1) Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) is caused by blocked blood vessels that reduce blood flow and oxygen to the heart. A survey in India in 1963 found regional differences in IHD mortality rates.
2) Risk factors for IHD include smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and lifestyle factors. Symptoms include chest pain and palpitations. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms and angiograms. Treatment includes drugs to relieve symptoms and surgery to bypass blockages.
3) Prevention focuses on lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, and stress reduction. Treatment of underlying conditions like high cholesterol and blood pressure can also help prevent IHD.
The Indian Consensus Document on Cardiac BiomarkerApollo Hospitals
Despite recent advances, the diagnosis and management of heart failure evades the clinicians. The etiology of congestive heart failure (CHF) in the Indian scenario comprises of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. With better insights into the pathophysiology of CHF, biomarkers have evolved rapidly and received diagnostic and prognostic value. In CHF biomarkers prove as measures of the extent of pathophysiological derangement; examples include biomarkers of myocyte necrosis, myocardial remodeling,
neurohormonal activation, etc.
Stroke : Introduction, types and treatment.Obed Adams
Stroke is defined as the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood flow and supply to the brain.
OR
An acute episode of focal dysfunction of the brain, retina, or spinal cord.
It is clinically defined as the rapid onset of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24hours and is caused by acute vascular injury to parts of the brain. Presented by Obed Adams.
The Indian Consensus Document on Cardiac BiomarkerApollo Hospitals
Despite recent advances, the diagnosis and management of heart failure evades the clinicians. The etiology of congestive heart failure (CHF) in the Indian scenario comprises of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. With better insights into the pathophysiology of CHF, biomarkers have evolved rapidly and received diagnostic and prognostic value. In CHF biomarkers prove as measures of the extent of pathophysiological derangement; examples include biomarkers of myocyte necrosis, myocardial remodeling,
neurohormonal activation, etc.
Stroke : Introduction, types and treatment.Obed Adams
Stroke is defined as the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood flow and supply to the brain.
OR
An acute episode of focal dysfunction of the brain, retina, or spinal cord.
It is clinically defined as the rapid onset of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24hours and is caused by acute vascular injury to parts of the brain. Presented by Obed Adams.
Chronic heart disease and Anaemia. Heart failure is a very common disease, with severe morbidity and mortality, and is a frequent reason of hospitalization.
Anemia and a concurrent renal impairment are two major risk factors contributing to the severity of the outcome.
Heme iron is absorbed through a separate pathway and does not have to be discontinued when intravenous treatment is started. This can allow for longer intervals between resource-heavy, inconvenient and painful injections. Oxidative stress is also avoided.
Heme iron does not need to be discontinued during injection or EPO therapy like non-heme oral iron.
Essential hypertension, the most common type, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, a rapidly growing section of the population. It is a sad reality that until the 1950s treating benign hypertension was not thought to be necessary. The tragic death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt on April 12, 1945 at the age of 63 years, with a blood pressure of 350/195mmHg, and without treatment shocked the healthcare community.
Heart disease describes a variety of conditions that affect the coronary heart. Diseases underneath the coronary heart sickness umbrella consist of blood vessel diseases, together with coronary artery disorder, heart rhythm problems arrhythmias and heart defects, human beings are born with congenital heart defects , among others. If the heart disorder isnt recognized at an early stage, the patient's situation might get worsened and for that reason endanger his life. Therefore, this software program is evolved in order to research the patient check details and give an evaluation as to whether or not the affected person is healthful or requires remedy for heart disorder by giving the intensity of patient's heart situation because the result. Prof. Vikrant Chole | Karishma V. Bagde "Heart Disease Analysis System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31070.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31070/heart-disease-analysis-system/prof-vikrant-chole
Serum uric acid as a marker of left ventricular failure in acute myocardial i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Introduction to ncd, coronary heart disease online lecture slides 2020 april 1Animesh Jain
Non-communicable diseases and Coronary Heart Disease - Introductory lecture for MBBS students.
