Classical Europe saw the migration of Italic peoples into Italy and Greek colonization in southern Italy between 800-290 BC. Rome was established in 753 BC and became a republic in 590 BC. The Roman Republic then began conquering territories across Europe and the Mediterranean between 290-235 BC, establishing Roman dominance. The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, marking the decline of Rome and beginning the Early Middle Ages.
In the late 4th and early 5th centuries, several Germanic tribes invaded the Western Roman Empire after being displaced by the Huns. This included invasions by the Visigoths, Vandals, Sueves, Alans and later the Ostrogoths. The weak Western emperors were unable to stop these invasions. By 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire had collapsed, broken into various Germanic kingdoms including those of the Ostrogoths in Italy and Visigoths in Gaul and Hispania.
The Alemanni were a loosely organized confederation of Germanic tribes first mentioned attacking the Roman Empire in AD 213. They occupied territories in modern-day Germany and Switzerland, establishing the German language in those regions. In 496, they were conquered by Clovis and incorporated into his Frankish kingdom.
The Visigoths were branches of nomadic Gothic tribes that flourished in Europe during the decline of the Roman Empire. They invaded Italy under Alaric I and famously sacked Rome in 410. After this, they began settling in southern Gaul and the Iberian Peninsula, where they founded the Kingdom of the Visigoths.
The Angles were a major Germanic people who settled in Britain
Here are 1-2 sentence responses to your quick write questions:
1. The two empires that emerged after the Thirty Years' War were the Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs and the Kingdom of Prussia under the Hohenzollerns.
2. Both empires grew powerful by expanding their territories and establishing strong centralized governments, but the Austrian Empire ruled over a more ethnically diverse area while Prussia unified German states under absolute Hohenzollern rule.
Between 850-1100 CE, Europe experienced new invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens due to the decline of the Carolingian and Byzantine Empires. The Vikings originated from Scandinavia and first raided England and other parts of Europe for treasure before eventually conquering territories like England, founding kingdoms in Scandinavia, and establishing themselves in Normandy. They also engaged in trade along coastal regions. Meanwhile, the Magyars invaded from Asia and established the Kingdom of Hungary after raiding parts of Germany, Italy, and France. Additionally, Saracen pirates attacked Mediterranean coastal cities seeking treasure following the fall of the Carolingian Empire.
The document summarizes the Germanic invasions of Europe between 400-1000 AD. It describes how various Germanic tribes migrated southward starting around 400 AD, with some like the Vandals reaching as far as Spain and Rome. It then details the expansion of other tribes like the Lombards into Italy and the Franks into Gaul under leaders like Clovis and Charles Martel. The document traces the political developments and conquests over this period that shaped medieval Europe, including the rise and fall of powers like the Ostrogoths and establishment of kingdoms like those of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans in Britain.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Roman Empire faced economic and military crises, Germanic tribes attacked from the north. By 476 AD, the last Western Roman emperor was deposed and the empire was divided among Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. These kingdoms struggled with organization at first but eventually adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and the Latin language. Concurrently, Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain, establishing kingdoms in the east while Celtic peoples remained in the west.
Feudalism emerged in Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a response to instability from invasions. Under this system, monarchs established relationships of vassalage where nobles pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for land holdings. Society was strictly stratified with nobility, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived and worked on manorial estates, owing labor and taxes to lords in exchange for use of land. The Catholic Church was the dominant social and political institution, accumulating vast wealth and influencing all aspects of life.
In the late 4th and early 5th centuries, several Germanic tribes invaded the Western Roman Empire after being displaced by the Huns. This included invasions by the Visigoths, Vandals, Sueves, Alans and later the Ostrogoths. The weak Western emperors were unable to stop these invasions. By 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire had collapsed, broken into various Germanic kingdoms including those of the Ostrogoths in Italy and Visigoths in Gaul and Hispania.
The Alemanni were a loosely organized confederation of Germanic tribes first mentioned attacking the Roman Empire in AD 213. They occupied territories in modern-day Germany and Switzerland, establishing the German language in those regions. In 496, they were conquered by Clovis and incorporated into his Frankish kingdom.
The Visigoths were branches of nomadic Gothic tribes that flourished in Europe during the decline of the Roman Empire. They invaded Italy under Alaric I and famously sacked Rome in 410. After this, they began settling in southern Gaul and the Iberian Peninsula, where they founded the Kingdom of the Visigoths.
The Angles were a major Germanic people who settled in Britain
Here are 1-2 sentence responses to your quick write questions:
1. The two empires that emerged after the Thirty Years' War were the Austrian Empire under the Habsburgs and the Kingdom of Prussia under the Hohenzollerns.
2. Both empires grew powerful by expanding their territories and establishing strong centralized governments, but the Austrian Empire ruled over a more ethnically diverse area while Prussia unified German states under absolute Hohenzollern rule.
Between 850-1100 CE, Europe experienced new invasions from Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens due to the decline of the Carolingian and Byzantine Empires. The Vikings originated from Scandinavia and first raided England and other parts of Europe for treasure before eventually conquering territories like England, founding kingdoms in Scandinavia, and establishing themselves in Normandy. They also engaged in trade along coastal regions. Meanwhile, the Magyars invaded from Asia and established the Kingdom of Hungary after raiding parts of Germany, Italy, and France. Additionally, Saracen pirates attacked Mediterranean coastal cities seeking treasure following the fall of the Carolingian Empire.
The document summarizes the Germanic invasions of Europe between 400-1000 AD. It describes how various Germanic tribes migrated southward starting around 400 AD, with some like the Vandals reaching as far as Spain and Rome. It then details the expansion of other tribes like the Lombards into Italy and the Franks into Gaul under leaders like Clovis and Charles Martel. The document traces the political developments and conquests over this period that shaped medieval Europe, including the rise and fall of powers like the Ostrogoths and establishment of kingdoms like those of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans in Britain.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Roman Empire faced economic and military crises, Germanic tribes attacked from the north. By 476 AD, the last Western Roman emperor was deposed and the empire was divided among Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. These kingdoms struggled with organization at first but eventually adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and the Latin language. Concurrently, Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain, establishing kingdoms in the east while Celtic peoples remained in the west.
