1.structure of bone
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The document summarizes the structure and types of bone tissue. It describes the cells that make up bone, including osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. It also describes the bone matrix and its composition of collagen fibers, calcium phosphate salts, and arrangement in lamellae. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, found on bone surfaces and in long bone shafts, arranged in concentric layers around Haversian canals; and spongy bone located within bones, consisting of branching trabeculae plates with bone marrow between them.
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Bone
Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support and protection. It contains bone cells like osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bones have an outer periosteum and inner endosteum containing osteoprogenitor cells. The bone matrix is made up of concentric lamellae that form Haversian systems around central canals. Bones can be classified as spongy or compact based on their macrostructure, and as immature or mature based on their microscopic appearance.
Bone pic.
This document discusses the structure and formation of bone. It describes the different types of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It explains that compact bone contains Haversian systems with concentric lamellae and Haversian canals containing blood vessels. Spongy bone contains trabeculae. There are two processes of bone formation: intramembranous ossification where bone forms directly in mesenchymal tissue, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone with zones of proliferation, hypertrophy and calcification.
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The document summarizes three key components of bone structure:
1. Periosteum is the membrane lining the outer surface of bones (except at joints) and consists of fibrous and osteogenic layers, providing nourishment and attachment points for muscles and tendons. It contains cells that form new bone after fractures.
2. Endosteum is the delicate lining of marrow spaces and cavities, consisting of a single layer of cells. It has osteogenic potential and can form new bone with stimulation.
3. Haversian systems are the structural units of compact bone.
Osteogenesis
Bone formation occurs through two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification involves the development of primary and secondary centers of ossification. In the primary center, cartilage is replaced by bone starting from the diaphysis. In the secondary center, cartilage in the epiphysis is replaced by cancellous bone after birth. The epiphyseal plate contains zones that allow longitudinal bone growth through endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling and fracture repair maintain bone strength throughout life.
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The skeletal system performs several functions including support, storage of minerals and lipids, protection of organs, leverage and movement. Cartilage is a connective tissue that provides flexibility and cushioning, while bone provides structure, support and protection. The two main types of bone tissue are compact bone, which forms the hard outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone found in the inner layer. Bones develop through two processes and are remodeled throughout life to maintain strength and mineral levels.
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This document summarizes skeletogenic connective tissues, including cartilages and bones. It describes the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found in many areas including joints. Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients through diffusion. Cartilage contains chondrocytes that secrete the extracellular matrix. Bones are composed of bone tissue, periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow. Bones develop through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Histology of Bone
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified bone matrix and three main cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix lacunae and canaliculi, osteoblasts which synthesize bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone provides structure and protection, supports muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables movement through leveraging of muscles. It is continually remodeled through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, forming concentric osteons through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
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Bone
Bone is a specialized connective tissue that provides structural support and protection. It contains bone cells like osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoprogenitor cells are stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bones have an outer periosteum and inner endosteum containing osteoprogenitor cells. The bone matrix is made up of concentric lamellae that form Haversian systems around central canals. Bones can be classified as spongy or compact based on their macrostructure, and as immature or mature based on their microscopic appearance.
Bone pic.
This document discusses the structure and formation of bone. It describes the different types of bone cells including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It explains that compact bone contains Haversian systems with concentric lamellae and Haversian canals containing blood vessels. Spongy bone contains trabeculae. There are two processes of bone formation: intramembranous ossification where bone forms directly in mesenchymal tissue, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone with zones of proliferation, hypertrophy and calcification.
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The document summarizes three key components of bone structure:
1. Periosteum is the membrane lining the outer surface of bones (except at joints) and consists of fibrous and osteogenic layers, providing nourishment and attachment points for muscles and tendons. It contains cells that form new bone after fractures.
2. Endosteum is the delicate lining of marrow spaces and cavities, consisting of a single layer of cells. It has osteogenic potential and can form new bone with stimulation.
3. Haversian systems are the structural units of compact bone.
Osteogenesis
Bone formation occurs through two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification involves the development of primary and secondary centers of ossification. In the primary center, cartilage is replaced by bone starting from the diaphysis. In the secondary center, cartilage in the epiphysis is replaced by cancellous bone after birth. The epiphyseal plate contains zones that allow longitudinal bone growth through endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling and fracture repair maintain bone strength throughout life.
