versity. Cornell, NY. 78 p.
Group, Fort Worth, TX. 203 p.
6) Hatfield, Brooke. 2003. Thrips a growing
18) Anon. 2003. Peaceful Valley Farm Supply
disease problem for Vidalia onions farmers.
2003 Main Catalog. Peaceful Valley Farm
The Vegetable Growers News. March.
Supply, Grass Valley, CA p. 106-108.
p. 18-19.
19) Garrett, J. Howard. 1989. J. Howard
7) Anon. 1992. Thrips on onions and cole
Garrett’s Organic Manual. Lantana Pub-
crops. IPM Practitioner. May-June. p. 13.
lishing Co., Dallas, TX. p. 89.
8) Quarles, William. 1990. Reflective mulch
20) Anon. 1998. Peaceful Valley Farm Supply
and thrips-vectored virus. IPM Practitioner.
1998-1999 Main Catalog. Peaceful Valley
November-December. p. 7.
Farm Supply, Grass Valley, CA. p. 88.
9) Antignus, Y., N. Mor, R. Ben-Joseph, M.
21) Lazano, D., and G. Kilchher. 1998. How to
Lapidot, and S. Cohen. 1996.
choose oil to safely kill bugs. The Press
Untraviolet-absorbing plastic sheets protect
Democrat. June 21. p. 1.
crops from insect pests and from virus dis-
eases vectored by insects. Environmental
22) Grossman, Joel. 1998. Entomological Soci-
Entomology. Vol. 25, No. 5. p. 919-924.
ety of America’s 1997 Conference–Part 3.
The IPM Practitioner. April. p. 10.
10) Rateaver, Bargyla, and Gylver Rateaver.
1993. Organic Method Primer Update. The
Rateavers, San Diego, CA. 596 p.
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