The document provides background information on the Middle East region and the Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the creation of Israel in 1948 which displaced Palestinian Arabs and created tensions. Major events covered include the Arab-Israeli Wars, the Suez Crisis, the Six Day War, the Yom Kippur War, and the Iran-Iraq War. It also summarizes the Gulf War where Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 leading to a US-led coalition forcing its withdrawal.
The 1967 Six-Day War began when Israel launched surprise air strikes against Egypt to preempt an imminent Egyptian attack. Israel quickly gained control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Over 250,000 Palestinians fled or were displaced from the newly occupied territories. The war was another military defeat for the Arab states but strengthened Palestinian nationalism and turned many Palestinians to more radical groups like the PLO. The territorial changes from the war formed the basis of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict over land in Palestine. In the late 1800s, Jews fleeing persecution in Europe sought to establish a homeland in Palestine, the land they referred to as the "promised land." However, Palestine was already inhabited by Arab Palestinians. Tensions rose after World War I when Britain gained control over Palestine and facilitated Jewish immigration and settlement, disregarding the concerns of the native Arab population. After the Holocaust, more Jewish immigrants sought refuge in Palestine, fueling greater conflict over land and national identity. Subsequent wars and peace agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors have failed to produce a lasting resolution.
The document summarizes the Israel-Palestine conflict from the 1850s to present day. It discusses key events like the rise of Zionism in the late 19th century, the Balfour Declaration, violence in the 1920s-1930s, the establishment of Israel in 1948 which led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, ongoing conflicts and uprisings, and peace efforts including the Oslo Accords. Casualty figures are also provided showing the significantly higher number of Palestinian deaths compared to Israeli deaths over the period from 1920 to 2012. Major ongoing issues in dispute are also listed.
Six Day War
Palestine Mandate
Camp David Accords
Palestine Liberation Organization
Intifada
Oslo Accords
Palestinian Authority
Salt March
Amritsar Massacre
Civil Disobedience
Muslim League
The document summarizes the key Arab-Israeli wars from 1948 to 1982 in 3-4 sentences per conflict:
1948-1949 War: Five Arab countries attacked Israel after it became a country but Israel won and took back Jerusalem, causing a large Palestinian exodus.
1956 War: UK, France and Israel fought Egypt over the Suez Canal for two weeks before a ceasefire, with Israel winning but not taking Egyptian lands.
1967 Six Day War: Israel launched a preemptive strike against neighboring Arab nations and gained Jerusalem and other territories in a major victory.
1973 Yom Kippur War: Egypt, Syria and Iraq surprised Israel but a ceasefire was reached, with Israel retaining minor gains
The document discusses the UN Partition Plan of 1947 which proposed dividing Mandatory Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, however Jews accepted the plan while Arabs rejected it, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It then provides context around the war and its aftermath, including the creation of over 700,000 Palestinian refugees and how the conflict fueled tensions in the region for decades.
In all truth
This is not a presentation
It is more
It is the voice of emotions and feelings
It is a venting of passions and an analytic, objective statement of facts
Broader Arab nationalism in the Middle East after WW2 (Jordan)Chenise Pillay
Jordan was originally part of the Ottoman Empire but gained independence after World War 1 with support from Britain. Jordan played a role in the Arab revolt against the Turks in 1916. It was established as a British mandate in 1921 and became fully independent in 1946. King Abdullah I helped establish Jordan but was assassinated in 1951. His grandson King Hussein then took over leadership and modernized the country while maintaining relations with Western nations.
The 1967 Six-Day War began when Israel launched surprise air strikes against Egypt to preempt an imminent Egyptian attack. Israel quickly gained control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Over 250,000 Palestinians fled or were displaced from the newly occupied territories. The war was another military defeat for the Arab states but strengthened Palestinian nationalism and turned many Palestinians to more radical groups like the PLO. The territorial changes from the war formed the basis of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict over land in Palestine. In the late 1800s, Jews fleeing persecution in Europe sought to establish a homeland in Palestine, the land they referred to as the "promised land." However, Palestine was already inhabited by Arab Palestinians. Tensions rose after World War I when Britain gained control over Palestine and facilitated Jewish immigration and settlement, disregarding the concerns of the native Arab population. After the Holocaust, more Jewish immigrants sought refuge in Palestine, fueling greater conflict over land and national identity. Subsequent wars and peace agreements between Israel and its Arab neighbors have failed to produce a lasting resolution.
The document summarizes the Israel-Palestine conflict from the 1850s to present day. It discusses key events like the rise of Zionism in the late 19th century, the Balfour Declaration, violence in the 1920s-1930s, the establishment of Israel in 1948 which led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, ongoing conflicts and uprisings, and peace efforts including the Oslo Accords. Casualty figures are also provided showing the significantly higher number of Palestinian deaths compared to Israeli deaths over the period from 1920 to 2012. Major ongoing issues in dispute are also listed.
Six Day War
Palestine Mandate
Camp David Accords
Palestine Liberation Organization
Intifada
Oslo Accords
Palestinian Authority
Salt March
Amritsar Massacre
Civil Disobedience
Muslim League
The document summarizes the key Arab-Israeli wars from 1948 to 1982 in 3-4 sentences per conflict:
1948-1949 War: Five Arab countries attacked Israel after it became a country but Israel won and took back Jerusalem, causing a large Palestinian exodus.
1956 War: UK, France and Israel fought Egypt over the Suez Canal for two weeks before a ceasefire, with Israel winning but not taking Egyptian lands.
1967 Six Day War: Israel launched a preemptive strike against neighboring Arab nations and gained Jerusalem and other territories in a major victory.
1973 Yom Kippur War: Egypt, Syria and Iraq surprised Israel but a ceasefire was reached, with Israel retaining minor gains
The document discusses the UN Partition Plan of 1947 which proposed dividing Mandatory Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, however Jews accepted the plan while Arabs rejected it, leading to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It then provides context around the war and its aftermath, including the creation of over 700,000 Palestinian refugees and how the conflict fueled tensions in the region for decades.
In all truth
This is not a presentation
It is more
It is the voice of emotions and feelings
It is a venting of passions and an analytic, objective statement of facts
Broader Arab nationalism in the Middle East after WW2 (Jordan)Chenise Pillay
Jordan was originally part of the Ottoman Empire but gained independence after World War 1 with support from Britain. Jordan played a role in the Arab revolt against the Turks in 1916. It was established as a British mandate in 1921 and became fully independent in 1946. King Abdullah I helped establish Jordan but was assassinated in 1951. His grandson King Hussein then took over leadership and modernized the country while maintaining relations with Western nations.
The document provides background information and analysis of the Six Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. It describes the historical context leading up to the war, including the 1947 UN partition of Palestine and previous Arab-Israeli conflicts. Key events and decisions in 1967 that precipitated the war are outlined, such as military deployments, incidents along the Israel-Jordan border, and Egyptian orders that closed Israel's port of Eilat. The document also profiles important stakeholders and discusses the course of the war from June 5-10, when Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. Casualty figures for both sides are presented.
The 1948 Arab-Israeli War began as the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine and the United Nations proposed partitioning the land into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was accepted by the Jews but rejected by the surrounding Arab countries. On May 15th, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq invaded Israel shortly after its declaration of independence on May 14th. After almost a year of fighting, Israel managed to expand its territory beyond the original UN partition plan. Armistice agreements in 1949 established new borders and a ceasefire, though conflicts continued throughout the 1950s as Palestinian fedayeen launched raids into Israel from refugee camps.