Feudalism emerged in Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a response to instability from invasions. Under this system, monarchs established relationships of vassalage where nobles pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for land holdings. Society was strictly stratified with nobility, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived and worked on manorial estates, owing labor and taxes to lords in exchange for use of land. The Catholic Church was the dominant social and political institution, accumulating vast wealth and influencing all aspects of life.
1) In the 5th century AD, the Roman legions withdrew from Britain and the Anglo-Saxons moved in as the Western Roman Empire collapsed. 2) By 500 AD, different Germanic kings ruled parts of the former Western Roman Empire and claimed they were representing the true Roman rulers. 3) The plague in 541 weakened the empire further and made it more susceptible to invasions and attacks from outside groups like the Lombards and Vikings over the following centuries.
The three main kingdoms that emerged from the former Visigothic Kingdom were Asturias, Navarre, and the Carolingian Marca Hispánica. Asturias expanded under kings Alfonso I and II, with Oviedo becoming the capital. Over time, the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Catalonia, and Portugal broke off and solidified. Castile and Leon united repeatedly before forming the definitive Crown of Castile in 1230. The marriages of Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV created the Crown of Aragon, while Navarre separated permanently from Aragon in 1134.
Feudalism emerged in Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a response to instability from invasions. Under this system, monarchs established relationships of vassalage where nobles pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for land holdings. Society was strictly stratified with nobility, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived and worked on manorial estates, owing labor and taxes to lords in exchange for use of land. The Catholic Church was the dominant social and political institution, accumulating vast wealth and influencing all aspects of life.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia. After working as mercenaries for Rome, they were given land and money. They eventually settled in parts of modern-day Bulgaria, Romania, France, and Spain. In 410, they sacked Rome. Later, the Visigoths established a kingdom in southern France with its capital in Toulouse. They then expanded into Spain and established another kingdom in Toledo after being driven from Gaul by the Franks. The Visigoths achieved territorial, religious, and legal unification in Hispania through military conquests and the conversion of their King Recaredo to Catholicism. However, their kingdom was eventually conquered by the Umay
1) King Charles V abdicated parts of his empire to his son Philip II in 1554-1556, including Spain and the Netherlands but not the German Empire, which passed to Ferdinand.
2) Philip II became king of Portugal in 1580 after the death of King Sebastian I left the throne disputed.
3) Philip II ruled over a vast global Spanish Empire but faced ongoing conflicts including wars against Protestants, Muslims, England, and France throughout his reign from 1556 to 1598.
The document summarizes the history of the Christian kingdoms in Iberia between the 8th-14th centuries. It describes the expansion and consolidation of the kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal at the expense of the declining Muslim rule. A key turning point was the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, which marked the beginning of Christian supremacy. This led to the conquest of most of the Guadalquivir and Guadiana river valleys by Castile and Aragon. By the late 13th century, only the Kingdom of Granada remained Muslim. The new territories were divided between nobility in Castile and remained under Muslim rule as Mudejars
In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire fell in 453 AD after being invaded by barbarians from the North, while the Eastern Empire continued and was later called the Byzantine Empire. It resisted until 1453 AD when it fell to the Ottoman Empire. The document then discusses some Byzantine-era monuments and mosaics that still exist in Ravenna, Italy from that period of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Unifications of Italy and Germany
(shared using VisualBee)homersimpsonisajit
The document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It provides details on the key figures involved in Italian unification such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso di Cavour, as well as the military campaigns that led to Italy becoming a nation-state by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Otto von Bismarck's role in achieving unification through war and diplomacy rather than revolution, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
The document provides details about the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, including Charles I and Philip II. It can be summarized as follows:
Charles I inherited a vast empire through marriage alliances, including territories in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. He faced many internal revolts during his rule due to his inexperience and favoritism toward Flemish advisers. Externally, he battled France and the Ottoman Empire for control of territories. He abdicated in 1556, leaving Spain and other territories to his son Philip II.
Philip II established a highly centralized and authoritarian monarchy in Spain. He focused on expanding royal power at the expense of representative bodies like the Cortes. Relig
The document provides information on several events and individuals related to the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It mentions Otto von Bismarck's role in advising William I and helping establish the North German Confederation. It also discusses Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi's contributions to Italian unification through their roles in the Risorgimento movement and leading military forces. The document additionally outlines some territorial disputes and wars that occurred during this period of national unification, such as the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War.
The Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War 1. The European powers divided up the Middle East, establishing new states and mandates. Britain and France drew arbitrary borders and established mandates over Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan. An independent Turkish state emerged under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Conflict arose from encouraging Zionist Jewish settlement in Palestine and contradicting promises of Arab independence.
The Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815 aimed to redraw the political map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Key goals included reducing France's power by returning its borders to 1792 lines, restoring monarchies that Napoleon had replaced, and establishing a new balance of power through territorial concessions that strengthened Austria, Prussia, Russia and other states. The Congress made numerous decisions that reshaped borders and transferred lands, seeking to prevent future conflicts through this reorganization of Europe.
Chapter 8 Absolutism & Divine Right In Europegrieffel
This chapter discusses the rise of absolute monarchy in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s. It covers several key monarchies that centralized power, including Spain under Philip II, England which brought stability under the Tudors but allowed Parliament a role, and France where wars over religion and power erupted. Russia also strengthened under rulers like Peter the Great by enhancing its military and connecting more with Western Europe, while further stratifying social classes. The chapter is divided into sections covering these different European powers in more depth.
