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www.mcsmapping.com                                                                                                                                                                               August 25, 2010




                                                                                                                            Presentation Outline

                                                                                                                                  •      History
                                                                                                                                  •      Definition
                                                                                                                                  •      Components
                                                                               GIS                                                •      Applications
                                                                           Fundamentals                                           •      Data models
                                                                                                                                  •      Raster Data
                                                                                                                                  •      Vector Data


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              Where did GIS come from?                                                                                            A Brief History of GIS
       • GIS is built upon knowledge from geography,                                                              • GIS’s origins lie in thematic cartography (manual map overlay)
                                                                                                                  • Computer cartography advances in 1950s and 1960s
         cartography, computer science and mathematics                                                            • Early influential data sets were the World Data Bank and the
       • Geographic Information Science is a new                                                                    GBF/DIME files. Early systems were CGIS, MLMIS, GRID and LUNR
                                                                                                                  • The Harvard University ODYSSEY system was influential due to its
         interdisciplinary field built out of the use and                                                           topological arc-node (vector) data structure
         theory of GIS                                                                                            • GIS was significantly altered by (1) the PC and (2) the workstation
                                                                                                                  • During the 1980s, new GIS software could better exploit more
                                                                                                                    advanced hardware
                                                                                                                  • User Interface developments led to GIS's vastly improved ease of
                                                                                                                    use during the 1990s
                                                                                                                  • During the 1980s, new GIS software could better exploit more
                                                                                                                    advanced hardware


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                                       Defining GIS                                                               Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
       • Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different                                                 • The common ground between information processing
         areas and disciplines                                                                                      and the many fields using spatial analysis techniques.
                                                                                                                    (Tomlinson, 1972)
       • All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique
         because they are linked to maps (Space matters!)                                                         • A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving,
                                                                                                                    transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real
       • A GIS at least consists of a database, map information,                                                    world. (Burroughs, 1986)
         and a computer-based link between them                                                                   • A computerized database management system for the
                                                                                                                    capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial
                                                                                                                    data. (NCGIA, 1987)
                                                                                                                  • A decision support system involving the integration of
                                                                                                                    spatially referenced data in a problem solving
                                                                                                                    environment. (Cowen, 1988)

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Confidential                                                                                                                                                                                                                1
www.mcsmapping.com                                                                                                                                                                                  August 25, 2010




              An Inelegant Definition for GIS                                                                                     GIS: intuitive description
       A system of integrated computer-based tools for end-to-                                                     • A map with a database behind it.
         end processing (capture, storage, retrieval, analysis,                                                    • A virtual representation of the real world and its
         display) of data using location on the earth’s surface for                                                  infrastructure.
         interrelation in support of operations management,                                                        • A consistent “as-built” of the real world, natural and
         decision making, and science.                                                                               manmade
                                                                                                                     Which is
       • set of integrated tools for spatial analysis                                                              • queried to support on-going operations
       • encompasses end-to-end processing of data(capture,                                                        • summarized to support strategic decision making and
         storage, retrieval, analysis/ modification, display)                                                        policy formulation
       • uses explicit location on earth’s surface to relate data                                                  • analyzed to support scientific inquiry
       • aimed at decision support, as well as on-going
         operations and scientific inquiry
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                                      Why Study GIS?                                                                  The major areas of GIS application
       • 80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based                                   • Local Government
          – plats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage                                      – Public works/infrastructure management (roads, water, sewer)
             collection, land ownership and valuation
                                                                                                                      – Planning and environmental management
       • a significant portion of state government has a geographical component
          – natural resource management                                                                               – property records and appraisal
          – highways and transportation                                                                            • Real Estate and Marketing-Retail site selection, site evaluation
       • businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications                                                  • Public safety-Crime analysis, fire prevention, emergency
          – retail site selection & customer analysis                                                                management
          – logistics: vehicle tracking & routing                                                                  • Natural resource exploration/extraction - Petroleum, minerals,
          – natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.)                                                           quarrying
          – precision agriculture
                                                                                                                   • Transportation- Airline route planning, transportation modeling
          – civil engineering and construction
       • scientific research employs GIS                                                                           • Public health and epidemiology
          – geography, geology, botany                                                                             • The Geospatial Industry - Data development, application
          – anthropology, sociology, economics, political science                                                    development, programming
          – Epidemiology, criminology

