This document describes the design and testing of a fiber optic probe to measure metabolic properties of human carotid plaque. The probe was designed to interrogate a small tissue volume (<1 mm3) and determine pH and lactate concentration in vitro. Monte Carlo simulations were used to optimize probe geometry for depth penetration. Several probe designs were tested and a final probe with a 50 micron source-receiver separation was chosen. Human carotid plaques were studied in vitro to validate experimental stability over 4 hours. The probe and experimental methods achieved the stability criteria of less than 0.03 pH change and 0.4°C temperature change per hour, demonstrating feasibility for optical spectroscopy of plaque metabolism.
THE USE OF MICRO- AND MACRO-AUTORADIOGRAPHY TO STUDY THE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION ...QPS Holdings, LLC
Objectives:
To educate about the methods used to perform Quantitative Whole-Body Autoradiography (QWBA) and Micro-Autoradiography (MARG) to facilitate an understanding of the benefits and limitations of the techniques.
To present examples of how QWBA and MARG have been used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate drugs.
This document discusses microautoradiography, which is a technique used to visualize the distribution of radioactive substances in biological samples at a microscopic level. It involves incubating tissue with a radioactive ligand, then exposing photographic film or emulsion to the radioactivity emitted. This allows the localization of the radioactive material within subcellular structures. The technique provides high resolution and sensitivity. It has various applications in fields like cell biology, pharmacology, and molecular biology to study processes like cell division, drug targeting, and DNA/RNA localization.
The document discusses small animal imaging techniques. It provides an overview of various imaging modalities including their resolutions and applications. Specific techniques covered include bioluminescence imaging, fluorescence imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography. The document also discusses fluorescent probes and reagents used for small animal imaging including near-infrared dyes, quantum dots, fluorescent microspheres, and protease-activatable probes. Potential applications highlighted include tumor detection, vascular imaging, and monitoring of enzyme activity.
Autoradiography uses a photographic emulsion to visualize molecules labeled with radioactive elements. The emulsion contains silver halide crystals that become reduced to metallic silver when exposed to radiation from the radioactive material. Photographic developers then show these silver grains as blackening of the film. Techniques of autoradiography have become important in molecular biology for cell and tissue localization experiments using weak beta-emitting isotopes like tritium, carbon-14, and sulfur-35 that result in discrete images. Electron microscopy can then be used to locate the image in the developed film.
The document discusses the history and applications of lasers in dentistry. It notes that the first laser was invented in 1960 and they began being used in dentistry in 1964. It describes different types of lasers like CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers and their uses for procedures like biopsies, frenectomies, and removing lesions. It also summarizes various laser applications in orthodontics such as bonding/debonding brackets, accelerating tooth movement, and preventing cavities during treatment.
This document discusses the use of gold nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer. It begins with an introduction to cancer and the side effects of traditional chemotherapy and radiation treatments. It then discusses how nanotechnology can be used to develop targeted drug delivery systems using gold nanoparticles. The document outlines the properties of gold nanoparticles that make them suitable for photothermal therapy applications for cancer treatment, including their ability to absorb light and generate heat. It also discusses the different types of gold nanoparticles, methods for synthesizing and characterizing them, and their potential applications and progress in cancer treatment.
Rita Schwieters conducted research on investigating the properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under the advisement of Dr. Chris Sorensen and grad student Jeff Powell. The research measured the enthalpy of dissolution for 5nm AuNPs ligated with dodecanethiol in a solution of dodecanethiol and toluene. Transition electron microscopy was used to determine the average particle diameter was 5.5nm with a 16% standard deviation. Analysis of the data collected at different temperatures allowed for the calculation of the enthalpy of dissolution and from that the interparticle potential and melting point, though adjustments are still needed to the model. Future work is needed to further understand the rejuven
THE USE OF MICRO- AND MACRO-AUTORADIOGRAPHY TO STUDY THE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION ...QPS Holdings, LLC
Objectives:
To educate about the methods used to perform Quantitative Whole-Body Autoradiography (QWBA) and Micro-Autoradiography (MARG) to facilitate an understanding of the benefits and limitations of the techniques.
To present examples of how QWBA and MARG have been used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate drugs.
This document discusses microautoradiography, which is a technique used to visualize the distribution of radioactive substances in biological samples at a microscopic level. It involves incubating tissue with a radioactive ligand, then exposing photographic film or emulsion to the radioactivity emitted. This allows the localization of the radioactive material within subcellular structures. The technique provides high resolution and sensitivity. It has various applications in fields like cell biology, pharmacology, and molecular biology to study processes like cell division, drug targeting, and DNA/RNA localization.
The document discusses small animal imaging techniques. It provides an overview of various imaging modalities including their resolutions and applications. Specific techniques covered include bioluminescence imaging, fluorescence imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography. The document also discusses fluorescent probes and reagents used for small animal imaging including near-infrared dyes, quantum dots, fluorescent microspheres, and protease-activatable probes. Potential applications highlighted include tumor detection, vascular imaging, and monitoring of enzyme activity.
Autoradiography uses a photographic emulsion to visualize molecules labeled with radioactive elements. The emulsion contains silver halide crystals that become reduced to metallic silver when exposed to radiation from the radioactive material. Photographic developers then show these silver grains as blackening of the film. Techniques of autoradiography have become important in molecular biology for cell and tissue localization experiments using weak beta-emitting isotopes like tritium, carbon-14, and sulfur-35 that result in discrete images. Electron microscopy can then be used to locate the image in the developed film.
The document discusses the history and applications of lasers in dentistry. It notes that the first laser was invented in 1960 and they began being used in dentistry in 1964. It describes different types of lasers like CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers and their uses for procedures like biopsies, frenectomies, and removing lesions. It also summarizes various laser applications in orthodontics such as bonding/debonding brackets, accelerating tooth movement, and preventing cavities during treatment.
This document discusses the use of gold nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer. It begins with an introduction to cancer and the side effects of traditional chemotherapy and radiation treatments. It then discusses how nanotechnology can be used to develop targeted drug delivery systems using gold nanoparticles. The document outlines the properties of gold nanoparticles that make them suitable for photothermal therapy applications for cancer treatment, including their ability to absorb light and generate heat. It also discusses the different types of gold nanoparticles, methods for synthesizing and characterizing them, and their potential applications and progress in cancer treatment.
Rita Schwieters conducted research on investigating the properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under the advisement of Dr. Chris Sorensen and grad student Jeff Powell. The research measured the enthalpy of dissolution for 5nm AuNPs ligated with dodecanethiol in a solution of dodecanethiol and toluene. Transition electron microscopy was used to determine the average particle diameter was 5.5nm with a 16% standard deviation. Analysis of the data collected at different temperatures allowed for the calculation of the enthalpy of dissolution and from that the interparticle potential and melting point, though adjustments are still needed to the model. Future work is needed to further understand the rejuven
This document discusses lensfree microscopy and tomography techniques developed by Serhan Isikman for biomedical applications. [1] Lensfree microscopy uses holograms recorded by a sensor array to digitally reconstruct microscope images over a wide field of view in a compact, low-cost system. [2] It has been used to rapidly count red blood cells on a chip with high accuracy. [3] Lensfree optical tomography similarly uses holograms from multiple angles to computationally generate 3D images without lenses, achieving micrometer-scale resolution.
Research Poster - ISPE Boston Area Student Competition WinnerConnor Williams
The integration of process analytical technologies (PAT) is paramount for bioprocess intensification. An NIR-based absorption photometer was developed to enable real-time monitoring of optical density in yeast fermentation cultures. Studies showed the photometer provided accurate measurements of optical density above 2.0 and could be used to automate nutrient feeds based on cell density measurements. Below an optical density of 2.0, readings were less accurate due to fluctuations from bubbles. Correlations between photometer readings and offline optical density measurements allowed modeling of culture growth in real-time.
- Small Animal In Vivo Imaging (SAIVI) has 25 years of experience developing fluorescent molecules and 45 chemists with expertise in organic and inorganic dyes, ligands, and enzyme substrates.