Presentation of Italy, contribution to Spaincmamen
This is the presentation our students have done about Italy and its contributions to Spain for our Comenius Project, "A Branch of Olive, A Gift of Life"
This document provides an overview of Spanish history from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century through the early 18th century. It discusses how the Catholic Monarchs unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquest. It then outlines the reigns of Charles I, Philip II, and several kings of the House of Habsburg in the 16th-17th centuries during which Spain built a vast global empire but also faced conflicts and economic troubles. The document notes the cultural golden age in Spain during this period before discussing the War of Spanish Succession and the establishment of the House of Bourbon in the early 18th century. Reforms were introduced under the new Bourbon kings aimed at improving the economy and culture.
The document summarizes the Wars of Religion that took place in France from 1559 to 1648. It began as dynastic wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois over control of territories in Europe. After 1559, the wars became focused on religious issues as Protestants and Catholics fought for control. This led to a period of French Civil Wars between 1562 and 1598 as Catholics tried to suppress the Huguenots. A key event was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 that saw the killing of thousands of Huguenots. The wars finally ended in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes that granted Huguenots some religious and political freedoms, bringing a truce
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid. learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Metternich's downfall was caused by three key events: 1) The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) awakened pro-freedom sentiments in Europe and weakened Metternich's stance against supporting the Greek rebels; 2) The Revolutions of 1830 spread from France to other countries and led to constitutional changes curbing absolute rulers; 3) The Revolutions of 1848 erupted across Europe as democratic and nationalist ideas overthrew existing regimes, culminating in Metternich's resignation in the face of rebellion in Austria and the end of his era of conservatism.
The document discusses the rise of the Catholic Monarchs in 15th century Spain. It describes how Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unified their kingdoms through marriage and war, establishing control over the Iberian Peninsula and homogenizing the population under Catholicism. Their effective centralized administration, taxation system, and permanent military allowed them to pursue an aggressive foreign policy, including expanding into Africa by conquering the Canary Islands and establishing control over territories along the coast. Their greatest achievement was sponsoring Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, which led to the discovery of the Americas and the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Empire weakened, Germanic tribes attacked from the north, eventually dividing the Western Empire into kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. By the 6th century, Western Europe was in crisis without the Roman organization, so Germanic kingdoms adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and Latin-derived languages. One such kingdom was established in Eastern Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, while Celts remained in the west.
During the late Middle Ages in Europe:
- Nation-states began forming as monarchies consolidated power across countries with common languages and cultures. Significant events included the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215.
- Conflicts included the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the War of the Roses civil war in England from 1455-1485.
- The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and holy sites from 1095-1291.
1) In the 5th century AD, the Roman legions withdrew from Britain and the Anglo-Saxons moved in as the Western Roman Empire collapsed. 2) By 500 AD, different Germanic kings ruled parts of the former Western Roman Empire and claimed they were representing the true Roman rulers. 3) The plague in 541 weakened the empire further and made it more susceptible to invasions and attacks from outside groups like the Lombards and Vikings over the following centuries.
The three main kingdoms that emerged from the former Visigothic Kingdom were Asturias, Navarre, and the Carolingian Marca Hispánica. Asturias expanded under kings Alfonso I and II, with Oviedo becoming the capital. Over time, the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Catalonia, and Portugal broke off and solidified. Castile and Leon united repeatedly before forming the definitive Crown of Castile in 1230. The marriages of Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV created the Crown of Aragon, while Navarre separated permanently from Aragon in 1134.
Feudalism emerged in Europe between the 9th and 10th centuries as a response to instability from invasions. Under this system, monarchs established relationships of vassalage where nobles pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for land holdings. Society was strictly stratified with nobility, clergy, and peasants. Peasants lived and worked on manorial estates, owing labor and taxes to lords in exchange for use of land. The Catholic Church was the dominant social and political institution, accumulating vast wealth and influencing all aspects of life.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia. After working as mercenaries for Rome, they were given land and money. They eventually settled in parts of modern-day Bulgaria, Romania, France, and Spain. In 410, they sacked Rome. Later, the Visigoths established a kingdom in southern France with its capital in Toulouse. They then expanded into Spain and established another kingdom in Toledo after being driven from Gaul by the Franks. The Visigoths achieved territorial, religious, and legal unification in Hispania through military conquests and the conversion of their King Recaredo to Catholicism. However, their kingdom was eventually conquered by the Umay
1) King Charles V abdicated parts of his empire to his son Philip II in 1554-1556, including Spain and the Netherlands but not the German Empire, which passed to Ferdinand.
2) Philip II became king of Portugal in 1580 after the death of King Sebastian I left the throne disputed.
3) Philip II ruled over a vast global Spanish Empire but faced ongoing conflicts including wars against Protestants, Muslims, England, and France throughout his reign from 1556 to 1598.
The document summarizes the history of the Christian kingdoms in Iberia between the 8th-14th centuries. It describes the expansion and consolidation of the kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal at the expense of the declining Muslim rule. A key turning point was the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, which marked the beginning of Christian supremacy. This led to the conquest of most of the Guadalquivir and Guadiana river valleys by Castile and Aragon. By the late 13th century, only the Kingdom of Granada remained Muslim. The new territories were divided between nobility in Castile and remained under Muslim rule as Mudejars
In 395 AD, the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The Western Roman Empire fell in 453 AD after being invaded by barbarians from the North, while the Eastern Empire continued and was later called the Byzantine Empire. It resisted until 1453 AD when it fell to the Ottoman Empire. The document then discusses some Byzantine-era monuments and mosaics that still exist in Ravenna, Italy from that period of the Eastern Roman Empire.
The Unifications of Italy and Germany
(shared using VisualBee)homersimpsonisajit
The document discusses the unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th century. It provides details on the key figures involved in Italian unification such as Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Camillo Benso di Cavour, as well as the military campaigns that led to Italy becoming a nation-state by 1861. For Germany, it outlines Otto von Bismarck's role in achieving unification through war and diplomacy rather than revolution, culminating in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871 under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
The document provides details about the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, including Charles I and Philip II. It can be summarized as follows:
Charles I inherited a vast empire through marriage alliances, including territories in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. He faced many internal revolts during his rule due to his inexperience and favoritism toward Flemish advisers. Externally, he battled France and the Ottoman Empire for control of territories. He abdicated in 1556, leaving Spain and other territories to his son Philip II.