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This document summarizes skeletogenic connective tissues, including cartilages and bones. It describes the different types of cartilage, including hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found in many areas including joints. Cartilage is avascular and receives nutrients through diffusion. Cartilage contains chondrocytes that secrete the extracellular matrix. Bones are composed of bone tissue, periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow. Bones develop through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
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Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified bone matrix and three main cell types: osteocytes found in bone matrix lacunae and canaliculi, osteoblasts which synthesize bone matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone provides structure and protection, supports muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables movement through leveraging of muscles. It is continually remodeled through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, forming concentric osteons through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification.
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Bone is the main component of the adult human skeleton and provides rigidity and support. It is composed of an organic matrix, mostly type I collagen, and an inorganic component including calcium hydroxyapatite which provides rigidity. There are two types of bone - compact bone which forms the dense outer layers and trabecular bone which forms a porous inner structure. Bone is formed through the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts which secrete the bone matrix and eventually become osteocytes embedded within the bone.
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Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of inorganic calcium crystals and organic collagen fibers. It performs mechanical, synthetic, and metabolic functions like protecting organs, providing movement, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. Bone is made of compact bone, trabecular bone, and contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and a matrix of organic and inorganic components.
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Bones have three levels of structure - gross, microscopic, and chemical. At the gross level, bones can be classified as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while flat bones are thin and sandwich a layer of spongy bone. Microscopically, bones contain five main cell types and have compact bone with Haversian systems and spongy bone with trabeculae. Chemically, bones consist of both organic components like collagen and inorganic mineral salts.
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The document discusses the structure and function of bone. It defines bone as a mineralized connective tissue composed of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts within a matrix of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite. Bone has two layers: a dense compact bone and a porous spongy bone. The microscopic structure of compact bone consists of cylindrical osteons containing central canals and concentric lamellae. Osteoblasts build new bone matrix while osteoclasts resorb old bone. The periosteum and endosteum provide nutrients and new osteoblasts to bones.
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Bone tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue composed of cells and a mineralized extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone which forms the dense outer layer, and spongy or cancellous bone which is found at the ends of long bones and has a spongy, mesh-like structure. Bones develop through two processes - intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced by bone to form most other bones including long bones.
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Bone is the main component of the adult human skeleton and provides rigidity and support. It is composed of an organic matrix, mostly type I collagen, and an inorganic component including calcium hydroxyapatite which provides rigidity. There are two types of bone - compact bone which forms the dense outer layers and trabecular bone which forms a porous inner structure. Bone is formed through the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts which secrete the bone matrix and eventually become osteocytes embedded within the bone.
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Cartilage and bone are types of connective tissue that provide structure and support. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage - which are located in various parts of the body like joints, ears, and larynx. Cartilage is made of chondrocytes in an extracellular matrix. Bone develops from cartilage through endochondral ossification and forms directly from mesenchymal tissue through intramembranous ossification. Bones have compact bone, spongy bone, and are remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Common bone disorders occur due to defects in collagen, calcification, or excessive bone turnover.
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This document summarizes the histology of bone. It discusses the four main cell types found in bone - osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions in bone formation and resorption. The organic and inorganic components of bone matrix are described. Finally, the microscopic arrangement of bone cells and matrix in lamellae, Haversian canals, and Volkmann's canals is outlined.
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The document summarizes key information about bone structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less:
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of inorganic calcium crystals and organic collagen fibers. It performs mechanical, synthetic, and metabolic functions like protecting organs, providing movement, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. Bone is made of compact bone, trabecular bone, and contains osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and a matrix of organic and inorganic components.
