Bertillonage was an early system of identification that involved precise measurements of parts of the body. In 1882, Alphonse Bertillon introduced anthropometry, which used measurements of height, arm span, head width and other body parts. This system was later replaced after 1888 when fingerprinting was developed as a more accurate method of identification. Fingerprints were first studied in the early 19th century by scientists like Purkinje and Herschel, with Francis Galton publishing a paper in 1891 establishing a classification system for fingerprints. By 1914, Bertillon's anthropometry system had been discredited, as fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals with a high degree of accuracy.

1. IDENTIFICATIOIDENTIFICATIO
NN
Dr. AJEE KURUVILLADr. AJEE KURUVILLA

2. Anthropometry-Anthropometry-
BertillonageBertillonage
 Habitual Criminals Register- Great BritainHabitual Criminals Register- Great Britain
 1882- Anthropometry introduced by1882- Anthropometry introduced by
Alphonse BertillonAlphonse Bertillon
 Based on measurements of – total height,Based on measurements of – total height,
span of arms, ht. of trunk, length & width ofspan of arms, ht. of trunk, length & width of
head, length & width of right ear, length ofhead, length & width of right ear, length of
left foot, left middle & ring finger, left forearmleft foot, left middle & ring finger, left forearm
 1888- Dept of Judicial Identity1888- Dept of Judicial Identity
 Probability- 1 in 4 millionProbability- 1 in 4 million

3. Evolution of finger printEvolution of finger print
as identification toolas identification tool
 1820- Prof Johann Purkinje1820- Prof Johann Purkinje
 1860- William Herschel1860- William Herschel
 Same period- Dr Henry Faulds reported inSame period- Dr Henry Faulds reported in
18801880
 1891- Francis Galton published paper on1891- Francis Galton published paper on
classification of finger printsclassification of finger prints
 Edward Henry-simple classificationEdward Henry-simple classification
 1914- Alphonse Bertillon died a shattered1914- Alphonse Bertillon died a shattered
manman

4. FINGERFINGER
PRINTSPRINTS

5. Fingerprint / DactylographyFingerprint / Dactylography
/ Dermatoglyphics/ Dermatoglyphics
 DactylographyDactylography is the process of takingis the process of taking
impressions of the pulp of fingers andimpressions of the pulp of fingers and
thumbs on an unglazed white paperthumbs on an unglazed white paper
and examining them with a magnifyingand examining them with a magnifying
lens.lens.

6. PrinciplePrinciple
 Fingers covered with characteristicFingers covered with characteristic
ridges – permanent & uniqueridges – permanent & unique
 Different even in twinsDifferent even in twins
 Locard’s principle of exchangeLocard’s principle of exchange
When 2 objects come in contact withWhen 2 objects come in contact with
each other, there will be always aeach other, there will be always a
mutual transference of material frommutual transference of material from
each othereach other

7. ArchesArches

8. LoopsLoops

9. Whorl & Mixed (Composite)Whorl & Mixed (Composite)

10. ClassificationClassification
 4 basic fingerprint patterns:4 basic fingerprint patterns:
Loop – 65 %Loop – 65 %
Whorl – 25 %Whorl – 25 %
Arch – 7 %Arch – 7 %
Composite (Mixed) – 3 %Composite (Mixed) – 3 %
 Arches :Arches : plain arches or tented arches.plain arches or tented arches.
 Loops :Loops : radial or ulnar, depending on the side ofradial or ulnar, depending on the side of
the hand the tail points towards.the hand the tail points towards.
 Composites:Composites: central pocket loop, double loop, accidentalscentral pocket loop, double loop, accidentals

11. Points for comparisonPoints for comparison
 Presence of center [core] and triangle [delta]Presence of center [core] and triangle [delta]
in the printin the print
 Presence of pores [poroscopy]Presence of pores [poroscopy]
 Minutae of ridges- ridge ending, bifurcation,Minutae of ridges- ridge ending, bifurcation,
spur formation, dots, lakes, broken ridge,spur formation, dots, lakes, broken ridge,
short ridge etcshort ridge etc
16 -20 points of fine comparison are
accepted as proof of identity

12. Recording of fingerprintsRecording of fingerprints
 Plain impression:Plain impression: Gentle pressing of inked surfaceGentle pressing of inked surface
of tip of finger / thumb on the paperof tip of finger / thumb on the paper
 Rolled impression:Rolled impression: Rolling the inked finger / thumbRolling the inked finger / thumb
from side to sidefrom side to side
 In criminals:In criminals: Impressions of all the digits of both theImpressions of all the digits of both the
hands are taken & preserved by police for futurehands are taken & preserved by police for future
identificationidentification
 In dead body:In dead body:
dried finger tips (soaked in an alkaline solution);dried finger tips (soaked in an alkaline solution);
if skin peeled off (dermis or peeled-off skinif skin peeled off (dermis or peeled-off skin
hardened by formalin)hardened by formalin)

13.  Latent print:
Although the word latent meansAlthough the word latent means hidden or invisiblehidden or invisible,,
in forensic science the term latent prints means anyin forensic science the term latent prints means any
chance or accidental impressionchance or accidental impression on a surface,on a surface,
regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at theregardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the
time of depositiontime of deposition
 Plastic print:
A finger or palm impression deposited in aA finger or palm impression deposited in a materialmaterial
that retains the shape of the ridge detailthat retains the shape of the ridge detail..
Example: Soft matrrials like wax, soap, clay, etc.Example: Soft matrrials like wax, soap, clay, etc.
 Visible printVisible print :
impression on blood, paint, dust, dye which can beimpression on blood, paint, dust, dye which can be
recorded by photographyrecorded by photography