Philip II established a highly centralized and authoritarian monarchy in Spain. He focused on expanding royal power at the expense of representative bodies like the Cortes. Relig
The document provides information on several events and individuals related to the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It mentions Otto von Bismarck's role in advising William I and helping establish the North German Confederation. It also discusses Camillo Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi's contributions to Italian unification through their roles in the Risorgimento movement and leading military forces. The document additionally outlines some territorial disputes and wars that occurred during this period of national unification, such as the Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, and Franco-Prussian War.
The Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War 1. The European powers divided up the Middle East, establishing new states and mandates. Britain and France drew arbitrary borders and established mandates over Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan. An independent Turkish state emerged under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Conflict arose from encouraging Zionist Jewish settlement in Palestine and contradicting promises of Arab independence.
The Congress of Vienna from 1814 to 1815 aimed to redraw the political map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Key goals included reducing France's power by returning its borders to 1792 lines, restoring monarchies that Napoleon had replaced, and establishing a new balance of power through territorial concessions that strengthened Austria, Prussia, Russia and other states. The Congress made numerous decisions that reshaped borders and transferred lands, seeking to prevent future conflicts through this reorganization of Europe.
Chapter 8 Absolutism & Divine Right In Europegrieffel
This chapter discusses the rise of absolute monarchy in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s. It covers several key monarchies that centralized power, including Spain under Philip II, England which brought stability under the Tudors but allowed Parliament a role, and France where wars over religion and power erupted. Russia also strengthened under rulers like Peter the Great by enhancing its military and connecting more with Western Europe, while further stratifying social classes. The chapter is divided into sections covering these different European powers in more depth.
Presentation of Italy, contribution to Spaincmamen
This is the presentation our students have done about Italy and its contributions to Spain for our Comenius Project, "A Branch of Olive, A Gift of Life"
This document provides an overview of Spanish history from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century through the early 18th century. It discusses how the Catholic Monarchs unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquest. It then outlines the reigns of Charles I, Philip II, and several kings of the House of Habsburg in the 16th-17th centuries during which Spain built a vast global empire but also faced conflicts and economic troubles. The document notes the cultural golden age in Spain during this period before discussing the War of Spanish Succession and the establishment of the House of Bourbon in the early 18th century. Reforms were introduced under the new Bourbon kings aimed at improving the economy and culture.
The document summarizes the Wars of Religion that took place in France from 1559 to 1648. It began as dynastic wars between the Hapsburgs and Valois over control of territories in Europe. After 1559, the wars became focused on religious issues as Protestants and Catholics fought for control. This led to a period of French Civil Wars between 1562 and 1598 as Catholics tried to suppress the Huguenots. A key event was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 that saw the killing of thousands of Huguenots. The wars finally ended in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes that granted Huguenots some religious and political freedoms, bringing a truce
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of History and Geography in a bilingual section in Madrid. learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Metternich's downfall was caused by three key events: 1) The Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) awakened pro-freedom sentiments in Europe and weakened Metternich's stance against supporting the Greek rebels; 2) The Revolutions of 1830 spread from France to other countries and led to constitutional changes curbing absolute rulers; 3) The Revolutions of 1848 erupted across Europe as democratic and nationalist ideas overthrew existing regimes, culminating in Metternich's resignation in the face of rebellion in Austria and the end of his era of conservatism.
The document discusses the rise of the Catholic Monarchs in 15th century Spain. It describes how Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unified their kingdoms through marriage and war, establishing control over the Iberian Peninsula and homogenizing the population under Catholicism. Their effective centralized administration, taxation system, and permanent military allowed them to pursue an aggressive foreign policy, including expanding into Africa by conquering the Canary Islands and establishing control over territories along the coast. Their greatest achievement was sponsoring Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492, which led to the discovery of the Americas and the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
The document discusses the Germanic migrations and the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th-6th centuries AD. As the Empire weakened, Germanic tribes attacked from the north, eventually dividing the Western Empire into kingdoms like the Franks and Ostrogoths. By the 6th century, Western Europe was in crisis without the Roman organization, so Germanic kingdoms adopted aspects of Roman culture like Christianity and Latin-derived languages. One such kingdom was established in Eastern Britain by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, while Celts remained in the west.
During the late Middle Ages in Europe:
- Nation-states began forming as monarchies consolidated power across countries with common languages and cultures. Significant events included the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215.
- Conflicts included the Hundred Years' War between England and France from 1337-1453, and the War of the Roses civil war in England from 1455-1485.
- The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims over control of Jerusalem and holy sites from 1095-1291.
The document provides a summary of the history of the British Isles from prehistory to modern times. It describes how the islands were first settled by various tribes like the Celts. The Romans then invaded and controlled the islands for over 300 years before departing in 410 AD. Various groups including the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings, and Normans invaded and controlled the islands at different points in history. This led to the establishment of the Heptarchy and eventual unification of England. The document then summarizes the major events, rulers, and time periods that shaped Britain such as the Magna Carta, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the Roses, the Tudor dynasty, the
This document provides an overview of key events and topics in modern Western European history through a series of slides. It covers the history of many European countries from the 15th century onwards, including the major empires, conflicts, explorations, and political developments that shaped the region. It also includes maps, timelines, and links for further information on the various topics presented.
The document provides a timeline of major world empires from approximately 2350 BC to 1975 AD. It traces the rise and fall of empires across Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including the Akkadian Empire, Hittite Empire, Assyrian Empire, Persian Empire, Greek Empire, Roman Empire, Arab Empire, Mongol Empire, Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, British Empire, and others. Key events include Alexander the Great's conquests, the division of the Roman Empire, the rise of Islam, the age of European exploration and colonization, and independence movements of the 20th century.