The Israel-Palestine conflict began in 1947 with the UN partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was rejected by Palestinians and neighboring Arab states, who invaded Israel after its declaration of independence, though Israel prevailed. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 resulted in Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula. Israel established settlements in occupied territories despite international condemnation. Palestinian uprisings (Intifadas) protested the occupation. Oslo Accords established limited Palestinian self-rule but the second Intifada and ongoing settlement expansion have prevented a lasting peace agreement. The U.S. is a key ally of Israel but this complicates
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict centers around claims to the land of Palestine by both Israelis and Palestinians. The Zionist movement supported the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine in the early 1900s, while Palestinians opposed it in their homeland. This led to violence and war when Israel declared independence in 1948. Key unresolved issues preventing a final peace agreement include borders, the status of Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees, and Israeli security. Major players like Israel, Fatah, and Hezbollah have differing goals and approaches to achieving a resolution.
This document provides a summary of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from the aftermath of World War 1 through the 2000s. It describes how the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East after WWI and European powers divided the land. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, but Arabs rejected the plan. Despite Arab opposition, Israel declared statehood in 1948 and defended itself during the subsequent war, expanding its territory. Ongoing tensions included the 1967 Six-Day War and 1973 Yom Kippur War. Some peace efforts occurred in the late 1970s and 1990s, but violence between Israel and Palestinian groups like Hamas and Hezbollah continued through the 2000s.
The Israel-Palestine conflict has its roots in the 1948 establishment of Israel and subsequent wars over territory. Key issues in ongoing disputes include Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, Palestinian statehood recognition, and the status of Jerusalem. Both sides have differing perspectives, with Israel prioritizing security and control of the West Bank versus Palestine seeking statehood, freedom of movement, and making Jerusalem its capital. The US supports a two-state solution largely based on the 1967 borders but negotiations have been complicated by ongoing violence and disputes over settlements and refugees. Potential solutions discussed include two-state, three-state, and one-state options but finding a resolution that satisfies both sides remains challenging.
1. The Middle East is a crossroads for three major religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and key religious sites lie in Jerusalem, causing ongoing religious and territorial conflicts over the land of Israel and Palestine.
2. The ongoing conflict centers around disputes over land and control of territories like the West Bank and Gaza Strip following the establishment of Israel in 1948 and its occupation of additional territories in 1967.
3. Achieving peace in the region is challenging given the religious and cultural clashes between groups like Jews, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries over the past decades as well as ongoing territorial disputes and histories of violence and dictatorship.
Israel claims all of the land as their biblical and historical homeland. They do not accept giving up any land.
The root of the conflict is both groups claim the same small piece of land as their homeland and religious heartland. Both see themselves as having a long historical connection and right to all the land. Compromise has been difficult.
This document appears to be a pre-test on topics related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It contains 10 multiple choice questions that assess knowledge on topics like Israel's borders, Palestine's refugee population, Hamas as a terrorist organization, and the territories that make up Palestine. The pre-test reveals that some answers are clearly true or false, while others require more nuance, such as Israel being the largest recipient of US military aid being "sort of" true. The questions cover a range of historical facts and current issues regarding the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
The document summarizes the Palestine-Israel conflict. It discusses how Zionist groups colonized the land of Palestine in the late 1800s, sparking tensions as more Jewish immigrants arrived. In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine despite Palestinians owning most of the land, fueling war between Zionist and Arab forces. By the end of the war, Israel had captured 78% of Palestine and over 500 Palestinian towns were destroyed, creating over 750,000 Palestinian refugees.
The document provides a pre-test on various topics related to Israel and Palestine. It consists of 10 multiple choice questions testing factual knowledge about the two regions. The questions cover topics such as whether Israel or Palestine are legally recognized states, changes to Israeli borders over time, refugee populations, and the positions of foreign governments like the US towards Hamas. The document indicates whether each answer is true or false and provides explanations for some answers. It also outlines an upcoming class schedule including a test review, extra credit opportunity, lecture, and discussion.
This document is a project work on the Arab-Israeli conflict prepared by students at Abylaikhan University of International Relations and World Languages in Kazakhstan. It provides background on the conflict, analyzing its historical causes and main stages. It identifies four phases: from pre-1948 to the establishment of Israel, the wars from 1948-1973, the beginning of peace processes from 1973-1993, and the current period since 1994. The document forecasts escalation in the short term due to factors like Iran's nuclear program and the unwillingness of sides to compromise. It concludes that Israel should withdraw from Zionist policies and establish equality for all, while returning territories occupied in 1967.
Timeline Of The Arab And Israel ConflictDaniel Cote
The document outlines the major events in the Arab-Israeli conflict from the late 1800s to present day:
- Zionism emerged in response to violence against Jews, leading to calls for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Britain later facilitated Jewish immigration but also faced resistance from Arabs living in the region.
- After World War 2 and the Holocaust, where 6 million Jews were killed, the newly formed United Nations partitioned Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This led to war as neighboring Arab countries attempted to prevent the creation of Israel.
- Since its founding in 1948, Israel has fought several wars with its Arab neighbors while also attempting peace negotiations. However, violence and terrorist attacks have continued as extremist Palestinian groups
Arab-Israeli Conflict Summary and Brief Historydabix
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots in the late 19th/early 20th century with Jewish immigration to the British mandate of Palestine and the creation of Israel in 1948. This led to war between Israel and its Arab neighbors and the displacement of Palestinian refugees. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 further shaped the territorial divisions and tensions continue today between Israel and Palestinian groups seeking statehood.
The Middle East region faces significant religious, ethnic, and political divisions that have led to ongoing conflicts. The area contains important natural resources like oil, but limited water supplies that countries disagree over. Governments range from democracies to dictatorships. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict stems from competing claims to the land and Britain's 1917 Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland. This has resulted in several Arab-Israeli wars over the decades as Palestinians fight for statehood. Civil war has also broken out in Lebanon due to its religious and ethnic diversity. International efforts have pursued a roadmap to peace, but violence continues between Israel and Palestinian groups.
With the ongoing conflicts going on between Israel and the Palestinian Hamas, and the repeat invasion of Gaza, this presentation presents some historical context as well as areas to explore for a lasting peace.
The Israel-Palestinian conflict stems from disputes over land and borders in Palestine. For centuries, Jews, Muslims, and Christians lived in the region harmoniously until the late 1800s when European Zionists began colonizing Palestinian land to establish a Jewish homeland. This led to tensions between the indigenous Palestinians and immigrant Zionists. In 1947, the UN partitioned the land, giving over half to Israel against the wishes of the local Palestinian population, fueling further conflict. The establishment of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 resulted in hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees and Israel gaining control of more territory. Periodic uprisings and peace negotiations since have failed to produce a lasting solution.
The document provides a historical overview of the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning with Abraham's journey to Canaan in 2000 BCE and continuing through the establishment of Israel in 1948. It discusses the British mandate over Palestine and their contradictory policies toward Jews and Arabs. It then outlines the United Nations' 1947 partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, which was rejected by Arab leaders. This led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war immediately following Israel's declaration of independence.
After the 1948 war between Israel and Palestine, Israel won and took more land than originally planned. Many Palestinians became refugees as a result, and to this day some Palestinians and their descendants still live in refugee camps or areas they believe should be part of a Palestinian state. The conflict continues over land and religion, with surrounding Arab countries supporting Palestine and the U.S. backing Israel, complicating peace efforts.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict began after World War I when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East and the land was divided. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected. This led to war and the establishment of Israel in 1948, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. The conflict has continued with attacks, wars, and peace efforts over decades but no permanent resolution.
