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An electric current can cause deep burns when passing through the human body due to resistance heating. The entrance wound shows burns around the point of entry where the skin's high resistance converts electricity to heat. The current then flows internally until exiting where the body is closest to the ground, sometimes causing massive unseen injuries like those that led to the amputation of the foot in this case. Tetanus can also result if muscles involuntarily contract due to an electric current passing through the body.
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Lightning is a natural electrical discharge between clouds, the air or the ground. It occurs in three phases: 1) a negative charge descends from the cloud, 2) the positive charge from the ground meets it, and 3) a strong electric spark generates and travels toward the cloud. Lightning can travel at speeds of 60,000 m/sec and contain 30-50 lakhs volts of electricity. It strikes tall objects like trees and buildings due to their proximity to storm clouds. Lightning strikes can damage structures, injure or kill people and animals, and cause fires. Safety measures during storms include sheltering inside, staying away from water and each other, and not using electronic devices.
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- A GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) protects against electric shock by detecting differences between outgoing and return currents and quickly shutting off power if a difference is detected, preventing severe shock. GFCIs should be tested monthly.
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- Common causes of death from electrocution like ventricular fibrillation or respiratory muscle spasm.
- Characteristics of electrical injuries including entry and exit marks on the skin.
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1) Electrical injuries can range from mild tingling to fatal depending on the current, its path through the body, and duration of exposure. Household currents are typically 110-220V and 1mA-300mA while industrial settings have 120-460V or higher and currents up to 6A.
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Electrocution-1
Electrocution occurs when an electric current passes through the human body, which can cause injury or death. The severity of injury depends on factors like current strength, duration of contact, and path of current through the body. Sources include appliances, power lines, and lightning. Treatment involves promptly beginning first aid (DRABCD), immobilizing fractures, treating for shock, and seeking immediate medical help. Electrical burns should be cleaned and dressed.
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- Electric shock occurs when a person becomes part of an electric circuit. The severity depends on current, path through the body, and duration of contact. Effects range from a tingle to cardiac arrest.
- A GFCI (ground fault circuit interrupter) protects against electric shock by detecting differences between outgoing and return currents and quickly shutting off power if a difference is detected, preventing severe shock. GFCIs should be tested monthly.
- Proper safety procedures like lock out/tag out when working on electrical equipment, using appropriate PPE like insulating gloves, and promptly treating shock victims can help prevent injuries from electricity.
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- The differences between alternating and direct current.
- Factors that determine the danger of electric currents, including amperage, voltage, duration of contact, resistance of tissues, and area of contact.
- Common causes of death from electrocution like ventricular fibrillation or respiratory muscle spasm.
- Characteristics of electrical injuries including entry and exit marks on the skin.
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Electrical shock hazards occur when a person comes into direct or indirect contact with an energized conductor or equipment. The effects of an electrical current passing through the human body vary based on several factors such as voltage, current duration, current value, frequency, and pathway. Currents between 50-120V AC or DC are generally considered safe, while higher currents can cause injuries like loss of muscle control, respiratory arrest, pain, fatigue, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, and burns - some of which can be fatal. Ventricular fibrillation in particular is a major cause of death from electrical shock due to uncontrolled heart contractions.
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Electrical injuries
Electrical injuries can range from minimal to severe or fatal. They present with a variety of issues including cardiac or respiratory arrest, burns, and trauma. The type of current, duration of contact, resistance of tissues, voltage, and pathway of current determine the severity of injury. Injuries may include burns, cardiac or respiratory issues, fractures, and damage to multiple organ systems. Management involves stabilizing the scene, treating ABCs, monitoring for cardiac or respiratory issues, evaluating for injuries, and serial exams due to potential late complications.
Electric burn
An electrical injury occurs when an electric current passes through the body, interfering with organ function or burning tissue. The type and severity of damage depends on factors like current type (AC vs DC), voltage, resistance, duration, and pathway. AC current is generally more dangerous than DC as it can cause cardiac arrhythmias. Electrical injuries require aggressive fluid resuscitation to prevent complications like renal failure. Management involves stabilizing vital functions and treating burns based on their depth and extent. Prognosis depends on the severity and site of injury.
safety from electric shock
Electric shock occurs when electric current passes through the human body, which can cause burns, physical injuries like broken bones, and nervous system effects such as stopping breathing. Shocks are caused by direct or indirect contact with an exposed live part. Current passing through the body at different levels can result in muscles clamping, fibrillation where the heart twitches without pumping blood, and damage to the heart tissue. To help someone receiving a shock, remove the source using an insulated item without touching the person. Monitor their condition afterwards and call for emergency help if unconscious. Safety precautions include avoiding wet work, using ground fault circuit interrupters, and staying away from overhead power lines.