This document provides an overview of Western European history from 400 BC to present day through a series of slides. It covers the major empires, rulers, conflicts, and developments in countries like France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and more. Key events summarized include the Renaissance in Italy, the French and Habsburg empires, the Protestant Reformation sparked by Martin Luther, the British Empire and its colonies, and the world wars and postwar periods in Europe.
Geographical changes after world war - 1Naga Muruga
The document summarizes the major geographical changes that occurred after World War 1 in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Many new nations gained independence or territories, such as Poland being recreated, while some countries lost land like Germany and the Ottoman Empire. The borders decided after the war often did not respect ethnic or cultural lines, leading to ongoing tensions. Overall, the end of World War 1 dramatically reshaped the political maps of the regions involved.
The document provides an overview of Italian history from 1500 BC to the present. Some key events include:
1) The Roman Republic was established in 500 BC and expanded into a vast empire throughout the Mediterranean by the 1st century AD.
2) The Roman Empire fell in the 5th century AD, giving rise to the Middle Ages dominated by foreign powers in northern and southern Italy.
3) The Italian Renaissance began in the 15th century, sparking a rebirth of art and intellectual pursuits.
4) Starting in the 19th century, the Risorgimento movement led to the unification of Italy into a single nation-state by 1861.
This document provides an overview of European imperialism from the mid-1800s onwards, including:
- The unification of Italy and Germany, which shifted the balance of power in Europe.
- The Scramble for Africa in the late 1800s led European powers to claim territories on the continent to avoid wars.
- European imperialism also expanded in Asia, with Russia claiming territory and Britain and other European nations establishing trade spheres in China. Conflict arose between the imperial powers over influence and territory in Asia and the Middle East.
The document discusses the history of France from the late 18th century through World War 1. It covers several key events: the French Revolution beginning in 1789 which overthrew the monarchy and established France as a republic; Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power as emperor in 1804 and his military campaigns across Europe; France's involvement and losses in the Crimean War, Franco-Prussian War, and World War 1. It also briefly mentions France's colonial ambitions and construction of the Panama Canal.
This document provides an overview of several major events in European history between 1789 and 1871. It summarizes:
1) The French Revolution from 1789-1794, which saw the overthrow of the French monarchy and establishment of a republic, along with periods of moderate and radical rule and the rise of Napoleon.
2) Key events in Napoleon's career including his rise to power in 1799 and crowning as emperor in 1804, as well as his military victories and establishment of the Napoleonic Code.
3) Napoleon's eventual defeat at the hands of a large coalition and exile in 1815.
4) Brief summaries of the Crimean War, Austro-Pruss
The document summarizes the history of several European kingdoms and the Byzantine Empire between 900-1453 CE. It discusses the establishment of kingdoms in England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. It then focuses on the Byzantine Empire, describing its characteristics and capital of Constantinople under Justinian. The document also covers the Crusades launched by European Christians to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
The document summarizes the major developments in European imperialism in the late 1800s, including the unification of Italy and Germany, the scramble for colonies in Africa sparked by the Berlin Conference of 1884, and expansion by European powers into Asia, the Middle East, and other parts of the world. This new wave of imperialism saw formal colonization and division of territories, unlike previous empires, and was driven by shifting power dynamics in Europe and competition between European nations.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document summarizes three major civilizations that occupied the territories of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the establishment of Germanic kingdoms like the Franks and Visigoths following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Visigoth Kingdom of Toledo controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim conquest in 711. The rise of Islam in the 7th century under Muhammad is also briefly outlined.
The document provides an overview of the three main civilizations that existed during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Germanic Kingdoms, and Islamic civilizations. It describes the political structures, societies, economies, and cultures of each. The Byzantine Empire emerged from the eastern half of the Roman Empire and was centered around Constantinople. The Germanic Kingdoms developed following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, with important kingdoms including the Franks and Visigoths. The Islamic civilization originated from the religion of Islam founded by Muhammad and rapidly expanded across North Africa and into Spain.
The Ottoman Empire rose to power in the late 13th century and grew substantially over the next few centuries through military conquests. Key events included Mehmed the Conqueror's capture of Constantinople in 1453, establishing Istanbul as the new capital, and Suleiman the Magnificent's expansion into Central Europe in the 15th-16th centuries. However, the Ottoman Empire then entered a long period of stagnation and decline, gradually losing territory to European powers from the 17th century onward until its dissolution in 1922 after World War 1.
In the late 19th century, European nations engaged in the "Scramble for Africa", competing to colonize the continent. Explorers like Livingstone and Stanley generated interest in Africa. Figures like Rhodes and Leopold helped facilitate the European occupation and division of African lands. By 1914, most of Africa was under European control, with Britain and France possessing the most territory. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent African nations at this time.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
The document summarizes three civilizations that occupied the area of the former Roman Empire during the Middle Ages: the Byzantine, Western Christian, and Islamic civilizations. It provides details on the Byzantine Empire such as its capital in Constantinople, greatest expansion under Justinian I, and eventual fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It also describes the Germanic kingdoms that arose in the western half of the empire, including the Franks under Charlemagne who established the Carolingian Empire, and the Visigoths who established a kingdom in Iberia with its capital in Toledo. Finally, it introduces the rise of Islamic civilization originating in the 7th century Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
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3. • Italic people migrate into
central Italy (800 BC)
• Greeks colonized southern
tip of Italy (800 BC)
• Establishment of Rome (753
BC) Roman Republic
(590 BC)
• Carthage became an empire
(575 BC)
• Dacians staring to gain
power & territory on the
Balkan peninsula (513 BC)
*Formation of Greece (1000-500 BC) started.
• Athens & Sparta; Polis established
4. • Greco-Persian Wars
Alexander conquered nearly all of
Greece and the Persian Empire. He
was also able to unify Greek city-
states into a single kingdom.