Este documento resume las principales características económicas de la Región de Murcia. El sector primario, especialmente la agricultura y la pesca, son muy importantes. La industria se concentra en zonas como Cartagena, Murcia y el Valle del Guadalentín. El turismo también es una parte importante de la economía, especialmente el turismo de sol y playa. La Región mantiene relaciones comerciales principalmente con Francia, el Reino Unido, Alemania e Italia.
The document provides background information and analysis of the Six Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. It describes the historical context leading up to the war, including the 1947 UN partition of Palestine and previous Arab-Israeli conflicts. Key events and decisions in 1967 that precipitated the war are outlined, such as military deployments, incidents along the Israel-Jordan border, and Egyptian orders that closed Israel's port of Eilat. The document also profiles important stakeholders and discusses the course of the war from June 5-10, when Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. Casualty figures for both sides are presented.
The 1948 Arab-Israeli War began as the British withdrew from their mandate of Palestine and the United Nations proposed partitioning the land into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was accepted by the Jews but rejected by the surrounding Arab countries. On May 15th, Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Iraq invaded Israel shortly after its declaration of independence on May 14th. After almost a year of fighting, Israel managed to expand its territory beyond the original UN partition plan. Armistice agreements in 1949 established new borders and a ceasefire, though conflicts continued throughout the 1950s as Palestinian fedayeen launched raids into Israel from refugee camps.
The Israel-Palestine conflict began in 1947 with the UN partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was rejected by Palestinians and neighboring Arab states, who invaded Israel after its declaration of independence, though Israel prevailed. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 resulted in Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula. Israel established settlements in occupied territories despite international condemnation. Palestinian uprisings (Intifadas) protested the occupation. Oslo Accords established limited Palestinian self-rule but the second Intifada and ongoing settlement expansion have prevented a lasting peace agreement. The U.S. is a key ally of Israel but this complicates
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict centers around claims to the land of Palestine by both Israelis and Palestinians. The Zionist movement supported the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine in the early 1900s, while Palestinians opposed it in their homeland. This led to violence and war when Israel declared independence in 1948. Key unresolved issues preventing a final peace agreement include borders, the status of Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees, and Israeli security. Major players like Israel, Fatah, and Hezbollah have differing goals and approaches to achieving a resolution.
This document provides a summary of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from the aftermath of World War 1 through the 2000s. It describes how the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East after WWI and European powers divided the land. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, but Arabs rejected the plan. Despite Arab opposition, Israel declared statehood in 1948 and defended itself during the subsequent war, expanding its territory. Ongoing tensions included the 1967 Six-Day War and 1973 Yom Kippur War. Some peace efforts occurred in the late 1970s and 1990s, but violence between Israel and Palestinian groups like Hamas and Hezbollah continued through the 2000s.
The Israel-Palestine conflict has its roots in the 1948 establishment of Israel and subsequent wars over territory. Key issues in ongoing disputes include Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, Palestinian statehood recognition, and the status of Jerusalem. Both sides have differing perspectives, with Israel prioritizing security and control of the West Bank versus Palestine seeking statehood, freedom of movement, and making Jerusalem its capital. The US supports a two-state solution largely based on the 1967 borders but negotiations have been complicated by ongoing violence and disputes over settlements and refugees. Potential solutions discussed include two-state, three-state, and one-state options but finding a resolution that satisfies both sides remains challenging.
1. The Middle East is a crossroads for three major religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - and key religious sites lie in Jerusalem, causing ongoing religious and territorial conflicts over the land of Israel and Palestine.
2. The ongoing conflict centers around disputes over land and control of territories like the West Bank and Gaza Strip following the establishment of Israel in 1948 and its occupation of additional territories in 1967.
3. Achieving peace in the region is challenging given the religious and cultural clashes between groups like Jews, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries over the past decades as well as ongoing territorial disputes and histories of violence and dictatorship.
Israel claims all of the land as their biblical and historical homeland. They do not accept giving up any land.
The root of the conflict is both groups claim the same small piece of land as their homeland and religious heartland. Both see themselves as having a long historical connection and right to all the land. Compromise has been difficult.
This document appears to be a pre-test on topics related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It contains 10 multiple choice questions that assess knowledge on topics like Israel's borders, Palestine's refugee population, Hamas as a terrorist organization, and the territories that make up Palestine. The pre-test reveals that some answers are clearly true or false, while others require more nuance, such as Israel being the largest recipient of US military aid being "sort of" true. The questions cover a range of historical facts and current issues regarding the conflict between Israel and Palestine.
The document summarizes the Palestine-Israel conflict. It discusses how Zionist groups colonized the land of Palestine in the late 1800s, sparking tensions as more Jewish immigrants arrived. In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine despite Palestinians owning most of the land, fueling war between Zionist and Arab forces. By the end of the war, Israel had captured 78% of Palestine and over 500 Palestinian towns were destroyed, creating over 750,000 Palestinian refugees.
The document provides a pre-test on various topics related to Israel and Palestine. It consists of 10 multiple choice questions testing factual knowledge about the two regions. The questions cover topics such as whether Israel or Palestine are legally recognized states, changes to Israeli borders over time, refugee populations, and the positions of foreign governments like the US towards Hamas. The document indicates whether each answer is true or false and provides explanations for some answers. It also outlines an upcoming class schedule including a test review, extra credit opportunity, lecture, and discussion.
This document is a project work on the Arab-Israeli conflict prepared by students at Abylaikhan University of International Relations and World Languages in Kazakhstan. It provides background on the conflict, analyzing its historical causes and main stages. It identifies four phases: from pre-1948 to the establishment of Israel, the wars from 1948-1973, the beginning of peace processes from 1973-1993, and the current period since 1994. The document forecasts escalation in the short term due to factors like Iran's nuclear program and the unwillingness of sides to compromise. It concludes that Israel should withdraw from Zionist policies and establish equality for all, while returning territories occupied in 1967.
Timeline Of The Arab And Israel ConflictDaniel Cote
The document outlines the major events in the Arab-Israeli conflict from the late 1800s to present day:
- Zionism emerged in response to violence against Jews, leading to calls for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Britain later facilitated Jewish immigration but also faced resistance from Arabs living in the region.
- After World War 2 and the Holocaust, where 6 million Jews were killed, the newly formed United Nations partitioned Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This led to war as neighboring Arab countries attempted to prevent the creation of Israel.
- Since its founding in 1948, Israel has fought several wars with its Arab neighbors while also attempting peace negotiations. However, violence and terrorist attacks have continued as extremist Palestinian groups
Arab-Israeli Conflict Summary and Brief Historydabix
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has its roots in the late 19th/early 20th century with Jewish immigration to the British mandate of Palestine and the creation of Israel in 1948. This led to war between Israel and its Arab neighbors and the displacement of Palestinian refugees. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 further shaped the territorial divisions and tensions continue today between Israel and Palestinian groups seeking statehood.
The Middle East region faces significant religious, ethnic, and political divisions that have led to ongoing conflicts. The area contains important natural resources like oil, but limited water supplies that countries disagree over. Governments range from democracies to dictatorships. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict stems from competing claims to the land and Britain's 1917 Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish homeland. This has resulted in several Arab-Israeli wars over the decades as Palestinians fight for statehood. Civil war has also broken out in Lebanon due to its religious and ethnic diversity. International efforts have pursued a roadmap to peace, but violence continues between Israel and Palestinian groups.