- SAIVI is now applying its expertise and tools to enable animal imaging to better understand the key characteristics required for effective animal imaging reagents.
- Molecular imaging combines targeting technology from molecular biology with detection technology from imaging instrumentation to image and monitor cellular and animal physiology and function in vivo.
Monitoring live cell viability Comparative studyWerden Keeler
This document compares three live cell imaging techniques: fluorescence microscopy, oblique incidence reflection microscopy, and phase contrast microscopy. It finds that oblique incidence reflection microscopy is the simplest, least expensive, and least phototoxic method, causing the least damage to live cells during long-term monitoring of cell viability. The document describes the equipment and cell lines used, including normal and cancerous cell lines tagged with fluorescent proteins or unlabeled, to evaluate the stresses induced by different illumination techniques.
in-organic nanoparticles are the recent advances in the nanotechnology for their targeted drug delivery systems.
Here in this ppt i beifly focoused on the important points regarding the iron oxide nanoparticles,gold nanao particles,silver nanoparticles,and gold nanoparticles.
Forgive my flaws :-)
This document summarizes the capabilities of LightLab OCT technology for plaque characterization and precision imaging and therapy. LightLab OCT uses near-infrared light to provide ultra high-resolution imaging down to 12 micrometers. In addition to morphological imaging, it enables spectroscopic, polarization, Doppler, and elastography imaging. These advanced imaging modes allow for a better understanding of microanatomic plaque characteristics such as composition, structure, and orderliness. LightLab OCT technology has applications in selecting appropriate therapies, guiding targeted delivery, and developing new therapeutic approaches.
This document describes LightLab OCT technology which uses optical coherence tomography to provide high-resolution real-time imaging of plaque in arteries. It can characterize plaque through morphological imaging as well as spectroscopic, polarization, Doppler, and elastography imaging. These advanced imaging techniques provide information on plaque structure, composition, and characteristics to help clinicians select and guide appropriate therapies.
This document describes LightLab OCT technology which uses optical coherence tomography to provide high-resolution real-time imaging of plaque in arteries. It can characterize plaque through morphological imaging as well as spectroscopic, polarization, Doppler, and elastography imaging. These advanced imaging modes give information on plaque structure, composition, and characteristics to help clinicians select and guide appropriate therapies.
This document describes how laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to generate 3D elemental images of nanoparticle distribution in biological tissue at multiple scales. Sliced kidney tissue sections were mapped using LIBS to reconstruct the global nanoparticle distribution throughout the entire organ. Higher resolution LIBS imaging was also performed on specific regions of interest by repeatedly ablating the same tissue volume. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that LIBS can quantitatively image both endogenous and exogenous elements in 3D within entire organs.
1. Gold nanoparticles show potential for use in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their optical and photothermal properties.
2. Gold nanoparticles can be engineered to absorb near-infrared light and convert it to heat, killing nearby cancer cells through localized hyperthermia while sparing healthy cells.
3. Various synthesis methods like the Turkevich and Brust methods allow for production of monodisperse gold nanoparticles tuned to specific light absorption properties ideal for photothermal therapy applications.
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydro...Jing Zang
This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
Diode laser applications in periodonticsMinkle Gulati
This document summarizes 5 case reports demonstrating the use of a 940nm diode laser for various soft tissue dental procedures. The laser was used to perform a frenectomy, second stage implant surgery, vestibular deepening, gingivectomy, and gingival depigmentation. For all cases, the laser provided advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, pain, swelling and scarring. Patients experienced faster healing and good postoperative outcomes. The document concludes the diode laser is a beneficial device for soft tissue dental surgery that provides intraoperative and postoperative advantages compared to conventional methods.
Preclinical Imaging with Fluorescence In Vivo EndomicroscopyInsideScientific
Laser confocal endomicroscopy (LCE) is the technology that bridges the gap and delivers the best of both worlds. Its confocal principle offers cellular resolution while probe-based endoscopic imaging facilitates real-time in vivo imaging of tissues with minimal invasiveness. The nickname of “virtual histology” is fitting, as it captures real-time microscale images comparable to histology. LCE is a cutting-edge imaging modality with endless possibilities, and numerous research groups are exploring this tool for their preclinical imaging needs.
In this live webinar hosted by Scintica Instrumentation, Dr. Mohammedayaz Rangrez provides scientists with theoretical and practical knowledge of the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) and its preclinical research applications. This webinar features a hands-on demonstration, imaging in different tissue types, Z sectioning and other key capabilities of the system. Participants will also learn about FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) software features, its integration with ImageJ, and 3-D video capture of tissue architecture.
Topics discussed in this webinar include:
- The advantages of laser confocal endomicroscopy over benchtop confocal microscopy and PET/MRI
- Hardware functionality and software operation of the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) – fluorescence in vivo endomicroscope
- How to use the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) for imaging tissue architecture with cellular resolution and for optical sectioning
- How to apply the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) in preclinical imaging
- Troubleshooting and safety tips of the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo)
Gold nanoshells are being researched for use in photothermal cancer therapy. They are synthesized using methods such as coating silica-liposomes with gold. When exposed to near-infrared light, gold nanoshells heat up and destroy cancer cells in vitro. However, challenges remain in making them efficiently and safely for human use, which requires further research and FDA approval before clinical trials can begin.
This document discusses the use of lasers in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It describes the properties and components of lasers and their interactions with biological tissues. Various laser types are discussed for applications in dentistry like oral surgery, periodontics, operative dentistry and more. The effects of temperature on tissue and delivery systems are outlined. Surgical techniques, indications for treatment, advantages, and disadvantages of laser surgery are summarized. Specific oral surgical applications like treating white patches, erythroplakia, lichen planus, denture-induced hyperplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma are described. Laser safety and cosmetic applications are also covered.
Gold Nano Particles Of Cancer Treatment: A ReviewShrikant Shirole
Gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising agents for cancer
therapy and are being investigated as drug carriers, photothermal
agents, contrast agents and radiosensitisers. Cancer is the disease
caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the
body.In this review some various nanotechnology is found the 10 new
technique and treated with all the cancer treatment is beneficial
compare to other cancer therapy.Will the synthesis of various gold
nano particles and find out the gold nano shells, gold nano cages, gold
colloidal nano spheres. Then Nanoparticles can be used to target bio markers or antigens that
are highly specific to Cancer cells.This gold nano particles using the therapy Rheumatoid
arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Cancer detection. The introduces to the cancer diseases,nano
particles techniques, cancer therapy, then various types of the gold nano particles, propertices
of cancer cells, future scope of cancer treatment, applications, background of cancer
treatment will be discussed.
KEYWORDS: Gold nano particles techniques, cancer treatment, clinical trials.
This document summarizes presentations from symposiums on vulnerable plaque and atherothrombosis. It discusses the role of plaque disruption, blood thrombogenicity, and patient vulnerability in acute coronary events. Specifically, it examines how risk factors like diabetes, smoking, and hyperlipidemia can increase blood thrombogenicity by enhancing tissue factor activity and other prothrombotic mechanisms. Targeting the tissue factor pathway with inhibitors is proposed as a promising new approach to antithrombotic therapy.
This document describes a study comparing four types of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and their ability to be taken up by macrophages and detect plaque inflammation via MRI. The study finds that lipid-coated SPIO-2 is taken up well by macrophages, induces less oxidative stress than dextran-coated SPIO, and is not inhibited by a mannose receptor inhibitor. Lipid-coated SPIO-2 shows potential for contrast-enhanced MRI to detect vulnerable plaques associated with atherosclerosis and acute coronary events. The ability to identify vulnerable plaques through this method could allow for improved treatment and reduced mortality from heart attacks and strokes.
The document discusses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of atherosclerosis in human carotid arteries. It summarizes several studies examining features of carotid plaques such as calcified regions, neovasculature and necrotic cores, reproducibility of measurements, appearance of intraplaque hemorrhage, and MRI appearance of thick fibrous caps. The document includes MRI images and photomicrographs comparing MRI findings to histology.