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                                  Advantages of GIS                                                                                Examples of Applied GIS
       1.  The potential and substantial benefits of using GIS make it a very                                              •     Urban Planning, Management & Policy
           important tool making the work of any organization easier and more                                                     – Zoning, subdivision planning
                                                                                                                                  – Land acquisition
           productive. Some of the potential benefits of GIS are:                                                                 – Economic development
       2. Opportunity to reduce sets of manual maps held and associated storage                                                   – Code enforcement
           costs.                                                                                                                 – Housing renovation programs
       3. Faster and more extensive access to geographic information.                                                             – Emergency response
                                                                                                                                  – Crime analysis
       4. Improved analysis e.g. Of areas, distances, patterns, etc.                                                              – Tax assessment
       5. Better communication of information to public officers, members.                                                 •     Environmental Sciences
                                                                                                                                  – Monitoring environmental risk
       6. Improved quality of services.                                                                                           – Modeling storm water runoff
       7. Better targeting and coordination of services.                                                                          – Management of watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, forests,
       8. Improved productivity in providing public information.                                                                     aquifers
                                                                                                                                  – Environmental Impact Analysis
       9. Improved efficiency in updating maps.                                                                                   – Hazardous or toxic facility sites
       10. The ability to track and monitor growth and development over time                                                      – Groundwater modeling and contamination tracking
       11. Improved ability to aggregate data for specific sub areas.                                                      •     Political Science
                                                                                                                                  – Redistricting
       12. Thus GIS's have become indispensable tools for governance, commerce,                                                   – Analysis of election results
           and environmental and social science.                                                                                  – Predictive modeling

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Confidential                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2
www.mcsmapping.com                                                                                                                                                                                              August 25, 2010




          Examples of Applied GIS contd.                                                                                                            Components of GIS
               •Civil Engineering/Utility
                    •Locating underground facilities
                    •Designing alignment for freeways, transit
                    •Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
               • Business
                    •Demographic Analysis
                    •Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
                    •Site Selection
               •Education Administration
                    • Attendance Area Maintenance
                    • Enrollment Projections
                    • School Bus Routing
               •Real Estate
                    •Neighborhood land prices
                    •Traffic Impact Analysis
                    •Determination of Highest and Best Use
               •Health Care
                    •Epidemiology
                    • Needs Analysis
                    • Service Inventory


               © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved.                www.mcsmapping.com   8/25/2010   13            © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved.        www.mcsmapping.com   8/25/2010   14




       GIS System Architecture and Components                                                                                 The GIS Data Model: Implementation
                                                                                                                                                                                                 Administrative Boundaries
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Utilities
                                                                          Data Input
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Zoning
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Buildings
                                                                                                                                                                                                         Parcels
                                                                          Geographic
          Query Input                                                                                                                                                                                 Hydrography
                                                                           Database                                                                                                                      Streets
                                                                                                                                                                                                   Digital Orthophoto

                                                                                                                             • Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous
                    Output: Display                                              Transformation                                concepts), with each layer representing a common feature.
                    and Reporting                                                  and Analysis
                                                                                                                             • Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s
                                                                                                                               surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.

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                   The GIS Model: example                                                                                                 The GIS Model: example




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Confidential                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3
www.mcsmapping.com                                                                                                                                                                                               August 25, 2010




                        The GIS Model: example                                                                                        Spatial and Attribute Data
                                                            Here we have three layers or themes:
                                                                                                                         • Spatial data (where)
                                                             --roads,                                                       – specifies location
                   roads                                     --hydrology (water),                                           – stored in a shape file or similar geographic file
                                                             --topography (land elevation)
                    longitude                               They can be related because precise geographic
                                                                                                                         • Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when)
                                                            coordinates are recorded for each theme.                        – specifies characteristics at that location, natural or human-
                                                                                                                              created
                                                           Layers are comprised of two data types
                                                                                                                            – stored in a data base table
               hydrology                                   •Spatial data which describes location (where)
                                                           •Attribute data specifying what, how much, when               • GIS systems traditionally maintain spatial and attribute data
                 longitude                                                                                                 separately, then “join” them for display or analysis
                                                           Layers may be represented in two ways:                           – for example, in QGIS, the Attributes of … table is used to join
                                                           •in vector format as points and lines                              a shapefile (spatial structure) with a data base table containing
                                                           •in raster(or image) format as pixels                              attribute information in order to display the attribute data
                topography
                                                                                                                              spatially on a map
                                                           All geographic data has 4 properties:
                                                            projection, scale, accuracy and resolution
                longitude
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                                   Representing Data                                                                               Concept of Vector and Raster
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Real World
       Raster Model
       •   area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells
       •   attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the
           majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type.
       •   Image data is a special case of raster data in which the “attribute” is a
           reflectance value from the geomagnetic spectrum
            – cells in image data often called pixels (picture elements)
                                                                                                                            Raster Representation                                               Vector Representation
       Vector Model                                                                                                                       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
                                                                                                                                     0                 R T                                         point
       The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the real
                                                                                                                                     1               R     T
          work can be represented either as:                                                                                         2     H         R
       • points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire plugs, airports, cities                                                          3               R                                                                      line
       • lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers,                                                                                     4           R R
                                                                                                                                     5         R
       • areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type                                                         6       R   T T   H
       Because representation depends on shape, QGIS refers to files containing vector                                               7       R   T T                                                       polygon
          data as shapefiles                                                                                                         8     R
                                                                                                                                     9     R