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This document discusses the anatomy, histology, and composition of bone. It describes the different types of bones including long bones and flat bones, which are formed through different ossification processes. The microscopic and structural components of cortical and cancellous bone are examined, including osteons, lamellae, trabeculae, and bone cells. The inorganic and organic composition of bone is also summarized, with calcium hydroxyapatite providing compressive strength and collagen providing tensile strength. Key cell types involved in bone formation and resorption are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
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Bones provide structure, protection, movement and storage. There are two main classifications - axial skeleton including skull and vertebrae, and appendicular skeleton including limbs. Bones develop through membranous or endochondral ossification and have various structures. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, with a medullary cavity, borders and surfaces. They are supplied by nutrient arteries entering the shaft. Bone remodeling occurs through the actions of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. Fractures heal through callus formation while diseases like rickets affect bone mineralization.
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Bone is a mineralized connective tissue that forms the endoskeleton of vertebrates. It has both compact and spongy structures and develops through either membranous or endochondral ossification. Bone is made up of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone tissue while osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone. The intricate blood supply through nutrient arteries is essential for bone growth and healing. Fractures heal through the formation of a hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and remodeling into secondary bone.
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General osteology
The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that serve important biological and mechanical functions. The axial skeleton includes 80 bones that form the axis of the body and protect organs like the brain, while the appendicular skeleton has 126 bones that make up the limbs and their attachments. Bones are living organs composed of compact and spongy tissues, cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and minerals including calcium that provide structure and strength. The skeleton supports the body, protects organs, allows for movement through leverage, and stores minerals and produces blood cells in the bone marrow. Bones are classified by their shapes including tubular, flat, irregular, and sesamoid.
Skeletal system
The document summarizes key aspects of the skeletal system. It describes the two types of bone tissue as compact bone and spongy bone. It explains the structure of long bones as having an epiphysis, diaphysis and medullary cavity. There are two types of ossification - intramembranous which forms flat bones, and endochondral which forms most other bones from hyaline cartilage models. Postnatal bone growth occurs through longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate and appositional growth increasing bone width.
Osteology
This document provides an introduction to osteology, the study of bones. It defines osteology and discusses the classification, structure, and microscopic features of bones. The key points covered are:
1. Bones are classified based on their position in the body as either axial or appendicular, and based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid.
2. Bones are composed of compact cortical bone and cancellous spongy bone. Long bones specifically have a diaphysis and two epiphyses.
3. Bones are living tissues with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that remodel the matrix of collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite crystals,
Cartilage,bone,ct
The document discusses the skeletal system and connective tissues. It covers the definitions of osteology and arthrology, the study of bones and joints. The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and other connective tissues. Cartilage is weaker but more flexible than bone. There are three types of cartilage - hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation. The two types of ossification that form bones are intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
Development,structure and organization of bone
This document provides an overview of bone development, structure, and types. It discusses that bone is a mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an intercellular matrix. There are two main types of bone tissue: compact bone, which makes up the hard outer surface and is made up of concentric lamellae; and spongy or cancellous bone, which is found in the interior and has a sponge-like appearance. Bone is also classified based on shape into long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones. The document outlines the development of bone through two processes: intramembranous ossification which forms flat bones; and endochondral ossification which replaces cartilage models with bone in
Skeletal_System.ppt
The document discusses the classification and structure of bones. Bones are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid. Long bones have a shaft and expanded ends, and contain mostly compact bone. Short bones are cube-shaped with mostly spongy bone. Flat bones are thin with layers of compact bone around spongy bone. Irregular bones have irregular shapes. Microscopically, bones contain compact and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense with concentric circles while spongy bone has trabeculae and spaces. Bones provide structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
skeletal
The document describes the classification and structure of bones. It discusses the five categories of bone classification based on shape - long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. It then describes the gross anatomy and microscopic structure of long bones, including their diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, endosteum, and medullary cavity. Finally, it discusses the histology and microscopic anatomy of compact and spongy bone, including osteons, lacunae, lamellae, central canals, Volkmann canals, trabeculae, and the cells and tissues involved in bone formation and structure.
Alveolar bone
This document provides an overview of bone histology and development. It discusses that bone is a specialized mineralized connective tissue that can be divided into compact and cancellous bone microscopically. Bone develops through either endochondral or intramembranous ossification. The key cells involved are osteoblasts, which form new bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. Bone is remodeled throughout life by the balanced actions of these cells.
ppt anatomy.pptx
Bone is a living tissue that provides structure, protection, and movement. There are two types of bone formation: intramembranous, where bone forms within connective tissue, and endochondral, where bone replaces cartilage. Bones are composed of cells, organic components like collagen, and inorganic minerals. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts which form bone and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bones adapt and change their structure in response to mechanical stresses through Wolff's law.
