This document discusses various methods for identifying sex, including: 1. Certain evidence includes presence of testes in males and ovaries in females, shown by ejaculation and menstruation after puberty. 2. Probable evidence includes sex-specific physical characteristics like breasts or facial hair. 3. Nuclear sexing examines Barr bodies, Davidson bodies, and Y chromosomes to determine sex. 4. Some intersex conditions exist where characteristics of both sexes are present, like Klinefelter's or Turner's syndromes. 5. Skeletal analysis, especially of the pelvis and skull, can determine sex with up to 100% accuracy.

1. Identification of Sex
Dr Ajee Kuruvilla

2. Most certain evidences:
 Presence of testis in males & ovaries in
females.
 Shown by ejaculation & menstruation
respectively after puberty in males &
females.

3. Highly probable evidences:
 Females: Presence of breast, vagina,
appropriate muscular development,
absence of moustache, beard, chest hair.
 Males: Absence of breast tissue,
appropriate muscular development,
Presence of penis, moustache, beard,
chest hair.

4. Presumptive evidence
 Face
 Dress
 Costume
 Hair
 Voice
 inclination for opposite sex etc.

5. NUCLEAR SEXING
The sex can be determined by studying the
presence of:
 Barr bodies
 Davidson’s bodies and
 ‘Y’ chromosomes.

6. Barr bodies (Sex Chromatin)
 It is plano convex nuclear condensation seen at the inner
surface of the nuclear membrane.
 In females more than 40% of nuclei of buccal mucosa contain
chromatin body (chromatin positive),
 in males only less than 10% of nuclei contain chromatin body
(chromatin negative).
 The ideal tissues to study Barr bodies are buccal mucosa,
skin, smooth muscle and cartilage.
 Medico Legal Importance: To differentiate between males &
females

7. Davidson body
 In females, upto 6% of polymorphic
W.B.C’s (i.e. neutrophils and eosinophils)
show a thin stalked drumstick like
projection at the periphery of the nucleus.
 This is absent in males.

8. Y- Chromosomes:
 The ‘Y’ Chromosomes present in males are
fluroscent for the dye Quinacrine
dihydrochloride.
 Blood stains, cartilage, bone marrow, teeth
pulp and hair root pulp can be used as
specimens.

9. INTERSEX STATES
 These are the conditions wherein both male and
female characters coexist in varying degrees in
the same individual.
 Gonadal agenesis – gonads (either ovaries or
testes) fail to develop. The nuclear sex is
chromatin negative.
 Gonadal dysgenesis – External genital organs
are present, but the testes or ovaries fail to
develop at puberty.

10. Gonadal dysgenesis
 Klinefelter’s syndrome
 Turner’s syndrome

11. Klinefelter’s syndrome
 Anatomical structure in male,
 but the nuclear sexing is female (chromatin
positive).
 The chromosomal pattern is 47XXY.
Usually undiagnosed till puberty.

12. Klinefelter’s syndrome
 Testes are small & firm in consistency, aspermia, No
semen, Hyalinised testis (histologically).
 Gynaecomastia is usual finding.
 Sexual Euinacioidism
(long arm& legs, scanty public hair growth. may not have
hair growth over face)
The person is usually tall with long slender arm’s & legs,
scanty or absent facial hair, axillary hair and pubic hair, thin
voice (Sexual Euinacioidism).

13. Turner’s syndrome
 Anatomical structure is female
 nuclear sexing is male (chromatin
negative).
 The chrosomal pattern is 45 XO.

14. Turner’s syndrome
 . The person is usually of short stature. There is
lack of development of secondary sexual
characteristics associated with primary
amenorrhoea, grossly undeveloped breast with
widely spaced nipples, scanty public & axillary
hair, infantile tubes and streak ovaries (no ovarian
follicle, contains fibrous tissue). Congenital
anomalies like Web neck, cubitus valgus,
coarctation of aorta, osteoporosis, renal
abnormalities, red green colour blindness.

15. True hermaphroditism
 A rare condition, where in external
genitalia may be of both sexes, but
internally there is presence of both testes
& ovaries and ovotestes.

16. Pseudohermaphroditism
 External characteristics of one sex, with
gonads of opposite sex
 Male pseudohermaphroditism:
Nuclear sex XY, sex organs & sexual
characteristic of female form
 Female pseudohermaphroditism:
Nuclear sex XX, sex organs & sexual
characteristic of male form

17. Medico Legal Importance of sex:
 Marriage, divorce, Nullity of marriage,
inheritance, rape, maternity, paternity,
employment, contesting for election & other
civil rights.

18. ACCURACY OF SEXING….KROGMAN
 ENTIRE SKELETON… 100%
 PELVIS & SKULL…….98%
 PELVIS………………..95%
 SKULL…………………90%
 LONG BONES………..80%

19. MALE
 BONY FRAME MASSIVE
INLET DEEP & NARROW
ILIUM LESS EXPANDED
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR
ILIAC SPINES NOT
WIDELY SEPARATED
FEMALE
LESS MASSIVE
SHALLOW & WIDE
MORE EXPANDED
WIDELY SEPARATED
PELVIS

20. SUPRA PUBIC ARCH
NARROW (<70)
ISCHIAL TEBEROSITY
INVERTED
OBTURATOR FORAMINA
OVOID
GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH
NARROW
>90
EVERTED
TRIANGULAR
WIDE

21. MALE
ACETABULA WIDER
AND DEEPER
FEMALE
NARROWER AND SHALLOWER
MALE
LONG AND NARROW
WELL MARKED
PROMONTORY
CURVE IS EQUAL OVER
ENTIRE LENGHT
FEMALE
WIDE AND SHORT
LESS MARKED
CURVED BELOW THE CENTRE
OF 3RD
S. VERTEBRA
SACRUM

22. SKULLMALE
BIGGER ,HEAVIER, AND
MORE RUGGED.
FRONTO NASAL
ANGULATION DISTINCT
GLABELLA,SUPRAORBITAL
RIDGES MORE PRONOUNCED
ORBITAL OPENING- BIG
AND RETANGULAR
FEMALE
LIGHTER, SMALLER ,AND
LESS RUGGED.
NOT WELL MARKED
LESS PRONOUNCED
SMALL AND ROUNDED

23. MALE
LOWER JAW MORE
MASSIVE
CHIN SQUARE
SYMPHYSEAL HEIGHT MORE
RAMUS MORE BROAD
ANGLE EVERTED
FEMALE
LESS MASSIVE
POINTED OR ROUNDED
HEIGHT LESS
RAMUS LESS BROAD
NOT EVERTED
MANDIBLE

24. THANK U....!!!!