With the ongoing conflicts going on between Israel and the Palestinian Hamas, and the repeat invasion of Gaza, this presentation presents some historical context as well as areas to explore for a lasting peace.
The Israel-Palestinian conflict stems from disputes over land and borders in Palestine. For centuries, Jews, Muslims, and Christians lived in the region harmoniously until the late 1800s when European Zionists began colonizing Palestinian land to establish a Jewish homeland. This led to tensions between the indigenous Palestinians and immigrant Zionists. In 1947, the UN partitioned the land, giving over half to Israel against the wishes of the local Palestinian population, fueling further conflict. The establishment of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 resulted in hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees and Israel gaining control of more territory. Periodic uprisings and peace negotiations since have failed to produce a lasting solution.
The document provides a historical overview of the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning with Abraham's journey to Canaan in 2000 BCE and continuing through the establishment of Israel in 1948. It discusses the British mandate over Palestine and their contradictory policies toward Jews and Arabs. It then outlines the United Nations' 1947 partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, which was rejected by Arab leaders. This led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war immediately following Israel's declaration of independence.
After the 1948 war between Israel and Palestine, Israel won and took more land than originally planned. Many Palestinians became refugees as a result, and to this day some Palestinians and their descendants still live in refugee camps or areas they believe should be part of a Palestinian state. The conflict continues over land and religion, with surrounding Arab countries supporting Palestine and the U.S. backing Israel, complicating peace efforts.
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict began after World War I when the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East and the land was divided. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected. This led to war and the establishment of Israel in 1948, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. The conflict has continued with attacks, wars, and peace efforts over decades but no permanent resolution.
Este documento resume las principales características económicas de la Región de Murcia. El sector primario, especialmente la agricultura y la pesca, son muy importantes. La industria se concentra en zonas como Cartagena, Murcia y el Valle del Guadalentín. El turismo también es una parte importante de la economía, especialmente el turismo de sol y playa. La Región mantiene relaciones comerciales principalmente con Francia, el Reino Unido, Alemania e Italia.
Projektowanie aplikacji mobilnych Windows Phone i Windows 8Piotr Biegun
CHI Poznań - Co warto wiedzieć o technologii i platformach mobilnych w trakcie projektowania aplikacji mobilnych Windows Phone, Windows 8, Android i iOS.
http://www.extension.org/67567 Composting is becoming widely accepted as a best management practice for equine facilities. Stable waste is a readily compostable feedstock which generates heat and transforms into a finished compost product in as little as 2 weeks using in-vessel technologies. Composting the stable waste is financially beneficial, turning a liability into an asset, negating disposal fees, offering a decrease in bedding expenses and creating a saleable product. In- vessel composting allows for compliance with increasing environmental regulations associated with manure management.
The primary topic will be the cost analysis of in-vessel vs. open pile composting of stable waste. The author will also compare the value of the product produced, specifically the value added with weed seed kill, reduction of pathogens, and the uniform quality and dryness of end product. The presenter will provide lab data showing compost stability and pathogen reduction using both shavings and pellet bedding. Value of the end product is seen in bedding re-use and/or soil amendment.
Discussion of cost savings will differ for different venues in the industry. Case studies will be shown for the financial analysis of a private 20 horse stable and the 65 horse stable at the US Army base at Fort Myer/Henderson Hall in Washington DC.
The document provides background information on postwar Japan and various Asian countries from 1945 onwards. It discusses Japan being stripped of its empire by the US occupation forces led by General MacArthur. It then covers the division of India and Pakistan, the ongoing conflict over Kashmir, the division of Korea and war between North and South, as well as the beginnings of US involvement in Vietnam against the communist North. It focuses on the nationalist and independence movements in Asia in the aftermath of World War 2 and the increasing tensions and conflicts between Western and communist Eastern blocs in the region.
The document summarizes political and economic developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries between 1964-1981. Key events include:
- Khrushchev was ousted in 1964 and replaced by Brezhnev and Kosygin in the USSR. They faced economic and social problems domestically.
- Czechoslovakia experienced liberal reforms under Dubcek during the Prague Spring of 1968, but this was crushed by a Soviet invasion.
- In Poland in 1980, labor strikes erupted and the independent labor union Solidarity was formed led by Lech Wałęsa, though it was later suppressed by the government.
- The Middle East region has been a strategic area due to its large oil resources, fueling tensions between various powers seeking influence in the region. Britain and France previously dominated the area prior to World War 2 through a mandate system.
- The creation of Israel as a Jewish state in 1948 and the displacement of Palestinian Arabs led to ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict over claims to the territory. Subsequent wars in 1956, 1967, 1973, and conflicts between Israel and Palestinian groups intensified tensions.
- Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 in an attempt to control more of the Persian Gulf's oil resources, leading to the Gulf War international coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in 1991. Regional conflicts and competition for influence
The Middle East has been a strategically important region due to its large oil resources. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have fueled conflict in the region for decades. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to the displacement of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over land claims. Major conflicts have included the Arab-Israeli War, Suez Crisis, and Six Day War, with Israel gaining territory each time but also creating more Palestinian refugees and angering Arab states. The region has been an area of competition between world powers like Britain, the US, and USSR as well.
Gamal Abdel Nasser was an Egyptian army officer who became president of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. He nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, provoking the Suez Crisis where Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt but were forced to withdraw by the US and Soviet Union. Nasser emerged as a hero of Arab nationalism. He pursued pan-Arab unity and formed the United Arab Republic with Syria from 1958 to 1961. Nasser was widely popular for his anti-imperialism and vision of uniting the Arab world.
The document summarizes the long history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning in the 19th century with the rise of Jewish Zionism and Arab nationalism in Palestine under declining Ottoman rule. It discusses the British mandate over Palestine after World War I and the tensions that led to the creation of Israel and displacement of Palestinians in 1948. Subsequent wars between Israel and neighboring Arab states are outlined. The document also covers Palestinian resistance movements, peace efforts like the Oslo Accords, ongoing issues like Israeli settlements, and the complex situation in Gaza.
The document summarizes the long history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning in the 19th century with the rise of Jewish Zionism and Arab nationalism in Palestine under declining Ottoman rule. It discusses the British mandate after World War I, the creation of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars, the occupation of Palestinian territories after 1967, peace efforts including the Oslo Accords, ongoing issues of settlements and control of Gaza, and the open question of whether lasting peace can be achieved.
The document summarizes the long history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning in the 19th century with the rise of Jewish Zionism and Arab nationalism in Palestine under declining Ottoman rule. It describes the British mandate after World War I, the creation of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars, the occupation of Palestinian territories after 1967, and peace efforts including the Oslo Accords. Ongoing issues include Israeli settlements, the situation in Gaza, and the challenges of achieving a lasting peace agreement.
The Arab-Israeli conflict is a long-lasting and complicated dispute between Israel and the Palestinians over land and political power in the region. The conflict began in the early 20th century due to large numbers of Jewish immigrants settling in Ottoman Palestine and Britain's support for a Jewish homeland there. This led to the establishment of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Key ongoing issues include Palestinian statehood, the status of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, and Palestinian refugees. While peace agreements have been attempted, many core issues remain unresolved.
The document summarizes the history of the Israelites/Jews and Palestinians in the land of Israel/Palestine from 1800 BCE to present day. It describes how the Hebrews established kingdoms in the region around 1000 BCE before being conquered by other empires. In the late 1800s, the Zionist movement sought to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, leading to conflict with Arab Palestinians who also claimed rights to the land. This tension escalated over the 20th century as Jews immigrated and the region transitioned between various ruling powers before the creation of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars and peace agreements between Israelis and Palestinians.