Upon his death, the empire was
divided amongst his generals.
17. Byzantine losses:
• Southern Hispania to the Visigoths
• Middle East: Syria, Israel, & Egypt to Arab Muslims
• North Africa to Umayyad Caliphate
• Adriatic Coast to the Slavs
24. • After King Louis I,
Frankish empire
was divided with his 3
sons.
25. After the ruler’s death of
the Central Realm, East &
West Francia gained more territories.
But the strip of land in the South
was kept by Louis II, son of the
deceased ruler.
28. • Byzantine conquest of
Eastern Bulgaria (968)
• Byzantine conquest of Anatolia
& the Middle East
• Conversion to Christianity:
Denmark (980), Kievan Rus (988),
Hungary (1001), Norway (1030)
• Official Inception of France
• Kingdom of Poland established (1025)
• Muslim Hispania Collapses (1031)
37. • Ottomans Enter Europe
(1354)
• Ottomans Conquer
Bulgarian Empire (1362-
95), Albania (1385),
Macedonia (1450),
Defeated Byzantine
Empire (1453), Serbia and
Bosnia (1459),
Montenegro (1496)
• Poland-Lithuanian Merger
(1385)
38. • Consolidated
Scandinavian
Kingdom (1397)
• Mongol Golden Horde
Fragmentation (1440)
• Birth of Spain (1469) and
the end of Muslim
stronghold
• Moscow Independence
from Mongols (1480)
40. • Hungary Conquered by
Ottoman Empire (1521)
• Dissolution of Kalmar
Union (1523)
• Eastern Prussia Conquered
by Poland (1525)
• Latvia Conquered by Poland
(1583)
41. • Austria Conquers Bohemia
& Western Hungary From
Ottoman Empire (1526)
• France
Gains
Possession
of Brittany
(1532)
• Wales
Absorbed
into
England
(1535)
42. • Spain Takes Control of
Mediterranean Sea From
Ottoman Empire (1571)
• Duchy of Prussia (1618)
• Polish-Swedish War Ending
in Sweden Victory (1625–29)
44. • Russian-Polish War
(1654–57)
• Ottomans capture Crete
from Venice (1669)
• Russian Victory Over
Sweden in Northern War
(1700-21)
• England Becomes Great
Britain (1707)
45. • Austria Conquers Hungary From
Ottoman Empire (1699)
• Kingdom of Prussia Formed (1701)
49. • Beginning of French
Revolutionary Wars (1792)
*France Conquers:
• Spain (1792)
• Netherlands(1795)
• Northern Italy from
Austria. Thus establishing the
Kingdom of Italy (1796)
• France Annexes the Papal
States (1796)
• Egypt & Syria (1798-1801)
• Switzerland, setting it up as the
Helvetic Republic (1798)
• France Dissolves Holy Roman
Empire (1806)
• France Establishes the Kingdom
of Naples (1806)
50. • United Kingdom Absorbs
Ireland (1801)
• Finland Territory Conquered
by Russia from Sweden
(1809)
• Ottoman Empire Loses
Bessarabia to Russia(1812)
• Battle of Waterloo - Final
Defeat of Napoleon (1815)
• Papal States Restored
53. • Greek War of Independence -
Greece Gains Independence from
Ottoman Empire(1821-29)
• Belgium & Luxembourg gains
independence from Netherlands
(1830)
• Romania Formed (1859)
• Austro-Prussian War Won by
Prussia (1866)
• Formation of Austria-Hungary
Empire (1867)
• German Empire
Established (1871)
57. Austria: split from the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
Czechoslovakia: Czechs and Slovaks Unite
for Form Czechoslovakia (1918) split
from the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Estonia: independence from the Russian
Empire
Finland: independence from the Russian
Empire
Hungary: split from the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
Ireland: independence from the United
Kingdom (but still part of the British
Empire)
Latvia: independence from the Russian
Empire
Lithuania: independence from the Russian
Empire
Montenegro: was annexed by Yugoslavia
Poland: recreated from parts of the Austro-
Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires
United Kingdom: gained League of Nations
Mandates in Africa and the Middle East
Yugoslavia, as the successor state of the
Kingdom of Serbia
Territorial gains and losses
61. • Escalation of the War
of Turkish
Independence (1920)
• Ireland Gains
Independence from the
United Kingdom(1922
• Vatican City
Sovereignty (1929):
• German Annexation of
Austria (1938):
• German Invasion of
Czechoslovakia (1939
70. • Soviets Drive Germans Out of
Russia (1944)
• Allies Storm Normandy in
Northern France (June, 1944)
• Allied Invasion and Liberation of
Southern France (August, 1944)
• Soviets Captures:
Romania(August, 1944),
Bulgaria (Sept, 1944), East
Poland from Germany (Sep-Dec,
1944), Capture Yugoslavia (Oct,
1944)
71. • The Germans surrendered to
the Western Allies on May 7.
72. • Denmark and Norway Liberated
from Germans (1945)
• Nazi Germany Surrender (May 2,
1945)
• Czechoslovakia Liberated (1945)
• Loss of East Germany to Poland (1945)
73.
74. • Marshall Plan Implemented to Rebuild European Economies (1947-51)
• Yugoslavia Breaks Away from Soviet Union (1948)
• USSR Partitions East Germany (1949).
• NATO Established (1949).
• Warsaw Pact Established by USSR (1955).
• End of Allied Occupation of Austria (1955).
• Berlin Wall Erected by USSR (1961)
Post-World War II Era
(1945 - 1989)
75. • Break-Away Soviet
Republics (1990)
• Official Dissolution of the
USSR (1991)
Recent History in Europe
(1989 - 2008)
Editor's Notes
How these european states became what they are today.
On how europe was divided along many historical line/borders, nor4mally corresponding to thoe parts that were
Inside or outside a particular cultural phenomenon, empire, or political division
How europe was divided and how it changes within a particular period of time under a certain cultural phenomenon,
empire, or political divion
At first, Tribes were still nomadic EG. celts, germanics, slavs…
until they formed themselves in a more organized way, w/ organized militaries to carry out syatematic conquest of other people.