This document discusses lensfree microscopy and tomography techniques developed by Serhan Isikman for biomedical applications. [1] Lensfree microscopy uses holograms recorded by a sensor array to digitally reconstruct microscope images over a wide field of view in a compact, low-cost system. [2] It has been used to rapidly count red blood cells on a chip with high accuracy. [3] Lensfree optical tomography similarly uses holograms from multiple angles to computationally generate 3D images without lenses, achieving micrometer-scale resolution.
Research Poster - ISPE Boston Area Student Competition WinnerConnor Williams
The integration of process analytical technologies (PAT) is paramount for bioprocess intensification. An NIR-based absorption photometer was developed to enable real-time monitoring of optical density in yeast fermentation cultures. Studies showed the photometer provided accurate measurements of optical density above 2.0 and could be used to automate nutrient feeds based on cell density measurements. Below an optical density of 2.0, readings were less accurate due to fluctuations from bubbles. Correlations between photometer readings and offline optical density measurements allowed modeling of culture growth in real-time.
- Small Animal In Vivo Imaging (SAIVI) has 25 years of experience developing fluorescent molecules and 45 chemists with expertise in organic and inorganic dyes, ligands, and enzyme substrates.
- SAIVI is now applying its expertise and tools to enable animal imaging to better understand the key characteristics required for effective animal imaging reagents.
- Molecular imaging combines targeting technology from molecular biology with detection technology from imaging instrumentation to image and monitor cellular and animal physiology and function in vivo.
Monitoring live cell viability Comparative studyWerden Keeler
This document compares three live cell imaging techniques: fluorescence microscopy, oblique incidence reflection microscopy, and phase contrast microscopy. It finds that oblique incidence reflection microscopy is the simplest, least expensive, and least phototoxic method, causing the least damage to live cells during long-term monitoring of cell viability. The document describes the equipment and cell lines used, including normal and cancerous cell lines tagged with fluorescent proteins or unlabeled, to evaluate the stresses induced by different illumination techniques.
in-organic nanoparticles are the recent advances in the nanotechnology for their targeted drug delivery systems.
Here in this ppt i beifly focoused on the important points regarding the iron oxide nanoparticles,gold nanao particles,silver nanoparticles,and gold nanoparticles.
Forgive my flaws :-)
This document summarizes the capabilities of LightLab OCT technology for plaque characterization and precision imaging and therapy. LightLab OCT uses near-infrared light to provide ultra high-resolution imaging down to 12 micrometers. In addition to morphological imaging, it enables spectroscopic, polarization, Doppler, and elastography imaging. These advanced imaging modes allow for a better understanding of microanatomic plaque characteristics such as composition, structure, and orderliness. LightLab OCT technology has applications in selecting appropriate therapies, guiding targeted delivery, and developing new therapeutic approaches.
This document describes LightLab OCT technology which uses optical coherence tomography to provide high-resolution real-time imaging of plaque in arteries. It can characterize plaque through morphological imaging as well as spectroscopic, polarization, Doppler, and elastography imaging. These advanced imaging techniques provide information on plaque structure, composition, and characteristics to help clinicians select and guide appropriate therapies.
This document describes LightLab OCT technology which uses optical coherence tomography to provide high-resolution real-time imaging of plaque in arteries. It can characterize plaque through morphological imaging as well as spectroscopic, polarization, Doppler, and elastography imaging. These advanced imaging modes give information on plaque structure, composition, and characteristics to help clinicians select and guide appropriate therapies.
This document describes how laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to generate 3D elemental images of nanoparticle distribution in biological tissue at multiple scales. Sliced kidney tissue sections were mapped using LIBS to reconstruct the global nanoparticle distribution throughout the entire organ. Higher resolution LIBS imaging was also performed on specific regions of interest by repeatedly ablating the same tissue volume. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that LIBS can quantitatively image both endogenous and exogenous elements in 3D within entire organs.
1. Gold nanoparticles show potential for use in cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their optical and photothermal properties.
2. Gold nanoparticles can be engineered to absorb near-infrared light and convert it to heat, killing nearby cancer cells through localized hyperthermia while sparing healthy cells.
3. Various synthesis methods like the Turkevich and Brust methods allow for production of monodisperse gold nanoparticles tuned to specific light absorption properties ideal for photothermal therapy applications.
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydro...Jing Zang
This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
Nanotechnology and its Application in Cancer TreatmentHasnat Tariq
Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Nanostructures
Nanoparticles
Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
MTT Assay
Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
Median lethal dose (LD 50)
Experimental design
FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
Biochemical investigations
Conclusion
Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment
Nanoshells
Nano X-Ray therapy
Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles
Diode laser applications in periodonticsMinkle Gulati
This document summarizes 5 case reports demonstrating the use of a 940nm diode laser for various soft tissue dental procedures. The laser was used to perform a frenectomy, second stage implant surgery, vestibular deepening, gingivectomy, and gingival depigmentation. For all cases, the laser provided advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, pain, swelling and scarring. Patients experienced faster healing and good postoperative outcomes. The document concludes the diode laser is a beneficial device for soft tissue dental surgery that provides intraoperative and postoperative advantages compared to conventional methods.
Preclinical Imaging with Fluorescence In Vivo EndomicroscopyInsideScientific
Laser confocal endomicroscopy (LCE) is the technology that bridges the gap and delivers the best of both worlds. Its confocal principle offers cellular resolution while probe-based endoscopic imaging facilitates real-time in vivo imaging of tissues with minimal invasiveness. The nickname of “virtual histology” is fitting, as it captures real-time microscale images comparable to histology. LCE is a cutting-edge imaging modality with endless possibilities, and numerous research groups are exploring this tool for their preclinical imaging needs.
In this live webinar hosted by Scintica Instrumentation, Dr. Mohammedayaz Rangrez provides scientists with theoretical and practical knowledge of the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) and its preclinical research applications. This webinar features a hands-on demonstration, imaging in different tissue types, Z sectioning and other key capabilities of the system. Participants will also learn about FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) software features, its integration with ImageJ, and 3-D video capture of tissue architecture.
Topics discussed in this webinar include:
- The advantages of laser confocal endomicroscopy over benchtop confocal microscopy and PET/MRI
- Hardware functionality and software operation of the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) – fluorescence in vivo endomicroscope
- How to use the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) for imaging tissue architecture with cellular resolution and for optical sectioning
- How to apply the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo) in preclinical imaging
- Troubleshooting and safety tips of the FIVE2 (ViewnVivo)
Gold nanoshells are being researched for use in photothermal cancer therapy. They are synthesized using methods such as coating silica-liposomes with gold. When exposed to near-infrared light, gold nanoshells heat up and destroy cancer cells in vitro. However, challenges remain in making them efficiently and safely for human use, which requires further research and FDA approval before clinical trials can begin.
This document discusses the use of lasers in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It describes the properties and components of lasers and their interactions with biological tissues. Various laser types are discussed for applications in dentistry like oral surgery, periodontics, operative dentistry and more. The effects of temperature on tissue and delivery systems are outlined. Surgical techniques, indications for treatment, advantages, and disadvantages of laser surgery are summarized. Specific oral surgical applications like treating white patches, erythroplakia, lichen planus, denture-induced hyperplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma are described. Laser safety and cosmetic applications are also covered.
Gold Nano Particles Of Cancer Treatment: A ReviewShrikant Shirole
Gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising agents for cancer
therapy and are being investigated as drug carriers, photothermal
agents, contrast agents and radiosensitisers. Cancer is the disease
caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the
body.In this review some various nanotechnology is found the 10 new
technique and treated with all the cancer treatment is beneficial
compare to other cancer therapy.Will the synthesis of various gold
nano particles and find out the gold nano shells, gold nano cages, gold
colloidal nano spheres. Then Nanoparticles can be used to target bio markers or antigens that
are highly specific to Cancer cells.This gold nano particles using the therapy Rheumatoid
arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Cancer detection. The introduces to the cancer diseases,nano
particles techniques, cancer therapy, then various types of the gold nano particles, propertices
of cancer cells, future scope of cancer treatment, applications, background of cancer
treatment will be discussed.
KEYWORDS: Gold nano particles techniques, cancer treatment, clinical trials.