Protection against overvoltages
The document defines and describes different types of overvoltages that can occur on power systems, including temporary, transient, lightning, and switching overvoltages. It explains that overvoltages are caused by both internal factors like switching and insulation failures, as well as external lightning strikes. The mechanism of lightning is then described in detail, including how charge separation in storm clouds leads to the formation of stepped leaders and streamers, completing an ionized conductive path between the cloud and earth.
Lightning Injuries (Management and Prevention)
This document discusses lightning injuries and safety. It begins by explaining how lightning forms due to an imbalance of electrical charges within clouds and between clouds and the ground. It then describes the various ways lightning can injure people, either through a direct strike, contact with a struck object, or traveling through the ground. Common injury symptoms include burns, paralysis, vision/hearing loss, and cardiac issues. First aid involves calling for help and providing CPR if needed. Indoor and outdoor safety tips are provided to minimize lightning risk.
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1) Direct current refers to a continuous flow of electricity in one direction. Therapeutic direct current is applied for over 1 second and can cause sensory stimulation, hyperemia, and electrotonus in tissues.
2) Direct current is transmitted through wet pads or sponges in contact with the skin. Over time, chemical changes and electrolysis may occur near the electrodes.
3) Direct current can be used to accelerate wound healing, reduce pain through sensory stimulation, and destroy unwanted tissues at high densities through coagulation and liquefaction near the electrodes. Precautions must be taken with neoplastic or infected tissues.
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Radiation is the emission of energy in the form of waves or particles. There are different types including ionizing, non-ionizing, electromagnetic, and particle radiation. Examples are x-rays, gamma rays, and sunlight. The electromagnetic spectrum classifies different types of energy based on their wavelength and frequency. Higher energy waves like x-rays have shorter wavelengths and frequencies while lower energy waves like radio waves have longer wavelengths and lower frequencies. Ionizing radiation like ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays can penetrate cells and potentially damage DNA, while non-ionizing radiation like visible light and infrared usually do not.
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7.4.6 slip
This document describes how to calculate the rotor frequency of a two-pole, 50 Hz induction motor given the rotor speed of 2850 rpm. It shows that the slip speed is 3000 rpm, the slip percentage is 5%, and using the formula fs x %slip / 100, the rotor frequency is calculated to be 2.5 Hz.
4.2.1 Better Load
The document describes the circuits and loads for an electrical installation. It lists 19 circuits with various lighting, power outlet, motor, and appliance loads. It calculates the demand current in amps for each phase based on adding the full load or percentage of full load for each circuit based on rating and number of devices. The highest calculated demand is 153.25 amps on phase L2. With a 10% allowance for future additions, the total recommended maximum current is 168.575 amps.
4.1.13 Light Demand 3
This short document does not provide any substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It only notes that an explanation is not contained in a workbook, but provides no other context or details.
4.1.12 Light Demand 2 Table Part2
The document outlines the demand calculations for 19 different circuit load groups across 3 phases. It lists the load description, current allowance calculation method, and resulting demand current for each phase. The total demand current per phase is calculated at the bottom, with values of 143.8 amps for phase 1, 153.25 amps for phase 2, and 145.05 amps for phase 3.
4.1.11 Light Demand 2 Table
The document contains a table that calculates the current demand per phase for various circuit load groups in an electrical system. It lists 19 load groups categorized by letters A through D, describing each load. It shows the current allowance calculation method and resulting demand in amps for each phase. The total demand current calculated per phase is 143.8 amps for L1, 153.25 amps for L2, and 145.05 amps for L3.
4.1.10 Light Demand 2
This 3 sentence document provides instructions to refer to a specific table on a specific page of a particular standard for additional explanatory information not contained in the current workbook. The instructions direct the reader to Table C2 on page 359 of AS/NZA 3000:2007 for an explanation that is not included in the current document.