Beforre that, formation of greece started, polis was…, athen and sparta arises
So the conquest started with the italic people…..
Greco-persian wars occurred. Which persian gained territories from the greeks.
So from here, Rome started waging wars/ engaging into wars thus gaining more territories
1st war: which theyre up with carthagians.
siciliy, ssardinia, corsica
Iberian costal territories
Nort african territories
Egypt octavian killed marc antony
*CHRISTIANITY SPREADS
-Series of catastrophes. assasination of Emp. Severus which NEGOTIATED with the germanic tribes
political stifes and civil wars 50 YRS
within this era, they’ve lost territories
-Germania lost by rome because of germanic invasions
-romania because of ongoing germanic invasions/ german tribes
-followed by north black sea due to the the hun invasions -HUNS migrate into Europe begin conquering territory (361)
-visigothic invasion of italy….kicked out the vandals
*ROMAN EMP. DIVIDED (292)– EAST(greek speaking) & WEST (latin)
330 RE ESTABLISHED AS ONe
395 RE DIVIDED
-NORTH AFRICA:Vandals driven out from hispania migrated and conquered Western half of N.African provinces
-Gaul abandoned by rome when he was reinforcing italy which was under seige of germanic tribes
P&D – (MODERN SLOVENIA, CROATIA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOBINA & MONTENEGRO)
Most territories in the west wre lost to the germanic tribes
ONLY THE EASTERN ROMEN EMP LIVES ON
After all the terrible things that befall on the roman empire, byzantine gradually making big step on re claiming these lost territories.
Frankish, Visigothic, & Lombard Conversion to Christianity: to gain the support of catholic church & stabilising their power
Byzantine starting to lose again its territories
Byzantine became small again
Frankish kingdom becoming more powerful
Free from lombards establishing independent Papal State in central Italy.
Still, at the end of this period, Byzantine still lost Crete and some Mediterranean Islands to Muslims from N.Africa
-Slovak kingdom of Great Moravia was formed.
-German Kingdom (919): East Francia throne overtaken by Duke of Saxony, who is typically considered the first King of Germany.
-byzantin recaptures Crete and cyprus from the muslims and lands of the bulgarian empire
-Great Moravia collapses: because of the Magyar invasions
-Kingdom of croatia was formed
-polish king baptized as christian gaining papal recognition
Middle EAST Syria, lebanon, much of palestine area
KIEVAN RUS- established by swedish kingdom
Conversion to Christianity:
Denmark (980), Kievan Rus (988),
Hungary (1001), Norway (1030)
Official Inception of France
Muslim Hispania Collapses (1031)
-kievan rus nation collapses (1050-1150) because of 100 yrs of civil war
-independent Portugal (1095)
--muslims rapidly retreat in hispania (1170)
-bulgaria regain independence 1185 breaks away because of the weaking byzantine empire
-Southern italy conquered by holy roman empire (1189) end of norman rule, entails additional territory to papal states
-Mongol Conquest in the west: thus conquering some kievan rus tribes.
..:Sweden launches crusades against the Finnish people (modern Finland), sanctioned by the pope due to the region’s rebellion against the church’s authority.
Establishment of Grand Duchy of Lithuania(1253 - 1350): The first officially unified Lithuanian government
Greenland (1261) & iceland (1262) is settled and added to the Kingdom of Norway
Hungary Gives Territory to Serbia (1282): due to the dowry of dynastic marriage
Ottoman Conquests of Asia Minor (1299-1350): ottoman turks nearly sweep off byzantine out of asia minor
Ottomans Enter Europe (1354): Ottomans capture Gallipoli, Byzantine city, marking their first advance into Europe
Poland-Lithuanian Merger (1385: formed for a defensive alliance against the teutonic knights and moscow
Consolidated Scandinavian Kingdom (1397): Denmark, Norway and Sweden unite under a single monarch (Kalmar Union) through strategic marriages.
Mongol Golden Horde Fragmentation (1440): Golden Horde breaks up into several Turkish-dominated Khanates (Muslim petty kingdoms) due to civil war
Birth of Spain (1469): Union of the two dominant kingdoms in Hispania (Castile & Aragon) results in the creation of the Kingdom of Spain
Moscow Independence from Mongols (1480): Grand Duchy of Moscow breaks free from Turkic control
Dissolution of Kalmar Union (1523) - due to sweden’s dissatifaction over denmark’s domination
Eastern Prussia Conquered by Poland (1525): Poland captured it from Teutonic Knights in 1525
France Gains Possession of Brittany (1532: finally annexed into France, after years of fighting to resist annexation. Brittany was settled by Bretons (ancient Britain inhabitants)
Wales Absorbed into England (1535):
: Spain defeats the Ottoman navy, ending its dominance of the Med. Sea.
Duchy of Prussia (1618): breaks away with polish rule
Polish-Swedish War Ending in Sweden Victory (1625–29): Battle for supremacy along the southern Baltic coast. Sweden captures Baltic territories, including large parts of Latvia and Estonia.
Russian-Polish War (1654–57): Russia gains control over Ukraine.
Russian Victory Over Sweden in Northern War (1700-21): Battle for supremacy of the Baltic Sea. Sweden was up against the alliance of Denmark-Norway, Russia, Poland and Prussia. Since sweden has a dominant power in the north, these countries has either lost some of their territories to sweden or lost contact in terms of trade. After the war, Sweden lost continental Baltic territories (Latvia and Estonia) & russia became powerful
England Becomes Great Britain (1707): Great Britain formed when Scotland and Ireland are annexed into the new England-dominated kingdom, known as the Acts of the Union.