This document summarizes presentations from symposiums on vulnerable plaque and atherothrombosis. It discusses the role of plaque disruption, blood thrombogenicity, and patient vulnerability in acute coronary events. Specifically, it examines how risk factors like diabetes, smoking, and hyperlipidemia can increase blood thrombogenicity by enhancing tissue factor activity and other prothrombotic mechanisms. Targeting the tissue factor pathway with inhibitors is proposed as a promising new approach to antithrombotic therapy.
This document describes a study comparing four types of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and their ability to be taken up by macrophages and detect plaque inflammation via MRI. The study finds that lipid-coated SPIO-2 is taken up well by macrophages, induces less oxidative stress than dextran-coated SPIO, and is not inhibited by a mannose receptor inhibitor. Lipid-coated SPIO-2 shows potential for contrast-enhanced MRI to detect vulnerable plaques associated with atherosclerosis and acute coronary events. The ability to identify vulnerable plaques through this method could allow for improved treatment and reduced mortality from heart attacks and strokes.
The document discusses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of atherosclerosis in human carotid arteries. It summarizes several studies examining features of carotid plaques such as calcified regions, neovasculature and necrotic cores, reproducibility of measurements, appearance of intraplaque hemorrhage, and MRI appearance of thick fibrous caps. The document includes MRI images and photomicrographs comparing MRI findings to histology.
This document discusses vascular interventions guided by MRI, including:
1) Early experiments with intravascular MRI to image arteries and plaques.
2) The technical challenges of MRI-guided balloon angioplasty and stent placement, such as developing MRI-compatible devices and monitoring procedures.
3) Examples of MRI-guided balloon angioplasty, stent placement, and plaque characterization in human studies.
4) The potential for MRI to guide new treatments like gene therapy delivery to diseased arteries.
The document presents research on the secretion and regulation of apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) by primary hamster intestinal enterocytes. Studies show increased intracellular stability and oversecretion of ApoB48 from fructose-fed hamster enterocytes. The results suggest that hyperinsulinemia and increased de novo lipogenesis in the intestine may enhance ApoB48 secretion and contribute to elevated triglyceride levels.
1. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in response to pathogens or injury may promote atherosclerosis through stimulating neointima formation and plaque development.
2. Adventitial fibroblasts express TLR4 and TLR4 activation in these cells can induce neointima formation and early plaque development through increased migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells.
3. Both luminal and adventitial TLR4 activation may contribute to atherosclerosis, though the direction of cell migration and their interactions require further study.
Calcium can be both good and bad in atherosclerosis. While calcium burden is a significant predictor of future cardiovascular events, papers on plaque rupture do not always discuss calcification. The document discusses several past studies that have shown calcium can be present deep within plaques, near the lipid core and necrotic areas. This suggests calcium is sometimes located in areas prone to rupture rather than only being present in stable, fibrotic regions. The location and extent of calcium deposits may help determine whether it indicates a more stable or high-risk plaque.
1. Autoimmune reactions against heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP60, may play an important role in the early development of atherosclerosis.
2. HSPs released from necrotic cells in advanced atherosclerotic plaques can stimulate the innate immune response and promote inflammation, attracting more inflammatory cells and linking to complications like plaque rupture or thrombosis.
3. Both humoral and cellular immune reactions against HSP60 work together with classical risk factors to develop and progress atherosclerosis.
The document discusses carotid artery plaque and atherosclerosis. It mentions the carotid arteries, carotid bifurcation, and internal carotid artery stenosis and plaque formation. The key areas discussed are plaque buildup in the carotid arteries and at the point where the arteries branch.
The document discusses the therapeutic effects of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) on cardiovascular disease that are independent of cholesterol. It summarizes a study that found HDL administered before ischemia improved cardiac function recovery in rats and reduced markers of injury. The protective effects of HDL are thought to be due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, in addition to reversing cholesterol transport. Questions are raised about the underlying mechanisms of HDL's direct protective effects on heart tissue and whether these effects may be more important for reducing cardiovascular events than HDL's anti-atherosclerotic role.
This document contains fluorescence intensity measurements from a fluorescence-based assay using different concentrations of FITC-labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FITC SPIO). The measurements are reported in arbitrary fluorescence units (AFU) per well with standard deviations for various concentrations of FITC SPIO ranging from 10.0 to 0.0 ug/mL.
This document contains graphs showing the distribution of plaque area, macrophages, lipids, and smooth muscle cells at different distances from the renal artery in atherosclerotic plaques. It also contains images showing macrophage and smooth muscle cell distribution, as well as oxLDL accumulation and MMP activity, suggesting these factors contribute to plaque development and vulnerability.
Shear stress regulation and vascular remodeling in response to changes in blood flow were found to differ significantly between rat strains. A study examining the effects of chronic flow alteration in the carotid arteries of genetically hypertensive (GH) rats and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHR-SP) rats identified the SHR-SP strain as poor regulators of shear stress compared to the GH strain. Further research utilizing these strains may help identify key genes involved in flow-mediated processes like shear stress regulation and vascular remodeling, with the goal of determining novel therapeutic targets to improve treatment of diseases involving vascular remodeling.
The study aimed to show the effect of macrophage uptake of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles on T2 relaxation time in vitro. Macrophages were incubated with different concentrations of Feridex, an SPIO contrast agent, for varying time periods. T2 relaxation times were measured after 20 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, and 24 hours. Results showed a concentration-dependent reduction in T2 relaxation times with increasing Feridex concentration and incubation time, indicating uptake of SPIO by macrophages can be detected by MRI through effects on T2 relaxation.
The more stenotic a coronary segment is at baseline, the more likely it is to progress to occlusion or myocardial infarction. Less obstructive plaques, which far outnumber severely obstructive plaques, are responsible for most occlusions and infarctions because they are more likely to progress. Myocardial infarction often evolves from plaques that were only mildly or moderately obstructive months or years earlier.
This document discusses the use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to analyze atherosclerotic plaques. It provides definitions of NIR spectroscopy and describes how it allows chemical analysis of plaques. Studies are cited that have used NIR spectroscopy to detect plaque components like lipid pools, thin fibrous caps, and inflammatory cells. The document discusses both advantages and disadvantages of using NIR spectroscopy for in vivo chemical analysis of plaques. It concludes that NIR spectroscopy shows potential for identifying vulnerable plaques but questions remain about its ability to distinguish plaque types in living patients.
There is promising research into developing vaccines against atherosclerosis. Studies have found that vaccination against oxidized LDL and certain ApoB-100 peptides can reduce the development of atherosclerosis in animal models by up to 60%. A recent study immunized ApoE null mice with ApoB-100 peptide sequences and found a 60% reduction in atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta. Further research is still needed but vaccination shows potential as a way to prevent atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques in humans. International collaboration could help advance this area towards developing heart attack prevention through immune modulation.
1. The document discusses intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging techniques for characterizing coronary plaque, including virtual histology, palpography, and other modalities.
2. It summarizes research using IVUS and radiofrequency data analysis to detect thin-cap fibroatheromas and characterize plaque composition in vivo.
3. Studies found more IVUS-detected thin-cap fibroatheromas and larger necrotic cores in patients with acute coronary syndromes compared to stable angina.
1. Autoimmune reactions against heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly HSP60, may play an important role in the early development of atherosclerosis.
2. HSPs released from necrotic cells in advanced atherosclerotic plaques can stimulate the innate immune response and promote inflammation, attracting more inflammatory cells. This may link HSPs to complications like plaque rupture or thrombosis.
3. Both humoral and cellular immune reactions against HSP60 work together with classical cardiovascular risk factors to promote atherosclerosis and its complications.
The facility is a multi-instrument laboratory costing £4.5 million housing instruments for structure determination, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and calorimetry. It is free for university staff, students, and postdocs to use and aims to provide a centralized location for analytical chemistry run by academic experts. Key instruments include NMR spectrometers, X-ray diffractometers, mass spectrometers, thermal analyzers, and spectroscopy equipment for applications like protein structure analysis, materials characterization, and metabolic profiling. Limited technical support is currently provided for the NMR and mass spec instruments.