The Forgotten Palestinians who live inside Israel. The Palestinians who live inside Israel are almost invisible. But they form 20% of the Israeli population and they are struggling for equality.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key events of the Arab-Israeli conflict from 1880-1948. It discusses the rise of Zionism in response to anti-Semitism in Europe and the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Major events covered include the Balfour Declaration, British Mandate over Palestine, violence between Arabs and Jews, the Holocaust, and the UN partition plan that led to the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the first Arab-Israeli war. Key players and concepts are also defined.
The document provides an overview of the origins and key events of the Arab-Israeli conflict from 1880-1948. It discusses the rise of Zionism in response to anti-Semitism in Europe and the movement for Jewish immigration to Palestine. Major events covered include the Balfour Declaration, British Mandate over Palestine, violence between Arabs and Jews, and the UN partition plan that led to the establishment of Israel in 1948. Key players involved included Britain, Zionists, Palestinians, and surrounding Arab states. The conflict grew from a local to a regional issue over competing claims of land and nationhood.
The document discusses the history of the modern Middle East, including the establishment of the Mandate system after World War I where Britain and France administered former Ottoman territories, the creation of Israel as a Jewish state in 1948 which led to ongoing Arab-Israeli conflicts, and key events like the Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War. It also profiles important leaders on both sides, like Golda Meir of Israel and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt.
The document provides background information on the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict. It discusses the complex issues surrounding claims to the land by both Jews and Arabs. It outlines key events that led to the creation of the modern state of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent wars between Arab nations and Israel in 1956 and 1967. The 1967 Six Day War resulted in Israel gaining control of additional territory formerly held by Arab states.
The Suez Crisis of 1956 marked a turning point in international relations. Egypt's President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, angering Britain and France who owned it. They secretly plotted with Israel to retake the canal by force. However, the US opposed this plan and used economic and diplomatic pressure to resolve the crisis, establishing America's dominance over Europe. The event demonstrated the declining influence of European colonial powers and rise of the US and USSR as global superpowers during the Cold War era. It also increased tensions in the Middle East.
'Israel-Palestine Conflict' is an ongoing conflict since the mid-20th century which has still not attained any settlement between the parties involved, it is also the conflict which has attracted lots of public opinions around the world with celebrities taking sides, public protesting around the world showing their support, foreign governments sending aids and condolences for the losses suffered, while the U.N and U.S trying to broker peace agreement between the masses which has seemed to fail each and every time! So I would like to highlight this never-ending conflict and come up with a resolution to this problem through this presentation.
Contents :
- Introduction
- Conflict Mapping
- Timeline of Conflict
- Statistics
- Understanding the Conflict
- Resolution
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1. Early Zionists knew a Jewish state would displace Arabs but had no plan to expel them as they themselves had been refugees.
2. As fighting broke out in 1947-1948, upper and middle class Arabs fled cities, causing working class Arabs to panic.
3. Subsequent defeats of Arab militias by the IDF led to widespread panic and abandonment of villages.
4. Ben Gurion later ordered some expulsions of hostile villages to secure lines of communication and prevent return of refugees. Offers were made to allow return of some refugees but rejected by Arab leaders.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict from the late 1800s to 1993. It discusses the migration of Jews to Palestine in the late 1800s, the Balfour Declaration of 1917 which supported "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people," and the subsequent tensions and wars between Arabs and Jews over control of the land, including the 1948 war surrounding the creation of Israel. It also outlines the 1967 Six Day War, the Intifadas, and the 1993 Oslo Accords that aimed to establish Palestinian self-governance.
Modern Jewish Zionism began in the late 1800s/early 1900s as Jews sought to escape antisemitism in Europe and reestablish a homeland in Palestine, the historic land of the Jewish people. Political Zionists established organizations to purchase land in Palestine and promote Hebrew as the national language. As nationalist sentiments grew in the Arab world during this time as well, tensions rose between Zionist ambitions and Arab self-rule. After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Britain took control of Palestine and struggled to balance Arab and Jewish interests, fueling further conflict between the communities. The Holocaust intensified Jewish support for Zionism and statehood. Israel declared independence in 1948, leading surrounding Arab states to declare war in opposition
The Arab-Israeli conflict has its roots in the late 19th century with the rise of both Zionist and Arab nationalist movements. As a result, the Zionist movement was established in 1897 to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine. After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Britain was given control of Palestine and proposed splitting it into Jewish and Arab states, which both groups opposed. This led to the UN proposing in 1947 to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, which also led to conflict between the two sides and the establishment of Israel in 1948. Armed conflict has continued since between Israel and its Arab neighbors over issues such as Palestinian refugees, territorial control, and security concerns.
The document discusses the rise of the nation state in Europe from the 17th century onward and some of the conflicts that arose from competition between powerful nation states leading up to World War I. It describes how European powers established colonies overseas in pursuit of resources to fuel their industrial growth in the late 19th century. Rising tensions between nation states like Germany, Britain, and Russia contributed to conflicts such as the Franco-Prussian War, Boer Wars, and Russo-Japanese War. Ethnocentric views of cultural and racial superiority also justified colonial expansion. These global rivalries and displays of nationalism set the stage for World War I.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Hitler's goal was to expand Germany's territory through conquest to gain Lebensraum or living space for the German people, who he believed were racially superior. His plans included annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland, as well as removing populations deemed inferior like Slavs and Jews. The Nazi government passed the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 to strip citizenship from Jews and classify people by racial categories. Kristallnacht in 1938 saw the destruction of Jewish homes and synagogues across Germany as Nazi persecution of Jews intensified. Other countries hesitated to interfere due to a policy of appeasement, hoping Hitler's territorial ambitions could be satisfied through diplomatic concessions.
This document summarizes Canada's involvement in World War 2 on the home front. It discusses how Canada mobilized its military and economy for the war effort. Key points include:
- Canada's military was small at the start of the war but expanded greatly through programs like the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.
- The Canadian economy was transformed to support the war, with industries producing weapons, ships, and planes. Price controls and rationing were introduced to manage shortages.
- Over a million women entered the paid workforce during the war, taking jobs in factories and other industries. Propaganda encouraged civilians to contribute through activities like salvage drives and victory bond purchases.
- The issue of conscription divided French and English
The document discusses the reconstruction of Europe following World War I. Key events included the redrawing of borders, with Germany losing territory and new states like Poland and Czechoslovakia being formed. It was a politically unstable time in central Europe, with nationalism on the rise. The League of Nations was formed to promote collective security and prevent future conflicts, but faced challenges like some major powers not participating.
The document discusses several key events at the end of World War II and establishment of the United Nations:
1) In early 1945, Soviet troops pushed into Germany from the east while the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading Japan to surrender and ending the war.
2) World leaders met at Yalta in 1945 to discuss postwar plans, agreeing Poland would have free elections though the Soviets did not follow through.
3) The U.N. was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars, with goals of maintaining peace and protecting human rights.
The document discusses the political and military buildup to World War II in Europe and Asia in the 1930s. It describes the rise of fascist regimes in Germany under Hitler, Italy under Mussolini, and increasing militarism and aggression by Japan. Hitler consolidated power in Germany and systematically stripped rights from Jews. Germany began violating the Treaty of Versailles through military buildup and annexing territories. The Western allies pursued a policy of appeasement, allowing the German annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia. War began in Asia in 1937 with Japan's invasion of China and in Europe in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland.