Austria Conquers Hungary From Ottoman Empire (1699):
Austria takes full control over all of Hungary from the Ottoman Turks. “This includes Slovakia, Transylvania, and Slovenia (eastern Croatia). “
So then in Spain, it starting lose its territories with austria, thus austria gaining more territories
So ottoman empire starting to lose some territories too,
France Invades Spain (1792): thus gaining control of nearly the entire kingdom by 1796
France Conquers the Netherlands(1795): bacause Napoleon overruns the Austrian Netherlands (south) and the sovereign nation of the Dutch Netherlands (north).
France conquers Northern Italy from Austria (1796).
-Kingdom of Italy Established by France (1796): Milan & Venice Republic are conquered from Austria, reorganized into a France puppet state.
France Annexes the Papal States (1796): France conquers the Papal States and subjects them to direct rule under Napoleon.
United Kingdom Absorbs Ireland (1801): it is under Act of Unions of 1801. lead to the Formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK).
While russia also gains:
Finland Territory Conquered by Russia from Sweden (1809): Russia gains Finland from weakened Sweden in Finnish War.
Ottoman Empire Loses Bessarabia to Russia(1812):
Battle of Waterloo - Final Defeat of Napoleon (1815): retreating from russians, they’ve faced attacks from different directions, then later on, they;ve surrenderred
Papal States Restored (1814): The Papal States are restored with the defeat of Napoleon.
After napoleonic wars, some states were turned back into their normal borders, which some states reclaimed their lost territories
Romania Formed (1859): Moldavia and Wallachia combine to form Romania, while remaining a client to the Ottoman Empire.
AUSTRO_PRUSSIAN WAR: this A result of the rivalry between Prussia and Austria to become the dominant German state within the German Confederation.
-prussia won and thus considered the dominant german state
-leaving austria, devastated, it didn’t any choice but to be under the orders of hungary FORMATION OF AUTRIA-HUNGARY EMP
German Empire Established (1871- because the territory was now dominated by prussians and other germans, they formed as a single state leaving austria alone
As italians were now tired of serving as the battleground and pawns for continental powers, nationalism rises and then it formed revolutionary movements .
Thru that, they’ve gained independence.
Russo-Turkish War Effect on the Balkans. The Ottoman Empire is defeated In the final of a series of wars with Russia over mutual expansionist ambitions. The devastating defeat further weakened the Ottomans, and their ability to maintain their longstanding hold onto the Balkans.
Austria: split from the Austro-Hungarian EmpireCzechoslovakia: Czechs and Slovaks Unite for Form Czechoslovakia (1918) split from the Austro-Hungarian EmpireEstonia: independence from the Russian EmpireFinland: independence from the Russian EmpireHungary: split from the Austro-Hungarian EmpireIreland: independence from the United Kingdom (but still part of the British Empire)Latvia: independence from the Russian Empire
Montenegro: was annexed by YugoslaviaLithuania: independence from the Russian EmpirePoland: recreated from parts of the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian EmpiresUnited Kingdom: gained League of Nations Mandates in Africa and the Middle EastYugoslavia, as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia
Irish War of Independence (vs United Kingdom) Begins(1919): which the independence would be attained in 1921
Escalation of the War of Turkish Independence (1920): In 1920, the Ottoman government signs treaty with Allies drastically reducing its territory to where it covered only part of modern Turkey, but also giving most of the control of the Ottoman nation over to the Allies. As a condition, the Sultan and his government were allowed to stay in power, but subservient (willing to do everything what ever the allies would order them to do) to the Allies. This provokes the Turkish revolutionaries to begin their armed campaign against the Allies and the Ottoman forces still loyal to the sultan.
Vatican City Sovereignty (1929): Treaty ratified guaranteeing sovereignty of Vatican City, a walled, Catholic Church-ruled section within Rome.
German Annexation of Austria (1938): Hitler annexes Austria, which voted 99% in favor of being absorbed into Germany. This consolidation blatantly violates the peace treaty ending WWI, but the Allies lack the will to prevent it.
German Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1939):
So to start this year, Germany and Italy both conquered territories which they felt were rightfully theirs, in Czechoslovakia (for Germany) and Albania (Italy)
German Invasion of Poland, Start of WWII (Sept. 1, 1939): Germany invades Poland, officially beginning World War II in Europe
Soviets Take Control of Eastern Poland (1939):
Baltic Nations of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia Accept USSR Control (1939): The German-USSR Non-Aggression Pact assigned the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Russia. The USSR had a guarantee that Germany would not intervene.
Axis powers also dominated the balkans
Hungary Awarded Romanian Territory by Nazis (1941)= As part of the Nazi's promise to Hungary for joining the Axis Powers,
Germany Begins Invasion of USSR (June 22, 1941)
Germany Takes Baltic Nations from USSR (1941)
so far, this these are the states gained.
German Retreat Out of USSR Begins (1943)
the Germans begin to fall back, since their supply lines were constantly attacked, spreading them thin despite their large numbers. Plus, with the resulting lack of supplies, they were suffering from an increasingly high death toll
Allies Defeat Germans in Battle of the Bulge (Jan, 1945
Denmark and Norway Liberated from Germans (1945)
USSR Partitions East Germany (1949): The USSR refuses to allow East Germany to be combined with West Germany (as previously agreed among Allied victors), establishing a communist East Germany state.
NATO Established (1949): The U.S. and its Western European allies establish NATO, as essentially an anti-Soviet military alliance.
Warsaw Pact Established by USSR (1955): The USSR establishes its own military alliance in response to NATO, known as the Warsaw Pact, which includes Eastern/Central European nations under its influence, such as Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and East Germany.
End of Allied Occupation of Austria (1955): The Allied occupation of Austria ends, allowing Austria to become a fully sovereign republic once again
Break-Away Soviet Republics (1990): The central Soviet Union government was forced to allow more autonomy to the individual republics. Republics such as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia assert independence from the USSR.
Official Dissolution of the USSR (1991= dissolution of the Soviet Union in December
So the last division of the european states occurred when yugoslavia collapses.