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                           Raster & Vector Data                                                                               The key properties of spatial data
              Advantages of raster data                                                                                   • Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the
              1. Simple data structure                                                                                      earth is represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen
              2. Easy and efficient overlaying                                                                               – distortion is inevitable
              3. Compatible with RS imagery                                                                               • Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on
              4. High spatial variability is efficiently represented                                                        the ground
              5. Simple for own programming                                                                                  – in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an
              6. Same grid cells for several attributes                                                                        implicit range of scales for data output in any project
                                                                                                                          • Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world
              Advantages of vector data                                                                                      – Positional: how close are features to their real world location?
                1. Compact data structure                                                                                    – Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match
                2. Efficient for network analysis                                                                              those in real world -is a road in the database a road in the real
                                                                                                                               world?
                3. Efficient projection transformation
                                                                                                                             – Completeness: are all real world instances of features present
                4. Accurate map output.
                                                                                                                               in the database? - Are all roads included.
                                                                                                                          • Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized
                                                                                                                             – for raster data, it is the pixel size
                    © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved.       www.mcsmapping.com   8/25/2010   23               © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved.          www.mcsmapping.com     8/25/2010   24




Confidential                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   4

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1.gis

  • 1. www.mcsmapping.com August 25, 2010 Presentation Outline • History • Definition • Components GIS • Applications Fundamentals • Data models • Raster Data • Vector Data © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 1 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 2 Where did GIS come from? A Brief History of GIS • GIS is built upon knowledge from geography, • GIS’s origins lie in thematic cartography (manual map overlay) • Computer cartography advances in 1950s and 1960s cartography, computer science and mathematics • Early influential data sets were the World Data Bank and the • Geographic Information Science is a new GBF/DIME files. Early systems were CGIS, MLMIS, GRID and LUNR • The Harvard University ODYSSEY system was influential due to its interdisciplinary field built out of the use and topological arc-node (vector) data structure theory of GIS • GIS was significantly altered by (1) the PC and (2) the workstation • During the 1980s, new GIS software could better exploit more advanced hardware • User Interface developments led to GIS's vastly improved ease of use during the 1990s • During the 1980s, new GIS software could better exploit more advanced hardware © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com Defining GIS Geographic Information Systems (GIS) • Different definitions of a GIS have evolved in different • The common ground between information processing areas and disciplines and the many fields using spatial analysis techniques. (Tomlinson, 1972) • All GIS definitions recognize that spatial data are unique because they are linked to maps (Space matters!) • A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real • A GIS at least consists of a database, map information, world. (Burroughs, 1986) and a computer-based link between them • A computerized database management system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data. (NCGIA, 1987) • A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988) © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 6 Confidential 1
  • 2. www.mcsmapping.com August 25, 2010 An Inelegant Definition for GIS GIS: intuitive description A system of integrated computer-based tools for end-to- • A map with a database behind it. end processing (capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, • A virtual representation of the real world and its display) of data using location on the earth’s surface for infrastructure. interrelation in support of operations management, • A consistent “as-built” of the real world, natural and decision making, and science. manmade Which is • set of integrated tools for spatial analysis • queried to support on-going operations • encompasses end-to-end processing of data(capture, • summarized to support strategic decision making and storage, retrieval, analysis/ modification, display) policy formulation • uses explicit location on earth’s surface to relate data • analyzed to support scientific inquiry • aimed at decision support, as well as on-going operations and scientific inquiry © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 7 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 8 Why Study GIS? The major areas of GIS application • 80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based • Local Government – plats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage – Public works/infrastructure management (roads, water, sewer) collection, land ownership and valuation – Planning and environmental management • a significant portion of state government has a geographical component – natural resource management – property records and appraisal – highways and transportation • Real Estate and Marketing-Retail site selection, site evaluation • businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications • Public safety-Crime analysis, fire prevention, emergency – retail site selection & customer analysis management – logistics: vehicle tracking & routing • Natural resource exploration/extraction - Petroleum, minerals, – natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.) quarrying – precision agriculture • Transportation- Airline route planning, transportation modeling – civil engineering and construction • scientific research employs GIS • Public health and epidemiology – geography, geology, botany • The Geospatial Industry - Data development, application – anthropology, sociology, economics, political science development, programming – Epidemiology, criminology © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 9 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 10 Advantages of GIS Examples of Applied GIS 1. The potential and substantial benefits of using GIS make it a very • Urban Planning, Management & Policy important tool making the work of any organization easier and more – Zoning, subdivision planning – Land acquisition productive. Some of the potential benefits of GIS are: – Economic development 2. Opportunity to reduce sets of manual maps held and associated storage – Code enforcement costs. – Housing renovation programs 3. Faster and more extensive access to geographic information. – Emergency response – Crime analysis 4. Improved analysis e.g. Of areas, distances, patterns, etc. – Tax assessment 5. Better communication of information to public officers, members. • Environmental Sciences – Monitoring environmental risk 6. Improved quality of services. – Modeling storm water runoff 7. Better targeting and coordination of services. – Management of watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, forests, 8. Improved productivity in providing public information. aquifers – Environmental Impact Analysis 9. Improved efficiency in updating maps. – Hazardous or toxic facility sites 10. The ability to track and monitor growth and development over time – Groundwater modeling and contamination tracking 11. Improved ability to aggregate data for specific sub areas. • Political Science – Redistricting 12. Thus GIS's have become indispensable tools for governance, commerce, – Analysis of election results and environmental and social science. – Predictive modeling © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 11 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 12 Confidential 2
  • 3. www.mcsmapping.com August 25, 2010 Examples of Applied GIS contd. Components of GIS •Civil Engineering/Utility •Locating underground facilities •Designing alignment for freeways, transit •Coordination of infrastructure maintenance • Business •Demographic Analysis •Market Penetration/ Share Analysis •Site Selection •Education Administration • Attendance Area Maintenance • Enrollment Projections • School Bus Routing •Real Estate •Neighborhood land prices •Traffic Impact Analysis •Determination of Highest and Best Use •Health Care •Epidemiology • Needs Analysis • Service Inventory © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 13 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 14 GIS System Architecture and Components The GIS Data Model: Implementation Administrative Boundaries Utilities Data Input Zoning Buildings Parcels Geographic Query Input Hydrography Database Streets Digital Orthophoto • Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous Output: Display Transformation concepts), with each layer representing a common feature. and Reporting and Analysis • Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth’s surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal. © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 15 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 16 The GIS Model: example The GIS Model: example © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 17 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 18 Confidential 3
  • 4. www.mcsmapping.com August 25, 2010 The GIS Model: example Spatial and Attribute Data Here we have three layers or themes: • Spatial data (where) --roads, – specifies location roads --hydrology (water), – stored in a shape file or similar geographic file --topography (land elevation) longitude They can be related because precise geographic • Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when) coordinates are recorded for each theme. – specifies characteristics at that location, natural or human- created Layers are comprised of two data types – stored in a data base table hydrology •Spatial data which describes location (where) •Attribute data specifying what, how much, when • GIS systems traditionally maintain spatial and attribute data longitude separately, then “join” them for display or analysis Layers may be represented in two ways: – for example, in QGIS, the Attributes of … table is used to join •in vector format as points and lines a shapefile (spatial structure) with a data base table containing •in raster(or image) format as pixels attribute information in order to display the attribute data topography spatially on a map All geographic data has 4 properties: projection, scale, accuracy and resolution longitude © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 19 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 20 Representing Data Concept of Vector and Raster Real World Raster Model • area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells • attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type. • Image data is a special case of raster data in which the “attribute” is a reflectance value from the geomagnetic spectrum – cells in image data often called pixels (picture elements) Raster Representation Vector Representation Vector Model 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 R T point The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the real 1 R T work can be represented either as: 2 H R • points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire plugs, airports, cities 3 R line • lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers, 4 R R 5 R • areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type 6 R T T H Because representation depends on shape, QGIS refers to files containing vector 7 R T T polygon data as shapefiles 8 R 9 R © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 21 Raster & Vector Data The key properties of spatial data Advantages of raster data • Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the 1. Simple data structure earth is represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen 2. Easy and efficient overlaying – distortion is inevitable 3. Compatible with RS imagery • Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on 4. High spatial variability is efficiently represented the ground 5. Simple for own programming – in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an 6. Same grid cells for several attributes implicit range of scales for data output in any project • Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world Advantages of vector data – Positional: how close are features to their real world location? 1. Compact data structure – Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match 2. Efficient for network analysis those in real world -is a road in the database a road in the real world? 3. Efficient projection transformation – Completeness: are all real world instances of features present 4. Accurate map output. in the database? - Are all roads included. • Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized – for raster data, it is the pixel size © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 23 © Magendhiran Consultancy Services. All rights reserved. www.mcsmapping.com 8/25/2010 24 Confidential 4