At the turn of the 20th century, industrialization led to rapid urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities. As the population grew and life expectancy increased, mass production developed through new techniques like the assembly line. This enabled the production of goods for a growing mass society. However, workers began organizing unions to advocate for better conditions in factories where they had little control. Tensions rose between workers and employers as well as between nations competing for resources, contributing to the outbreak of World War I.
1) After World War 1, Canada began moving towards independence from Britain by signing its own international agreements, such as the 1923 Halibut Treaty with the United States.
2) In the 1920s Canada experienced prosperity due to trade with the US, but was heavily dependent on exporting natural resources, leaving it vulnerable when the global economy declined.
3) The stock market crash of 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, as world commodity prices fell, hurting Canada's export-reliant economy.
By 1933, the Great Depression had reached its worst point in Canada, with 25% unemployment. The government, led by R.B. Bennett and the Conservatives, had failed to deliver on promises to end unemployment. Provinces were bankrupt and looking for solutions. In 1935, Mackenzie King and the Liberals returned to power after implementing policies inspired by Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, including unemployment insurance and increased government intervention in the economy. The economy began recovering in 1938 under the Liberals' policies.
The Schlieffen Plan aimed to quickly defeat France before focusing on Russia, but it failed as the Western Front descended into trench warfare by late 1914. Russia's entry helped the Allies at first, but the nation withdrew from the war in 1917 after the Communist Revolution. The United States entry in 1917 boosted the Allies and compensated for Russia's exit, helping turn the tide of the war.
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The document discusses Aboriginal issues in Canada, including their origins and population size prior to European arrival. It notes that Aboriginal traditions hold they have always existed in North America. It also describes the damaging effects of the residential school system, including high rates of substance abuse, suicide, and family problems among Aboriginal communities. The document further examines the Allied Tribes of BC and their opposition to the reduction of reserve sizes as recommended by the McKenna-McBride Commission on Indian Affairs.
The document contains blank sections for questions, main ideas, summaries and notes but no substantive information is provided. It appears to be a template for organizing notes on a topic but no topic or details are included.
18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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ग्रेटर मुंबई के नगर आयुक्त को एक खुले पत्र में याचिका दायर कर 540 से अधिक मुंबईकरों ने सभी अवैध और अस्थिर होर्डिंग्स, साइनबोर्ड और इलेक्ट्रिक साइनेज को तत्काल हटाने और 13 मई, 2024 की शाम को घाटकोपर में अवैध होर्डिंग के गिरने की विनाशकारी घटना के बाद अपराधियों के खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की मांग की है, जिसमें 17 लोगों की जान चली गई और कई निर्दोष लोग गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गए।
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
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2. When No One Wants To Leave The Party
At the end, there will be cake.
3. Arab-Israeli Conflict
• The Middle East covers the territory from Morocco to Turkey, as well as
countries bordering the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Persian Gulf.
• The strategic regions huge oil resources , have made the area attractive to
the developed world throughout the 20th
Century
• Britain and France maintained a power base in the region prior to WWII
because of the mandate system.
• The USSR and the US tried to impose their presence in the region after
WWII with a view to influencing events in the strategic area.
• Hostility between the Jews and Arabs have helped to fuel tension in the
region.
• Both the Americans and Soviets acted as arms suppliers and negotiators in
the area though they never directly confronted one another
Party
Disagreement
5. A Jewish Homeland And The Creation
Of Israel
• The creation of the new Jewish state, Israel, out of the British
mandate of Palestine in 1948, combined with the displacement of
Palestinian Arabs in the region created the Middle East Problem
• Both groups claim the right to the region and each maintains that its
survival is dependant on regional control
• Members of the Zionist movement began in Europe in the mid
1800’s in the hopes of creating a Jewish state in Palestine to provide
a homeland for the Jews of the world (who had frequently
experienced horrific prejudice inside various nation-states.)
Creation of the State of Israel
7. Israel - Continued
• The British, anxious to enlist Jewish support for WWI, issued the Balfour
Declaration, which promised British support for the establishment of a
Jewish homeland in Palestine.
• The declaration also stated that no action would be taken to infringe on the
rights of non-Jewish Palestinians. In the opinion of the Palestinians this was
impossible as they believed they had the right to the territory now
controlled by the Jews
• The US never formally endorsed Zionism. President Wilson did reluctantly
approve of the Balfour Declaration and throughout the 1930’s and 40’s the
Jewish community in the Protectorate of Palestine received a great deal of
support from American Jews
• WWII and the Holocaust created a crisis in Palestine as the number of
displace Jews from Europe increased and many groups pressured the British
to raise the quotas imposed on immigration to Palestine.
8. Israel - Continued
• In response to the British refusal to raise immigration quotas and the
treatment of those Jews who had fled Nazi persecution in Europe,
Zionist Forces began attacking both the British and the Arabs.
• Tensions rose as refugees were smuggled into Palestine.
• When illegal immigrants were caught, they were interned in camps
on the island of Cyprus.
• Finally the UN stepped in with the support of the Soviets, who
wished to see the British leave Palestine, and an agreement was
made to separate Palestine into Arab and Jewish states.
• On May 14th
, 1948, the new Jewish state of Israel was created and
granted membership in the United Nations.
• Hostilities erupted immediately and war between the Arabs and Jews
ensued. Enthusiastic partying
10. Arab-Israeli War (1948)
• Israel was surrounded on all sides by Arab states
who denied Israel’s right to exist. Israel was alone
and was vastly outnumbered
• Immediately upon the creation of the two states
violence broke out
• The Arabs, however, were poorly trained at the art
of war and unable to unite behind their field
commanders.
• The Haganah, Israel’s fighting force, was initially
limited in size and had a limited number of weapons
but the Zionist forces were eventually supplied by
the Soviets via Czechoslovakian
communists, and partially funded by Zionist
supporters in the US, and
the new state of
Israel instituted a universal draft
11. Arab-Israeli War
• With these weapons, the Zionists were able to defend themselves, and by
the end of the conflict had expanded their boarders significantly from the
area granted to them by the UN
• Dr. Ralph Bunche, and American working with the UN encouraged the Arabs
and Israelis to disengage in 1949.
• The Arabs blamed the USA for the imposition of this Jewish state in the
heart of Arab territory even though the Soviets supplied the weapons to
Israel.
• From this point on, the USA sided with the Israeli’s while the Soviets sided
with the Arabs.
• Many Arabs were angered by the loss of territory and resented the rising
tide of Arab refugees out of Palestine.
12. The End Of The Arab-Israeli War And The
Aftermath
• Dr. Ralph Bunche, and American working with the UN encouraged the Arabs
and Israelis to disengage in 1949.
• The Arabs blamed the USA for the imposition of this Jewish state in the
heart of Arab territory even though the Soviets supplied the weapons to
Israel.
• From this point on, the USA sided with the Israeli’s while the Soviets sided
with the Arabs.
• Many Arabs were angered by the loss of territory and resented the rising
tide of Arab refugees out of Palestine.
• Many of the soldiers who had fought in the war left the field of battle
thinking they would be returning home (they had never considered the
consequences of failure) when the fighting was over
• As many as 900 000 Palestinian Arabs became refugees
• Many would occupy refugee camps run by the UN in the West Bank the
Gaza Strip or nearby areas
• These camps would become an origin of discontent and terrorism
Party
Cleanup
13. The Suez Crisis
• The next confrontation between the Arabs and Israelis was Egypt 1956.