Skeletal system
The skeletal system comprises bones and cartilages that support the body, allow for movement, protect internal organs, and produce blood cells. There are two main types of bones - long bones in the limbs and flat/irregular bones in the skull, vertebrae, and pelvis. Bones form through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are constantly remodeled throughout life. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, providing structure and protection to the head, neck and trunk.
Anatomy of bone and Cartilage
CONTENTS
FORMATION OF BONE
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
STRUCTURE OF BONE
BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPOSITION OF BONE
FRACTURE HEALING
CARTILAGE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
BONE (syn – Os; Osteon)
Osseous tissue, a specialised form of dense connective
tissue consisting of bone cells (osteocytes)
Embedded in a matrix of calcified intercelluar
substance
Bone matrix contains collagen fibres and the minerals
calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
Anatomy of bone and cartilage 1
This document provides an overview of bone structure and formation. It discusses the two types of ossification - intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous ossification forms flat bones of the skull directly from mesenchymal tissue, while endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are later replaced by bone. Bone cells, blood supply, composition and fracture healing are also summarized. The document classifications bones by shape, developmental origin, and microscopic and macroscopic structure.
LEC # 02 Skeleton.pdf
The document summarizes key aspects of the locomotor system and skeleton. It describes the skeleton's main functions of providing shape, support, protection and movement. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of the limbs. Typical long bones have a shaft, ends, and growth plate. Bones are classified based on shape and composition. Key markings and structures of bones are also defined.
SkeletalSystemVII.ppt
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. Bones are living tissues composed of cells and minerals that make up the endoskeleton. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments. Long bones have a shaft called the diaphysis and ends called epiphyses. Bones are living tissues that remodel throughout life, and in children, long bones grow at epiphyseal plates until skeletal maturity.
Skeletal.ppt
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones are living tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow muscle attachment for movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Long bones are composed of compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside. Growth and remodeling of bones involves the coordinated actions of bone cells throughout life. When broken, bones can heal through the formation of a callus. Synovial joints allow movement and are lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by the syn
SkeletalSystemVII.ppt
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, and joints. Bones are living tissues that provide structure, protect organs, allow muscle attachment for movement, and store minerals. The skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and their attachments. Long bones are composed of compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside. Growth and remodeling of bones involves the coordinated actions of bone cells throughout life. When bones break, they heal through the formation of a callus. Synovial joints allow movement and are lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by the syn
Bone Histology
Bone tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. The matrix is made up of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its rigidity. There are three main cell types involved in bone tissue: osteoblasts which form new bone, osteocytes embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which resorb bone. Bone has two types of internal structures - compact bone which is dense and cancellous bone which is spongy. Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
Lecture bone structure & markings
The document summarizes bone structure and markings. It discusses:
1) Bones are classified as either axial (skull, spine, ribs) or appendicular (limbs).
2) Bones are also classified by shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. Long bones make up the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped, and flat bones are thin and curved.
3) Bones have various projections, depressions, and openings that serve as sites for muscle attachment, joints, and conduits for blood vessels.
4) Long bones consist of a hollow shaft and expanded ends, with an outer layer of compact bone and inner spongy bone containing marrow.
Bone Histology
The presentation include general definition of bone and it's functions. Also, describe the chemical composition of bone and then specifically describe alveolar process.
Introduction to Human Osteology Part 2
The document provides an introduction to human osteology, including the structure, cells, and development of bone. It describes the microscopic and macroscopic structure of bone, including the Haversian system, lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi. It discusses the three main bone cells - osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts - and their functions. It also outlines the two processes of bone formation: endochondrial ossification, which develops bone through replacement of cartilage, and intramembranous ossification, which develops bone directly from mesenchymal tissue.