14. PoroscopyPoroscopy
 Study of pores of sweat glands in theStudy of pores of sweat glands in the
papillary ridges of epidermispapillary ridges of epidermis
 Number of pores, their size, shape &Number of pores, their size, shape &
site in a given length of a ridge -site in a given length of a ridge -
individualisticindividualistic

15. Foot printsFoot prints
Study of impressions of footStudy of impressions of foot
Comparison of DermatoglyphicsComparison of Dermatoglyphics
Measurements of partsMeasurements of parts
Stature = max foot length/ 0.15Stature = max foot length/ 0.15
Walking foot printWalking foot print
Recorded by photographs / castsRecorded by photographs / casts

16. ScarsScars
 Acquired defectAcquired defect
 Result of repair mechanismResult of repair mechanism
 Covered by epitheliumCovered by epithelium
 Devoid of pigmentation, sweat glands,Devoid of pigmentation, sweat glands,
hair follicleshair follicles
 MLI: identification, nature of injury,MLI: identification, nature of injury,
causative agent, age of scarcausative agent, age of scar

17. CheiloscopyCheiloscopy
Study of lip printsStudy of lip prints
LinearLinear
BifurcateBifurcate
ReticularReticular
UndeterminedUndetermined
24 individual characteristics24 individual characteristics

18. RugoscopyRugoscopy
 Study of palatal rugaeStudy of palatal rugae
Protected from TraumaProtected from Trauma
IndividualIndividual
Do not change during growthDo not change during growth
 Harrison Allen (1889)Harrison Allen (1889)
 Primary rugae, secondary rugae,Primary rugae, secondary rugae,
fragmented rugaefragmented rugae

19. Forensic OdontologyForensic Odontology
(Forensic Dentistry)(Forensic Dentistry)
 Identification: Comparing antemortemIdentification: Comparing antemortem
(AM) & postmortem (PM) records(AM) & postmortem (PM) records
 burnt,mutilated, decomposing remainsburnt,mutilated, decomposing remains
 Estimation of ageEstimation of age
 Race, occupation, sexRace, occupation, sex
 Bite marksBite marks
 Diagnosis of poisoningDiagnosis of poisoning

20. 6. The finger print system (dactylography)6. The finger print system (dactylography)
was devised bywas devised by
a) H.H. Asquith .a) H.H. Asquith .
b) Francis Galton.b) Francis Galton.
c) Alphonse Bertillonc) Alphonse Bertillon
d) Edward Henryd) Edward Henry

21. 8. The term “latent fingerprint” refers to8. The term “latent fingerprint” refers to
a) Invisible fingerprint on any surface thata) Invisible fingerprint on any surface that
requires developing .requires developing .
b) Visible fingerprinting made on soft surfaceb) Visible fingerprinting made on soft surface
c) Visible print made by finger contaminatedc) Visible print made by finger contaminated
with blood, paint etc.with blood, paint etc.
d) all the aboved) all the above

22. 9. One of the following is NOT a type of9. One of the following is NOT a type of
fingerprintfingerprint
a) Circle .a) Circle .
b) Loopb) Loop
c) Archc) Arch
d) Whorld) Whorl

23. 10.10. For positive identification by comparingFor positive identification by comparing
fingerprints, the minimum number offingerprints, the minimum number of
points of similarity of minutiae ispoints of similarity of minutiae is
a) 4-5a) 4-5
b) 6-10b) 6-10
c) 11-15c) 11-15
d) 16-20d) 16-20

24. 11.11. Fingerprint impressions left by fingersFingerprint impressions left by fingers
contaminated by blood or paint at a scenecontaminated by blood or paint at a scene
of crime are referred to asof crime are referred to as
a) Visible prints.a) Visible prints.
b) Latent prints.b) Latent prints.
c) Plastic prints.c) Plastic prints.
d) Chance prints..d) Chance prints..

25. 12.12. Fingerprint impressions left on softFingerprint impressions left on soft
substance such as wax or clay at a scene ofsubstance such as wax or clay at a scene of
crime arecrime are
a) Visible prints.a) Visible prints.
b) Latent prints.b) Latent prints.
c) Plastic prints.c) Plastic prints.
d) Chance prints..d) Chance prints..

26. 13.13. Of all the patterns of fingerprints, theOf all the patterns of fingerprints, the
commonest pattern iscommonest pattern is
a) Archa) Arch
b) Loop.b) Loop.
c) Whorl.c) Whorl.
d) Composited) Composite

27. 14.14. Cheiloscopy is the study ofCheiloscopy is the study of
a) Epidermal ridges.a) Epidermal ridges.
b) Palatal rugae.b) Palatal rugae.
c) Skull sutures.c) Skull sutures.
d) Lip prints .d) Lip prints .

28. 15.15. The study of epidermal ridges and theirThe study of epidermal ridges and their
configuration is referred to asconfiguration is referred to as
a) Dactylography .a) Dactylography .
b) Dermatoglyphics.b) Dermatoglyphics.
c) Anthropometry.c) Anthropometry.
d) Rugoscopy .d) Rugoscopy .

29. 16.16. All the following are types of lip printsAll the following are types of lip prints
EXCEPTEXCEPT
a) Linear.a) Linear.
b) Bifurcate.b) Bifurcate.
c) Reticular.c) Reticular.
d) Fragmented.d) Fragmented.

30. 17.17. Bertillion system is applicable to :Bertillion system is applicable to :
a) Adults.a) Adults.
b) Children .b) Children .
c) Infants.c) Infants.
d) All of them.d) All of them.

31. THANK YOUTHANK YOU