207 progress with the calibration of a 3 fr near infrared catheterSHAPE Society
The document describes progress made in calibrating a 3 French near infrared spectroscopy fiber optic catheter to non-invasively measure pH and lactate levels in atherosclerotic plaque. Researchers were able to maintain excised human carotid plaques under near physiological conditions for extended periods to collect measurements. Preliminary results show the near infrared measurement of tissue lactate in living plaques correlates well with destructive standard measurements, and this approach may allow direct translation of calibration equations to future in vivo validation studies.
This study aimed to develop a non-destructive method of measuring lactate concentration in atherosclerotic plaques using near-infrared spectroscopy. Human carotid plaques were maintained ex vivo under physiologic conditions for extended measurements. Measurements of pH, temperature, PO2 and PCO2 over time validated plaque viability. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of lactate correlated well with destructive assays, suggesting feasibility of non-destructively assessing plaque activity and vulnerability.
This study aimed to develop a non-destructive method of measuring lactate concentration in atherosclerotic plaques using near-infrared spectroscopy. Human carotid plaques were maintained ex vivo under physiologic conditions for extended measurements. Measurements of pH, temperature, PO2 and PCO2 over time validated plaque viability. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of lactate correlated well with destructive assays, suggesting feasibility of non-destructively assessing plaque activity and vulnerability.
The document describes progress made in calibrating a 3 French near infrared spectroscopy fiber optic catheter to non-invasively measure pH and lactate levels in atherosclerotic plaque. Researchers were able to maintain excised human carotid plaques under near physiological conditions for extended periods to collect measurements. Preliminary results show the near infrared measurement of tissue lactate in living plaques correlates well with destructive standard measurements, and this approach may allow direct translation of calibration equations to future in vivo validation studies.
This document summarizes research on using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure pH levels in atherosclerotic plaque. The researchers were able to calibrate a fiber optic catheter prototype to measure plaque pH ex vivo with an R2 of 0.63 and root mean squared deviation of 0.14 pH units compared to micro-electrode pH readings. With further studies using physiological media and a larger sample size, the goal is to develop a clinically applicable coronary catheter that can identify vulnerable plaques based on pH levels and other metabolic indicators of instability measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.
This document describes research on using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure pH levels in atherosclerotic plaque via a fiber optic catheter. Previous studies showed plaque pH could indicate vulnerability. The researchers collected human carotid plaques and used a prototype catheter to obtain pH readings from 17 tissue sites, which were correlated with optical spectra. A partial least squares model calibrated the spectra to pH with an R^2 of 0.63 and root mean squared deviation of 0.14 pH units. Further work aims to increase the study size under physiological conditions to develop NIR markers of plaque vulnerability for clinical vulnerable plaque detection.
This document describes research on using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure pH levels in atherosclerotic plaque via a fiber optic catheter. Previous studies showed plaque pH heterogeneity and that inflamed regions have lower pH. The researchers collected human carotid plaques and used a 3Fr fiber optic catheter prototype to obtain optical reflectance spectra of 17 tissue sites, which were then calibrated to pH readings from micro-electrodes. A partial least squares model achieved a determination coefficient of 0.63 and root mean squared deviation of 0.14 pH units. Further work aims to increase sample size under physiological conditions to better identify vulnerable plaque based on pH levels in vivo.
This document describes research on using near-infrared spectroscopy to measure pH levels in atherosclerotic plaque via a fiber optic catheter. Previous studies showed plaque pH heterogeneity and that inflamed regions have lower pH. The researchers collected human carotid plaques and used a 3Fr fiber optic catheter prototype to collect optical reflectance spectra from 17 tissue sites, which were calibrated to pH readings from micro-electrodes. A partial least squares model achieved a determination coefficient of 0.63 and root mean squared deviation of 0.14 pH units. Further studies aim to increase sample size under physiological conditions to develop pH-based markers of vulnerable plaque and a clinically applicable coronary catheter.
Presentation on the basic Maldi-Imaging workflow with some information on how...Diane Hatziioanou
Presentation on the basic Maldi-Imaging workflow with some information on how it works. This presentation was prepared for a group meeting and is focused almost entirely on the process of MALDI-Imaging to give the group leaders an understanding of the process as well as some important information on how to make it work well.
This document discusses using near infrared spectroscopy to identify vulnerable plaque by measuring pH and lactate levels. The plan is to develop a fiber optic catheter that can determine pH and lactate levels using NIR spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Previous studies have looked at lipid content but not inflammatory responses. The hypotheses are that areas of inflammation will be more acidic and have higher lactate due to anaerobic metabolism, and these metrics can identify vulnerable plaque. Near term plans include calibrating pH probes, testing the approach on rabbit aorta, and developing a smaller probe for human studies. The goal is to locate vulnerable plaque using NIR spectroscopy.
The document provides an overview of characterization techniques for nanoparticles. It discusses how characterization refers to studying the features, composition, structure and properties of materials. Nanoparticles are defined as particles between 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension. Their small size results in unique physical, chemical and biological properties compared to bulk materials. A variety of characterization techniques are described including optical microscopy techniques like dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy techniques like scanning electron microscopy, and other methods like photon spectroscopy. The techniques allow analyzing properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, structure and chemical composition.
Content for report on micro electronic pillRohit Roy
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of a microelectronic pill capable of multi-parameter physiological analysis. It incorporates four sensor chips measuring temperature, pH, conductivity, and oxygen. The sensors were fabricated using microfabrication techniques on silicon and integrated with an application-specific circuit for control and data transmission. The pill is designed to wirelessly transmit physiological data for medical research applications to study conditions like gastrointestinal disease.
This document summarizes an outline for a presentation on optical imaging probes by Dr. Chalermchai Pilapong. It discusses various types of probes including organic molecules, metal complexes, and inorganic nanocrystals. For organic molecules, it focuses on small fluorescent dyes and strategies to improve their properties. Metal complexes discussed make use of phosphorescence rather than fluorescence. Inorganic probes highlighted are quantum dots and metal nanoclusters, which offer size-tunable optical properties and potential for multi-functionalization. The document provides examples of targeting and biomedical applications for each type of probe.
Technologies for assessment of oxygen delivery | Knut Kvernebo at TBS23scanFOAM
This document summarizes technologies for assessing microvascular function and oxygen delivery. It discusses several key issues in microvascular assessment including the tissues that can be examined non-invasively and measuring small tissue volumes. It then introduces the ODIN concept, which uses the ODI Tech platform involving computer assisted video microscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to measure microvascular parameters in a tissue volume of around 0.1mm3. Examples are given of automated analysis software and proof of concept studies investigating conditions like ECMO treatment, asphyxiated newborns, and COVID-19.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in microbiology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nm. Some key applications discussed include using quantum dots for pathogen detection through fluorescence, using gold and silver nanoparticles in assays like sol particle immunoassays, and using magnetic nanoparticles in detection methods like magnetic relaxation switches that can detect as few as 5 viral particles. The document also discusses nanoparticle-based methods that enable faster, more sensitive detection of pathogens without sample preparation.
Biosensors And Bioelectronics Presentation by Sijung HuConferenceMind
Excellent presentation by Sijung Hu, Loughborough University, United Kingdom. He talks about - "Opto-physiological modeling to drive an effective physiological monitoring: from contact to noncontact, from point to imaging" at the 2nd International Webinar on Biosensors And Bioelectronics
Date: July 12-13, 2021
Visit here for more details:
https://conferencemind.com/conference/biosensorsandbioelectronics
Follow us:-
https://www.facebook.com/Conference-Mind-103557674347276/
https://twitter.com/ConferenceMind
https://www.instagram.com/conferencemind/
https://www.linkedin.com/company/conferencemind-conferences/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2KH-I3EBpPSMkJEZQKIU0A
https://in.pinterest.com/academic0532/_created/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/190611570@N06/
The document discusses biosensors and provides definitions, examples of uses, and classifications. It defines a biosensor as a self-contained device capable of providing quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element in direct contact with a transducer. Biosensors are most commonly used to detect biologically derived molecules and can be classified as either catalytic or affinity biosensors. The key components of a biosensor include a biological detection element, transducer to convert biological detection into a measurable signal, and methods to immobilize the biological element. The document also discusses characteristics and future directions of biosensor development including miniaturization, multianalyte capability, and implantable devices.
Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles. It allows for rapid analysis of multiple characteristics of cells, including size, granularity, and fluorescence intensity. The key components of a flow cytometer include lasers, optical filters, detectors, and fluidics and optics systems to analyze cells in suspension. As cells pass through the laser beam, light is scattered or absorbed, detected, and converted to digital signals for analysis. Applications include cell sorting, cell cycle analysis, and clinical diagnostics. Detection of apoptosis can be done based on changes in light scattering, membrane asymmetry detected by annexin V binding, and other markers.
nanotechnology. INTRODUCTION TO BIONANOTECHNOLOGY
Group : L01-B01 (LAB)
Class Date & Time : 02-Apr-2024, 08:00 - 10:00 AM
All students will be tagged as ABSENT until student scanned QR code OR lecturer manually update attendance status
Similar to 151 performance of a localized fiber optic (20)
This document discusses developing an artificial intelligence system to predict short-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. The goal is to eradicate unexpected heart attacks by predicting risk similar to hurricane forecasts. Existing studies are cited that show over 50% of heart attacks are first symptoms of underlying disease. The document outlines previous work by SHAPE to define vulnerable patients and release guidelines. It proposes using machine learning on existing cohort data to develop algorithms predicting heart attacks within 12 months, and validate the system. The hope is this can trigger preventative actions and add over 10 years to life expectancy. Funding is needed to implement the proposed "Machine Learning Vulnerable Patient Project".
Triggers of cardiovascular events can include physical and emotional stress. Stress from events like earthquakes, blizzards, intense sporting games, and overexertion from activities like snow shoveling have been shown to increase the risk of acute cardiovascular outcomes like myocardial infarction. While modern therapies have improved cardiovascular health, research continues to show temporary increases in cardiovascular mortality associated with highly emotional sporting events even in recent years. Managing risk factors, reducing stress, and utilizing preventative therapies may help reduce the impact of triggers on cardiovascular health.
The document introduces the All of Us Research Program, which aims to collect health data from one million Americans to advance precision medicine research. It was announced by President Obama in 2015. The program receives funding from the federal government and private partners. It collects various types of health data from participants through surveys, health records, samples, and devices. The data is stored and shared securely while protecting privacy. The goal is to generate new medical discoveries and more personalized healthcare through collaboration between researchers and participants.
A machine learning model outperformed the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations Risk Calculator in detecting high-risk asymptomatic individuals and recommending statin treatment for cardiovascular disease prevention in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The machine learning model used support vector machines and data augmentation to derive a CVD risk predictor from nine variables in the MESA study population. It demonstrated higher sensitivity, specificity, and AUC compared to the ACC/AHA risk calculator, recommending statin treatment for fewer individuals while missing fewer cardiovascular events.
This document discusses machine learning applications in cardiac imaging presented by Piotr Slomka. It describes how machine learning can improve image analysis, diagnosis, and risk prediction. Machine learning combines multiple data points like imaging and clinical data to predict outcomes. Deep learning can perform tasks like image segmentation. Machine learning provides quantitative scores that predict disease, need for intervention, or patient outcomes to help clinicians. The goal is to integrate machine learning into clinical decision making.
This document summarizes a post-mortem study examining the prevalence of inflammatory cells in non-ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. The study found that moderate or heavy staining for macrophages was present in 45% of femoral artery cross-sections and 84% of femoral arteries had at least one cross-section with moderate/heavy inflammation. There was no observed relationship between the degree of inflammation in the left and right coronary arteries within individuals, indicating the level of local inflammation is locally determined with little predictive value for other arteries.
The document provides guidelines for defining vulnerable plaque and vulnerable patients from the Association for Eradication of Heart Attack. It outlines major and minor histopathological and clinical criteria for vulnerable plaque including active inflammation, thin fibrous cap with large lipid core, endothelial denudation, and stenosis. Potential screening and diagnostic methods are discussed at the plaque, systemic, and blood levels ranging from non-invasive imaging to intravascular techniques. Different types of vulnerable plaque that can cause acute coronary events are also categorized.
Vulnerable plaque refers to dangerous forms of atherosclerotic plaques that can rupture or induce thrombosis, disrupting blood flow. The document discusses the history and research around vulnerable plaque, including pioneers in the field and emerging techniques to detect vulnerable plaque such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It summarizes that vulnerable plaques are typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and presence of macrophages.
The document summarizes research on vulnerable plaques and markers of vulnerability. It finds that ruptured plaques are the most common type of culprit lesion, accounting for around 70% of cases. Major criteria for defining vulnerable plaque include outward remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, and a thin fibrous cap with a large lipid core. Both plaque morphology and activity need to be assessed to identify vulnerability.
This document contains a summary of a presentation on vulnerable patient syndrome. It includes PowerPoint slides and videos on defining and identifying vulnerable plaques and patients. It thanks sponsors for their support of the educational event. The slides define vulnerable plaques as those likely to rupture in the future, causing heart attacks, and provide criteria for identifying them based on morphology and activity. Biomarkers and conditions that increase plaque and myocardial vulnerability are also summarized. The presentation outlines a pyramid approach for screening, diagnosing, and treating vulnerable patients annually to help reduce heart attacks and their high costs.
This document discusses triggers for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and death (SCD). It notes that over 2/3 of SCD cases are unable to be predicted due to a lack of well-established risk factors. While population risk factors can identify at-risk groups, they cannot predict risk for individuals. The document explores various biological, anatomical, and environmental factors that can precipitate fatal arrhythmias and discusses how the timing of transient initiating events is critical for the development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It emphasizes that myocardial electrophysiological processes likely determine the onset or lack of VT/VF/SCD and that immediate access to automated external defibrillators is needed to save lives.
This document summarizes presentations from symposia on vulnerable plaque and discusses the relationship between plaque, blood, and patients in atherothrombosis. It notes that multiple factors like diabetes, smoking, and hyperlipidemia can make blood more thrombogenic and moderate the severity of acute events after plaque rupture. Statins, aspirin, and other drugs that target tissue factor or thrombin pathways may be promising antithrombotic agents by inhibiting thrombosis initiation and propagation.
The document discusses vulnerable plaque and challenges in detecting and treating it. It describes various imaging techniques for detecting vulnerable plaque such as thermography, MRI, CT angiography, and optical coherence tomography. However, it notes that while these can identify high-risk features, it remains unclear what exactly defines vulnerable plaque and whether imaging findings truly correlate with risk. The document also notes that while statins reduce events, the relationship between plaque burden and events is unclear, and better defining and detecting the disease is still needed before new therapies can be developed.
1) The study examined 92 hearts from patients with severe coronary artery disease who died suddenly. The hearts were sectioned and plaque types were classified.
2) The number of "vulnerable" plaques, particularly thin cap atheromas, was highest in hearts of patients who died from acute plaque rupture and lowest in those with incidental disease.
3) Thin cap atheromas and other unstable plaque types were concentrated in the proximal coronary segments, similar to the distribution of plaque ruptures. The study suggests vulnerable plaques contribute to acute coronary syndromes and are non-uniformly distributed within the coronary arteries.
1) Drug-coated stents, particularly those coated with sirolimus, have shown promise in reducing restenosis compared to bare metal stents. Sirolimus inhibits cell proliferation and has been shown in studies to reduce intimal hyperplasia and restenosis in animal models by 50% or more.
2) A study by Suzuki et al. found that a sirolimus-coated stent reduced restenosis by 50% through inhibiting cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared to a bare metal stent. Adding dexamethasone to the coating did not provide additional benefit.
3) If results of the RAVEL clinical trial showing "zero" restenosis out to 5 years
This document discusses drug-coated stents for preventing restenosis. It summarizes a study showing that stents coated with sirolimus via a polymer matrix reduced restenosis by 50% by inhibiting cell proliferation. Adding dexamethasone provided no additional benefit. Other studies also showed sirolimus inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation. If results of the RAVEL trial showing "zero" restenosis at 210 days hold true long-term, sirolimus-coated stents may become the standard therapy for coronary revascularization. Questions are raised about whether coating vulnerable plaques could be a primary treatment and if multiple vulnerable plaques would all be stented.