• July 23 1952 Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser deposed King Farouk of Egypt and
became the leading Arab nationalist in the middle east
• Nasser wanted to modernize the economy of Egypt and build up its military,
so that they could continue the struggle against Israel
• Nasser was influenced by the anti-colonial movement that had developed
during the 50’s and did not want American or Soviet influences dominating
Egypt
• Nasser asked the Americans for aid to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River
(in the hopes of providing electricity and
irrigation) America initially agreed and then
refused when it learned that Nasser had been
getting arms from the USSR
• Nasser then turned to the Soviets for
economic as well as military aid
(this would last until 1972)
Nasser --->
Nasser’s hat --->
14. The Suez Crisis - Continued
• On the 26th
of July ‘56 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal taking it away
from the British
• Egypt planned to keep the canal open to European shipping.
• The canal represented a key trade link to the Far East
• The British did not want to lose control of the canal
• The British, French put a plan together with the Israelis to go to war with
the Egyptians, keeping the plan secret from the US
• The plan involved the Israelis launching a pre-emptive strike against Egypt.
This would be followed by the British and French stepping in to “maintain
control” of the “vital” waterway.
• The real purpose was to regain control of the canal and stop Egypt from
being a military threat to Israel.
• Oct 29th
‘56 The Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula
• The next day the British and French bombed military targets in Egypt and
then followed on the 5th
of November with paratroopers and an amphibious
force.
• The British and French failed to retake the canal and the damage the canal
suffered cause it to close for a time
16. The End Of The Suez Crisis
• The Americans took the matter to the United Nations. They did this
primarily because they did not want Brittan (or France for that matter) to
continue as a major power in the region.
• The Americans also desired a balance in the issues between the Jews and
Arabs that would both allow the US to protect Israel and give the US access
to Arab oil.
• The UN called for ceasefire and withdrawal of forces from Egyptian
territory.
• It also sent a peacekeeping force
• The Suez Crisis resulted in the eclipse of British and French forces in the
Middle East
• The Israelis scored a military victory but were forced to withdraw from
Egypt by the threat of American economic sanctions
• The USSR (at the time involved in the crisis in Hungary) became the source
of economic and military aid to a significant portion of the Arab world
• Peace talks between the Arabs and the Israelis ceased
17. The Six Day War
• In May, 1967, President Nasser of Egypt requested the withdrawal of the
UN emergency force that had patrolled the Egyptian side of the truce line
that resulted from the Arab-Israeli War in 1956.
• Nasser mobilized Egyptian military forces, blocked the Straits of Tiran to
Israeli shipping and announced that he intended to promote the full
restoration of an Arab Palestine. Syria, Jordan and Iraq Joined Egypt and
Arab oil producing countries threatened to cut off any country that aided
Israel,
• Nasser believed that he could defeat Israel with the combined might of the
Arab world.
• The Israelis refused to give up
• On June 5th
‘67 The Israeli air force launched a preemptive strike against
Egypt, Syria and Jordan
• The Egyptian air force was destroyed and Syrian and Jordanian armies
decimated within six days
• The Israelis ended by occupying the Sinai Peninsula, the West Band of the
Jordan Ricer and the Golan Heights in Syria. Three times as much land as it
had before and significantly improved its defensive and strategic position.
18.
19. The Six Day War
• On June 5th
‘67 The Israeli air force launched a preemptive
strike against Egypt, Syria and Jordan
• The Egyptian air force was destroyed and Syrian and
Jordanian armies decimated within six days
• The Israelis ended by occupying the Sinai Peninsula, the
West Band of the Jordan Ricer and the Golan Heights in
Syria. Three times as much land as it had before and
significantly improved its defensive and strategic position.
20. The Six Day War - Continued
• The six-day war heightened tension between the Arabs and the Israelis
• Guerrilla warfare was used more frequently as several Palestinian political
or paramilitary organizations carried out small operations against Israeli
targets
• Israel responded with massive retaliation on Arab bases and guerrilla
bases.
• UN attempts to negotiate a settlement between the two sides but was
unsuccessful
• The Israeli victory led them to feel confident
• Because Israel now occupied so much former Arab territory, the Arab
states aligned themselves against Israel.
• The Arabs saw this defeat as a setback but were determined to regain
their territory.
• Another consequence of the war was the Arab discovery of the diplomatic
power of an oil embargo
21.
22.
23. The Yom Kippur War
Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
• On October 2nd
, 1973, while the Jews were celebrating the holy day of Yom
Kippur, Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a surprise attack on Israel.
• Previously, Egypt had attempted to negotiate the return of its lost
territory but the victorious Israel was unwilling to negotiate.
• Crossing the Suez Canal, Egyptian forces opened the Sinai and southern
Israel to attack.
• At the same time, Syrian forces moved onto the Golan Heights with 800
tanks.
• Israeli defenders suffered heavy losses at first but then gained the upper
hand.
• Supplied by the Americans, the Israelis drove back the Syrians. They also
launched a counter-attack against the Egyptians but were held back from
crossing the Suez canal by diplomatic pressure.
24. The Camp David Accord
• Orchestrated by the Carter administration
• Pledged economic support to Israel and Egypt, $3 billion to Israel, $1.5
billion to Egypt as well as another $500 million in economic support to
the latter
• Called for Egyptian sovereignty in Sinai and peaceful relations between
the two nations
• Allowed Egypt to work inwardly while Israel’s national security
increased.
• Several key issues remained unresolved. Faction of the Palestine
Liberation Organization continued their guerrilla raids against Israel.
Such organizations remained a threat to Israeli security. The refugee
problem was also unsolved, with 4 million displaced individuals.
• The West Bank territories, Arab-inhabited land under Israeli occupation,
became a critical issue. Both claim the territory.
25. Causes Of The Iraq-Iran War: Iraq
• The oil rich Persian Gulf fostered rivalry between Iran and Iraq, both
seeking hegemony in the area.
• In 1969, Iran aided Kurdish guerillas in Iraq, while Iraq supported Arab
dissidents in Iran.
• Two primary issues causing conflict was control of Shatt-al-Arab, a
waterway carrying the Euphrates and Tigris into the gulf, and the command
of oil resources in the region.
• After seizing Iraq’s administration, Saddam Hussein identified Iran and
Saudi Arabia as his chief adversaries.
• As both “Chief Adversaries” were aided by the US, he turned to The USSR
• He concluded a treaty with Soviets for aids, particularly arms. He also made
an agreement with France for a nuclear reactor and research facility. They
also became the world’s second largest exporter of oil, which financed
military and industrial expansion.
26.
27. Causes Of The Iraq-Iran War: Iran
• The Islamic revolution of 1979 deposed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi and
brought power to Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni.
• The previous Shah had maintained close ties with the USA, embarking to
westernize his country, the so-called “White Revolution”.
• The westernization failed massively and widened the gap between the rich
and poor. The move toward democracy was marked by a dictatorial and
suppressive reign.
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni imposed an Islamic republic, set to rid Iran of
Western and secular influence.
• Hussein, who despised Khomeni, wish to overthrow him and establish an
Iraqi government.
• Iraq clearly initiated the war, but Iran had been guilty of persistent
provocation by trying to galvanize Iraqi minority groups.
• There was also a divide between Iranian Shi’a faith and Iraq’s Sunni faith.