4.1.9 Light Demand 1
The document describes the functions of 19 electrical circuits in a building. It lists the types of equipment connected to each circuit such as fluorescent lighting, outlets, motors, and appliances. It also indicates which of the 3 electrical phases (L1, L2, L3) each circuit is connected to.
4.1.7 Example Domestic 3
The document calculates the electrical load of communal services in an apartment building. It shows that 24 lighting points will draw 240 watts and 6 10A sockets will draw up to 12A, for a total demand of 18A per phase. The total demand current per phase for communal services is 18A.
4.1.6 Example Domestic 2
The document calculates the electrical load and demand for 6 living units per phase. It lists the types of loads in each unit, the quantity and allowance per unit, and uses this to calculate the total demand current for phases L1, L2 and L3, which is 154.4 amps for each phase. The key loads included are lighting, power outlets, cooking ranges, air conditioners and hot water systems.
4.1.5 Example Domestic 1
This document discusses the number of living units per phase of a project. It calculates that for 18 total living units divided into 3 phases, there would be 6 living units per phase.
4.1.4 Step 2
This document summarizes the electrical load calculations for 11 circuits in a home. It lists the load type and description for each circuit, the current allowance per unit, and calculates the demand in amps for circuits 1-10. The largest demands are 17.7 amps for an air conditioner and 15 amps for an off-peak hot water system. The total calculated demand current for each phase is 40.7, 39.5, and 46.5 amps respectively.
4.1.3 Example Solution Three
The document calculates the electrical load and demand current for 11 circuits in a home. It groups the loads into categories like lighting, outlets, appliances, and assigns each a description, allowance, and demand calculation. The total demand current per phase is summarized at the bottom, with the highest draw of 46.5 amps on phase L3.
4.1.2 Example Three
The document outlines the functions and ratings of 12 electrical circuits. Circuit 1 provides power for 13 indoor lighting points. Circuit 10 powers an air conditioner rated at 23.6 amps per phase and can draw power from circuits L1, L2, and L3. Circuits 11a and 11b each power a controlled load hot water unit rated at 3.6 kW.
4.1.1 Example Single
This document calculates the total demand current for an electrical installation consisting of:
- 21 lighting points and 12 double sockets, contributing 5A and 15A respectively
- 15 single sockets contributing 10A
- A 6kW oven contributing 0.5A
- A 2.4kW water heater contributing 0.33A
The total demand current calculated is 45.83A.
5.4.4 LR Circuits
The document discusses the time constant and final current value for an RL circuit. It states that:
1) The time constant for the circuit is 0.17 seconds based on the given inductance and resistance values.
2) It will take approximately 0.85 seconds (5 time constants) for the current to reach its final value.
3) Using Ohm's law, the approximate final current after 0.85 seconds is 2 amps.
14.5.4 Example 1 Part 1
This document calculates the apparent power, power factor, and phase angle for a circuit. It finds that the apparent power is 2.308 kVA by multiplying the current of 9.615 by the voltage of 240. This apparent power is larger than the actual power of 1.5 kW, indicating a poor power factor of 0.65 or a 49.46 degree phase angle between the current and voltage.
14.1.2 TRA Power
Reactive power (Q) and true power (P) combine to form apparent power (S). Apparent power is the combination of true power, which is the usable energy in a circuit, and reactive power, which is stored energy that results from the combination of voltage and current out of phase.
14.5.8 Example 1 Part 5
This document calculates the true power, apparent power, and total current for a circuit. It determines that the true power is 1.5 kW, the apparent power is 1.5009 kVA, and the power factor is 0.99994. It then calculates that with an apparent power of 1.5009 kVA at 240 Volts, the total current would be 6.25 amps.
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1electriccurrent
- 1. Physiological effects of an electric current
- 2. # Electric current is capable of producing deep and severe burns in the body due to power dissipation across the body's electrical resistance. Entrance Wound: High resistance of skin transforms electrical energy into heat, which produces burns around the entrance point (dark spot in center of wound). This man was lucky, the current narrowly missed his spinal cord. Exit Wound: Current flows through the body from the entrance point, until finally exiting where the body is closest to the ground. This foot suffered massive internal injuries, which weren't readily visible, and had to be amputated a few days later.