1) Drug-coated stents, particularly those coated with sirolimus, have shown promise in reducing restenosis compared to bare metal stents. Sirolimus inhibits cell proliferation and has been shown in studies to reduce intimal hyperplasia and restenosis in animal models by 50% or more.
2) A study by Suzuki et al. found that a sirolimus-coated stent reduced restenosis by 50% through inhibiting cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared to a bare metal stent. Adding dexamethasone to the coating did not provide additional benefit.
3) If results of the RAVEL clinical trial showing "zero" restenosis out to 5 years
I. This document discusses various animal models that have been used to study atherosclerosis and plaque rupture, including quail, pigeons, chickens, dogs, monkeys, pigs, rats, rabbits, and mice. It provides details on the types of lesions developed and similarities to human disease for each model.
II. The double knockout LDL/apoE mice are highlighted as offering improvements in studying clinical complications of atherosclerosis like human heart disease. However, it is unclear how closely they model vulnerable plaques.
III. Questions are raised about how closely the coagulation systems of these animal models resemble humans and whether any model fully captures repeated plaque ruptures and the role of aging in natural history as seen in humans.
Trans-Blood Vision is a patented infrared technique that uses short-wave infrared wavelengths to see directly through blood. It has the potential to find vulnerable plaque lesions without first entering them, determine their size and surface characteristics in high resolution, and look at their material constituents both on and below the surface. While it cannot provide direct visual guidance for therapy or penetrate as deeply as ultrasound, combining it with augmentative technologies could allow for real-time multi-mode detection, analysis, and therapy guidance of vulnerable plaque lesions. The document concludes that Trans-Blood Vision warrants significant investigation, possibly in combination with other emerging technologies.
This study used intravascular ultrasound to examine arterial remodeling and plaque characteristics in 131 patients with either stable angina or recent unstable symptoms. Patients with unstable presentations had greater plaque burden at the culprit lesion despite similar luminal narrowing, and a greater extent of positive arterial remodeling compared to those with stable angina. The culprit lesions in unstable patients also showed a higher rate of echolucent plaque morphology. This suggests that bulky, remodeled plaques may be more vulnerable to rupture, leading to acute coronary syndromes. Further prospective study is needed to better understand the relationship between clinical presentation and plaque features.
More from Society for Heart Attack Prevention and Eradication (20)
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
1. Design and Performance of a Localized Fiber Optic,
Spectroscopic Prototype Device for the Detection of the
Metabolic Status of “Vulnerable Plaque”:
in-vitro Investigation of Human Carotid Plaque
2. 2
OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
– Problem identification, objectives, specific aims, hypotheses, and
background review
• OPTICAL DESIGN
– ~ 1 mm3
tissue volume interrogation achieved with optical probe
• METHODS
– Laboratory setup
– Data collection
– Calibration model development
• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
– Limitations
– Future work
3. 3
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
• Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 6.3 M deaths / yr
worldwide
• Cardiovascular disease #1 killer in the U.S.
• 1.5 M myocardial infarctions (MI) / yr in the U.S.
• 250,000 / yr sudden cardiac deaths
• $111.8 billion / yr health care costs (direct/indirect)
• Major risk factors
– Smoking
– High blood cholesterol (LDL/HDL ratio)
– Physical inactivity
– Overweight/Obesity
– Diabetes mellitus
Source: American Heart Association. 2002 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update.
2001. http://www.americanheart.org
5. 5
Unknown Diagnosis – Vulnerable Plaque
• The “precursor” that ultimately ends in acute
thrombi (clots) of sudden death MI
• Inflammatory cells found preferentially in
vulnerable plaque
• Activity sustained through anaerobic metabolism
and lactate production
6. 6
Morphology vs. Activity Imaging
Inactive and
non-
inflamed
plaque
Active
and
inflamed
plaque
Appear Similar in
IVUS OCT MRI
w/o
CM
Morphology
Show
Different
Activity
Thermography, Spectroscopy,
immunoscintigraphy, MRI with
targeted contrast media…
8. 8
LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES
• Develop an optical spectroscopy catheter system to
determine the metabolic status of atherosclerotic vessels
– No exogenous dyes
– No ionizing radiation
– Low cost addition to existing cardiac catheterization laboratory
• Locate and identify vulnerable plaque based on metabolic
status with optical spectroscopy
9. 9
SHORT-TERM GOALS
• Demonstrate feasibility in-vitro of optical
spectroscopy to accurately determine
metabolic status
– Tissue lactate concentration
– Tissue pH
10. 10
Specification Tissue pH Tissue Lactate
Concentration
[µmoles lactate /
gram tissue]
in-vitro
Temperature
(°C)
in-vitro Experimental
Stability
< 0.03
change/hr
- <0.4°C change/hr
Optical Calibration
Range
6.80 – 7.60 2 – 20 32.0 – 38.0
Optical Calibration
Accuracy/
Prediction Error
(R2
/ SECV)
≥0.75 / 0.08
pH units
≥0.75 / 1.0
umoles/ gram
tissue
-
Maximum # of Factors
in Optical Calibration
Model
5 to 6
independent
samples per
factor
5 to 6
independent
samples per
factor
-
11. 11
SPECIFIC AIMS
1) Design a reflectance-based fiber optic probe that uses
visible to near-infrared light optimally to interrogate a
small volume of tissue.
2) Estimate the depth penetration of fiber optic probe,
based on theory and experiments.
3) Identify major interferents to the optical spectra and
tissue reference measurements collection.
4) Collect and analyze fresh tissue from human carotid
endarterectomies to create large optical calibration
training set while maintaining tissue in a viable
physiological state in-vitro.
12. 12
HYPOTHESES
1) A small fiber optic prototype can make optical
measurements in-vitro for the assessment of
metabolically active plaque in a defined region of
tissue (< 1 mm3
volume).
2) in-vitro experimental factors can be assessed to their
importance in affecting the optical calibration accuracy.
The tissue temperature, experiment time, and gross
pathology are identified a priori.
3) Mathematical models can be developed which relate
the corresponding optical spectra to the individually
measured metabolic parameters (tissue pH and lactate
concentration) in the presence of inherent pathological
variability.
14. 14
PREVIOUS WORK
• Optical spectroscopy proposed by Lodder (UKY), Feld
(MIT) and Jaross (Germany) to characterize
morphological properties of atherosclerotic plaques such
as thin fibrous cap, large lipid core
15. 15
LACTATE AND PLAQUE
• Metabolite produced by activated macrophages
• Studies show lactate is present in plaque (Kirk, Zemplenyi)
Anaerobic glycolysis: LDH
Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+
Overall anaerobic process:
Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi → 2 Lactate + 2ATP +2H20 + 2H+
17. 17
PLAQUE pH
Large scale, ex-vivo study on carotid plaques demonstrated metabolic
heterogeneity in grossly pathological areas (Grascu, 1999)
Inflamed regions of plaque are lower in pH in the atherosclerotic Watanabe
rabbit and human carotid plaques; plaque pH heterogeneity demonstrated
(Naghavi, 2002)
18. 18
DR. SOLLER’S LAB
• Tissue pH can be measured by NIR spectroscopy in heart muscle
(Soller, Zhang 1998)
• Lessons learned: volume of optical measurement >> volume of
reference measurement
• Heterogeneity in a “large” tissue volume may be solved with
smaller optical probe
20. 20
DESIGN PROCESS
• Define of optical probe requirements
• Theoretical considerations of tissue optical
properties
• Monte Carlo simulations interpretation
• Building and testing several optical probes
• Depth penetration assessment
21. 21
Optical Catheter
System Diagram
• Optical fibers carry light to tissue
• Light is reflected and/or backscattered
toward fibers that return light to
spectrometer and tissue absorbance
calculated
• Catheter geometry and optical
coupling important
• Small source-receiver separations:
light penetrates tissue while restricting
volume interrogated
~2 mm
Light in
To spectrometer
wavelength
Absorbance
tissue
interface
22. 22
THEORY
• Monte Carlo Simulations
– Estimate light paths in complex absorbing and
scattering medium
– Random events: reflection, absorption, scattering, or
transmission
– Define grid geometry, specify tissue optical properties
Probe – tissue
interface
n1=n2
dr= ∆25 µm
dz=∆5
µm
Source
Diffuse
Reflectance(r)
24. 24
OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS
• Compared signal-to-noise ratios (SNR)
for several fiber types / configurations
– Different core sizes / number of fibers
– With or without optical windows
– Source-receiver separations
28. 28
FINAL PROBE DESIGN
• Using a source-receiver separation of 50 microns, adequate depth
resolution could be achieved in plaque in both the visible and near-
infrared
• Increasing the collection fiber core diameter size to 200 microns
with improved transmission out to 2400 nm, higher signal-to-noise
ratio is achieved by improving the fiber collection area by 4 times
and collection efficiency
• Using a 0.5 mm thick quartz optical window fused on the common
end, with forward-viewing optics, the signal-to-noise ratio would be
further improved across all wavelengths
31. 31
Heating pad
Balance
Fiber optic probe
Gas line
Micro pH and reference junction
electrodes
Thermistor
37°C, >85% RH
Spectralon 50% reflectance
standard
Tissue bath
Laboratory setup for all studies.