28. The Events Of The Iran-Iraq War
• In September 1980 Iraq launched an attack on Iran that resulted in much
destruction of Iran’s oil facilities and Iraqi occupation of SW Iran
• A year later Iran launched a counter-offensive and recaptured Iraq-
occupied territory. In 1984 Iran captured the Fao peninsula, which cut Iraq’s
access to the Gulf.
• They proved unable to seize Basra, Iraq’s second largest city. This resulted
in 50 000 to 70 000 Iranian deaths.
• By 1988, Iran was losing both war and their ability to influence the world’s
opinion. Javier Perez de Cuellar, the UN secretary general, announced a
ceasefire beginning August 20 1988. A 350-strong observer force would be
sent to monitor the truth.
29. Results Of The War
• War devastated both countries and led to the
largest US naval buildup since WWII.
• Iranian morale devastated by the Iraqi offensive in
1987. Much of their industry and oil production
was crippled by Iraqi air attacks.
• While only exporting $6 billion of oil a year they
required $10 billion for food, supplies, necessities
• Iraq owed $40 billion to Western Europe alone,
not counting what owed to rich Gulf creditors.
• Use of chemical warfare and missiles by both sides
gave a new dimension to regional conflict.
• Saddam Hussein launched a program to develop
nuclear weapons, hoping to be the first nuclear
power in the Middle East, much to the chagrin of
everyone.
30. The Gulf War: Tension Builds
• Becoming a dominant military power in the Persian Gulf region after the
Iraq-Iran war, Hussein charged Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates with
exceeding oil production quotas established by OPEC.
• Hussein massed troops along the borders of Kuwait, hoping to intimidate
them into paying indemnity.
• Emboldened by America’s apathy, Iraq invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990.
On 6 August, a Security Council resolution imposed economic sanctions on
Iraq.
• Hussein was impervious to international pressure and declared Kuwait
Iraq’s 19th
province on 28 August.
• Diplomatic talks proved futile and the US assembled a coalition of forces
from 25 countries. For the first time since Korea, the UN approved
collective security against an aggressor state.
• Javier Perez de Cuellar met Hussein on 13 January to try to resolve the
situation diplomatically. It failed, and on the 15th
the Gulf War began.
32. More Desert Storm
• Hussein sought hegemony in the Middle East and intended to establish
himself as a leader of the Arab world.
• He maintained that the Gulf crisis could not be resolved unless the United
States and Israel were willing to resolve the Palestinian issue.
• Defeat plunged Iraq into internal feuding.
• Shi’a forces in S. Iraq and Kurdish groups in the North challenged Hussein’s
authority.
• Iraq’s defeat opened the possibility of a US-brokered settlement of the
Palestinian issue.
33.
34. Environmental Warfare
• Roughly 1.1 billion liters of crude oil spilled into the Persian
Gulf as a result of Iraq’s sabotage of Kuwait’s Sea Island oil
terminal.
• Posed a deadly threat to plant and animal life which inhabits
the region.
• Environmentalists we quite frustrated that the clean-up
strategy couldn’t be initiated until the war ended.
• Incredibly large environmental cost.
35. Superpower Involvements In The Middle
East
• Although both US and USSR had vested interest in the region,
reasons for Middle East tensions cannot be reduced to a simple East-
West equation.
• Regional disputes were characterized by shifting alliances and a lack
of any long term commitment to either superpower.
• USSR had even less success in maintaining its presence in the Middle
East than the US.
36. American Policy
• Four specific goals in relations with region:
– Contain Soviet influence
– Retain access to the oil resources of the Gulf region
– Limit Arab radicalism
– Maintaining Israel’s security and well-being
• USA’s commitment to Israel has come into conflict with its attempts to deal with
the Soviets and the Arabs, making it complex for diplomats and residents of the
region alike
• Acting on Reagan’s policies, the USA supported Israel’s attack on Lebanon in May
1982
• Weakening Palestinian nationalism would facilitate the absorption of the West
Bank into Greater Israel.
• Lebanon demonstrated that Israel’s stability was questionable and aggressive
stance on national security could make it a liability.
• With America losing credibility and prestige to the Arab world, they contributed to
the collapse of regional order.
37. Soviet Party PolicySoviet Party Policy
• Soviets had less success in maintaining a presence in the Middle East than in
any other region.
• Divided Middle East into two areas: Central East which included Turkey, Iran,
Afghanistan, sometimes Pakistan and the Near East which includes Israel and
the Arab countries.
• Utmost concern was American presence in the area and the Southern border.
The deployment of American missiles in Turkey and Iran threatened Soviet
security.
• Communism had been unsuccessful in eroding the national and religious forces
that dominate the Middle East.
• Made entry into Middle East in 1955 by signing an arms agreement in Egypt.
Tie maintained until Anwar Sadat terminated the relationship in 1974. Soviets
backed the Arab states in both the 1967 and 1973 conflicts with Israel.
• Although opposing Iraq’s attack on Iran, they remained a major arms supplier.
• Soviet Union did not have a single reliable long-term ally in the entire Middle
East region. Most countries leaned to the West when advantage suited them.
39. Soviet Party Policy - ContinuedSoviet Party Policy - Continued
• The Middle East has not been an area of intense superpower conflict for
two reasons:
– Region dominated by regional disputes which transcend East-West conflict
– The superpower’s priorities, although very different, are
compatible.
• America agreed to refrain from installing missiles in the Gulf region so long
as USSR did not interfere with American access to oil.
• Critical ongoing problem was Palestine. The possibility of a peace
settlement is elusive until the Palestinian problem and Israeli security is
resolved.
• Yassir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin agreed to the Oslo peace accord on 13
September 1993. Accord called for the withdrawal of Israel from Gaza and
the extension of autonomy to the entire West Bank.
• The issues of refugees, borders, and Palestinian statehood were reserved
for future settlement.
• Peace accord seen as a resolution towards tension in the Middle East and
Rabin and Arafat shared a nice Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
40. Palestinian-Israeli Conflict
• Signing the Oslo Peace Accord was initially met with enthusiasm by Palestinians.
• In 1994 Arafat and the PLO returned to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
• Palestinian authority was established immediately and by 1996 support for the
peace accord had risen to 80%.
• Yassir Arafat, leader of the Fatah organization won control of the new Palestinian
legislative council with 77% of seats. This would be the zenith of the Oslo accord.
• By the time of the Camp David accord orchestrated by Clinton in July 2000,
Palestinian support for the agreement fell below 60%.
• To save his leadership, Arafat walked out of meetings with Clinton.
• Declining popularity of Oslo accord was due to developments within the
Palestinian authority. They were angry about the lack of progress in gaining
independence for Palestine and removing the Israelis from occupied territories.
• Both old and young groups recognized Arafat as leader, the older group followed
his lead more closely. The younger group that from 1987-1993 pursued the first
intifada.
41. Palestinian-Israeli Conflict - Continued
• Arafat was the link between the old, authoritarian group and the young
radicals. At that time, he was the only leader with sufficient credibility to
speak for Palestinians, but is also blamed for decisions that have aborted
the peace process.
• Israel helped the Palestinians create a security force primarily as a device to
rein in Hamas.
• Arafat promised peace to Israelis, but did not discourage violence from his
followers.
• Palestine was still resentful of losing three important demands in Oslo:
Jerusalem, return of refugees, and Israeli evacuation of occupied land. The
young Palestinians believed violence was the only option. Thus, suicide
bombings ensued, harming Israel’s economy.
• Suggestions for peace are varied.
• Future of the Middle East remains an enigma.