Similar to 1.structure of bone (20)
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This document provides information on various types of splints, including their indications, application techniques, and materials. It describes splints for the upper extremity including figure of eight, sling and swathe, and aeroplane splints for the shoulder/arm; long arm posterior and double sugar-tong splints for the elbow/forearm; volar forearm, cockup, and sugar-tong splints for the forearm/wrist; ulnar gutter, radial gutter, thumb spica, finger splints, and knuckle-bender splints for the hand/fingers. For the lower extremity it covers Von Rosen's, Thomas, Bohler-Braun splints for the hip/
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Bone cement.pptx 2 its science and cementing technique and safe surgical use
Bone cement.pptx 2 its science and cementing technique and safe surgical useMahatma Gandhi Hospital Parel Mumbai
This document discusses bone cement, its properties, uses, and risks. Some key points:
- Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) remains a common orthopaedic material used in joint replacements and procedures like vertebroplasty. It allows for secure implant fixation and load transfer.
- Total joint replacements often use PMMA bone cement due to its mechanical properties and ability to fill space and interlock with bone. However, its polymerization produces heat that can damage bone.
- A condition called bone cement implantation syndrome can occur perioperatively due to embolization of debris from the medullary canal or release of vasoactive substances during cement curing. Risk is higher in patients with poorInsertional tendinopathy of tendoachilles
Dr. Chandrashekhar Sonawane discusses a case of a 47-year-old male with left heel pain. On examination, the patient had tenderness over the posterior heel and painful dorsiflexion. Conservative treatment provided no improvement after 6 months. The patient then underwent surgery to excise a haglund bump via a central tendon-splitting method. The document then provides details on Achilles tendon anatomy, insertional tendinopathy diagnosis and treatment options, which include conservative care, surgery, and post-operative rehabilitation.
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Nitin perthes
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bone graft substitutes
This document discusses bone graft substitutes as alternatives to autologous bone grafts. It outlines that bone is composed of mineral, collagenous matrix, and growth factors. Autologous bone grafts can have morbidity risks of 9% including prolonged drainage, hematomas, infections and nerve injury. Alternatives discussed include allografts, demineralized bone matrix, bone marrow injections, BMP injections, and synthetic grafts made of coral hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphates, calcium sulfate, and collagen substrates. Synthetic grafts aim to mimic autologous bone by including osteoinductive, osteoconductive and osteogenic components. The document recommends good surgical technique for fracture management but notes these substit
Bone grafting
Bone grafting is a surgical procedure used to fill bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or infections. There are three main types of grafts: autografts which use the patient's own bone, allografts which use cadaver bone, and synthetic grafts. Autografts are considered ideal as they possess osteoconductivity, osteogenicity, and osteoinductivity, but they require a separate donor site surgery. Allografts do not require donor site surgery but risk immune rejection. The graft incorporation process involves inflammation, new bone formation, and remodeling of the graft to become living bone. Cancellous grafts incorporate more quickly than cortical grafts.
Delayed Union and non union fractures
Approximately 5% of fractures result in non-unions and more in delayed unions. A delayed union occurs when healing is slower than average, between 3-6 months. Non-union is defined as no healing after 9 months. Factors contributing to delayed or non-union include systemic factors like nutrition, smoking, and local factors like soft tissue injury and fracture characteristics. Treatment involves addressing factors preventing healing, stabilizing the bone, bone grafting, and in some cases electrical or ultrasound stimulation to promote healing. Surgical techniques depend on the type and severity of the non-union.
Bone healing
This document discusses bone healing and fracture healing. It covers two forms of bone tissue: cortical and cancellous bone. It also discusses two types of bone formation: woven bone and lamellar bone. The process of fracture healing is described in three stages: inflammation, repair, and remodeling. Key cells and growth factors involved in each stage are identified. Factors that can influence fracture healing, such as injury severity, nutrition status, and age are also outlined.
Arthritis A White Coat View
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder characterized by low bone density and mass, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is a growing epidemic, with over 75 million cases in the US, Europe and Japan expected to increase further. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and certain medical conditions or medications. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, bone density scans, and biochemical markers. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium intake, and vitamin D; medications include hormones, biphosphonates, and teriparatide injections in severe cases. Preventing osteoporosis requires modifiable lifestyle changes and responsible self-care.
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Editor's Notes
- http://www.dml.georgetown.edu/educ/micro/bone/21.htm