33. 33
in-vitro Plaque Validation Study
• Minimum Eagle’s Medium (MEM), pH 7.4, 5.6 mM glucose, 26.2 mM
NaHCO3, with non-essential amino acids was used (Invitrogen).
• Media equilibrated with 75% O2 / 5% CO2 gas mixture prior to plaque
addition.
• Seven human carotid plaques (UMass Memorial IRB Approval
#10041) were collected and placed immediately in 37°C media
enclosed in a humidified incubator at 37°C.
• Two plaques that were not placed in the liquid media, only in the
humidified air of the incubator, served as controls.
• Measurements were taken with a 0.5 mm OD multi-parameter sensor
placed in the tissue (Diametrics, MN).
• Changes in tissue pH, temperature, PO2 and PCO2 over time were
analyzed.
35. 35
Box-whisker plots for
∆pH / hour and
∆temperature / hour (top
and bottom, respectively)
for the control and test
plaques. The change in pH
and temperature over time
is greater in the controls
than the test plaques.
36. 36
STABILITY REVIEW
• Experiment time fixed max. 4 hrs
• in-vitro experimental stability criteria met
– <0.03 pH units/hr and < 0.4°C /hr
• Tissue temperature in media > 32°C to ensure tissue
viability
• Tissue values stable and different from media, controls
• Plaques in oxygenated media had higher pO2 readings
versus control plaques
• Thickness of plaque affected magnitude of pO2 readings
• Unable to measure calcified areas over time
37. 37
OPTICAL CALIBRATION
• ~24 additional human carotid plaques were collected and placed in-vitro.
• Absorbance spectra (667 – 2500 nm) of each area were taken using
Nicolet FTIR 670 spectrometer with fiber optic probe (Remspec, MA) for
optical lactate determination.
• Tissue biopsies of the same area were taken using a 4-mm punch
biopsy and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen.
• Reference tissue lactate (LA) assayed using micro-enzymatic methods.
Values reported as micromole LA per gram wet tissue.
• Matching spectra and reference values modeled by multivariate
calibration techniques. R2
and the standard error of cross-validation
(SECV) used to assess model accuracy.
38. 38
OPTICAL CALIBRATION
• Absorbance spectra (400-1100 nm) were collected for a smaller subset
of 14 plaques using a Control Development spectrometer and same
optical probe for optical tissue pH determination.
• Reference tissue pH was measured using 750 um diameter micro-pH
electrodes.
• Matching spectra and reference values modeled by multivariate
calibration techniques. R2
and the standard error of cross-validation
(SECV) used to assess model accuracy.
39. 39
MODEL DEVELOPMENT
• Partial least-squares, factor analysis
– Create calibration with as many points as possible
• Cluster analysis
– Investigate (in)homogeneity of spectra
44. 44
Histogram of tissue pH reference measurements
7.33 ± 0.21 (mean ± SD)
n=48
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
6.70 6.80 6.90 7.00 7.10 7.20 7.30 7.40 7.50 7.60 7.70 More
pH units
frequency
45. 45
REFERENCE MEASUREMENTS
• No spurious correlations between measured variables
• Tissue temperature, experiment times within validated
experiment parameters
• Pathology subjective
Variables Correlation Coefficient
between data
Tissue Lactate – Tissue
Temperature
0.03 (n=82)
Tissue pH – Tissue
Temperature
0.00004 (n=48)
Tissue Lactate – Tissue pH 0.0008 (n=48)
46. 46
RESULTS: Tissue Lactate
• 6-Factor model from 17 points
• Wavelength regions
contributing to model:
– 2030 – 2330 nm
• The R2
of the determination for
optical lactate (LA) calibration
= 0.83.
• Estimated accuracy ~ 1.4
micromoles LA/gram tissue.
47. 47
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
A
B
C
Clustering solution for 82 spectra for the optical determination of
lactate. Cluster A – 45 spectra, B – 31 spectra, and C – 6 spectra.
Cluster A contained the first 21 calibration spectra collected.
48. 48
RESULTS: Tissue pH
• 3-Factor model from 17 points
• Wavelength regions contributing
to model:
– 1: 400 – 615 nm
– 2: 925 – 1890 nm
– 3: 2044 – 2342 nm
• The R2
of the determination for
optical tissue pH calibration =
0.75.
• Estimated accuracy ~ 0.09 pH
units.
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3
6.80
7.00
7.20
7.40
7.60
7.80
6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40 7.60 7.80
electrode pH
NIRpH
49. 49
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
A
B
Clustering solution for optical determination of tissue pH. Two
clusters: A contains 39 spectra, B contains 9 spectra. The
underlying pathology in cluster B was identified as all thrombotic
points.
50. 50
DISCUSSION
• Lactate model on portion of entire data set
– Further factor analysis showed spectra weakly
associated with theoretical lactate peaks
– Number of factors in model too high for # of samples
used; need more samples
• Tissue pH model on portion of entire data set
– Further factor analysis showed spectra associated
with Hb and water peaks, evidence of pH-induced
shift
– Number of factors acceptable for # of samples used
51. 51
CONCLUSIONS
1) A small fiber optic prototype can make optical measurements
in-vitro for the assessment of metabolically active plaque in a
defined region of tissue (< 1 mm3
volume).
• Hypothesis accepted
1) in-vitro experimental factors can be assessed to their
importance in affecting the optical calibration accuracy. The
tissue temperature, experiment time, and gross pathology are
identified a priori.
• Hypothesis accepted
52. 52
CONCLUSIONS
3) Mathematical models can be developed which relate the
corresponding optical spectra to the individually measured
metabolic parameters (tissue pH and lactate concentration) in
the presence of inherent pathological variability.
• Hypothesis rejected for large n; pending work
– Limited feasibility of models generated
– Pathological variability large
– Unmodeled tissue variability
– Lactate reference method precision
– Optical tissue volume >> real tissue pH heterogeneity
– Long-term spectrometer drift could not be ruled out
53. 53
FUTURE WORK
• Considerable in-vitro work needs to continue
• Other clustering algorithms, pre-processing methods
• Reference lactate measurement precision
• Reduce unmodeled variability, better tissue model
• Larger data sets
• Spectrometer stability
• Rigorous acceptance criteria must be met before use
in-vivo animals or humans
54. 54
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Texas Heart Institute, Center for Vulnerable Plaque Research/UT Houston
Dr. S.W. Casscells
Dr. Silvio Litovsky
Dr. Morteza Naghavi
Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School
Vascular Surgeons: Dr. P. Nelson, Dr. B. Cutler, Dr. A. Fox and Dr. M. Rohrer
Dr. Babs R. Soller
Dr. Patrick Idwasi
This work was supported by US Army DREASM Grant