This is just a basic skeletal presentation to aid class taking and students' memory for recap.
Thermal Imaging for the Diagnosis of Early Vascular Dysfunctions: A Case Reportasclepiuspdfs
Diseases of blood vessels (referred in this article as vascular dysfunction) cause more morbidity and mortality, than combined impact of any other major non-communicable disease including cancer. We strongly feel that the development of a therapy system based on the management of disease of the vessel than management of the risk factors will yield better results and provide greater opportunity for individualized therapy. Detection of early vascular changes before clinical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction, hardening of the arteries, increased intima-media thickness, is of great importance for early identification of individuals with increased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis.
Systemic capillary leak syndrome complicated by severe rhabdomyolysisApollo Hospitals
Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome also known as
Clarkson’s disease is a potentially fatal disorder. Prompt institution
of appropriate therapy as outlined here can reduce the
morbidity and prevent complication.
Mini Overview of a Prime Interoceptor: From Basics to Role in Pathologiesasclepiuspdfs
Frequently overlooked is arguably the most important sensor of the organism’s internal environment, the carotid body (CB). In human subjects this structure alone warns the organism when the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood is becoming insufficient to meet the organism’s needs. But the structure is also stimulated by hypercarbia, glucopenia, acidosis, increases in temperature and osmolarity of the arterial blood. Reflex responses generated by a stimulated CB are found in the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine systems. Recent widespread pathologies also involve the CB. A simple, brief overview of this important structure could prove helpful for biomedical investigators focused on other important biomedical issues.
Dr Debbie Lowe - The future of innovation in AF and stroke preventionInnovation Agency
Presentation by Dr Debbie Lowe, Clinical Lead - Stroke, Getting It Right The First Time: Getting it right first time at The future of innovation in AF and stroke prevention in the NWC, 27 June 2018, Haydock Park Racecourse
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count that falls below its normal range. The normal value of platelets for an adult is 150000 to 450000 microliter. A platelet count of more than 450000 microliter is called thrombocytosis and a platelet count of less than 150000 microliter is called thrombocytopenia. Various types of thrombocytopenia occur based on theircause such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenia, and drug induced thrombocytopenia. Various causes of thrombocytopenia are due to some of the drugs, diseases and disorders, chemical exposures, microorganisms, and some rare conditions that cause blood clots. The underlying pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia is decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, and platelets redistribution. The effective diagnosis and treatment may help the patient improve in their quality of life and help to achieve an optimal therapeutic outcome. The scope of this review is to describe thrombocytopenia, types, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, non pharmacological treatment, and its prevention. D. N. Ashritha | Subhashini. A | Dr. K. C. Arul Prakasam | Deborah Rose "A Review: Thrombocytopenia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47659.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/47659/a-review-thrombocytopenia/d-n-ashritha
Despite major advances in the cardiovascular medicine in the 20th century, heart failure (HF) is an exceptional with estimated prevalence of >37.7 million globally caused by secondary aetiologies ultimately affecting their quality of life, including dyspnoea, poor exercise tolerance, fatigue, and fluid retention. Currently, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, β blockers, angiotensin receptor blocker neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and advanced device therapies have been administered to patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF).
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
View the corporate presentation of Apollo Hospitals and get an overview of the innovative medical expertise as offered by the leading healthcare brand in Asia.
Chronic heart disease and Anaemia. Heart failure is a very common disease, with severe morbidity and mortality, and is a frequent reason of hospitalization.
Anemia and a concurrent renal impairment are two major risk factors contributing to the severity of the outcome.
Heme iron is absorbed through a separate pathway and does not have to be discontinued when intravenous treatment is started. This can allow for longer intervals between resource-heavy, inconvenient and painful injections. Oxidative stress is also avoided.
Heme iron does not need to be discontinued during injection or EPO therapy like non-heme oral iron.
Essential hypertension, the most common type, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, a rapidly growing section of the population. It is a sad reality that until the 1950s treating benign hypertension was not thought to be necessary. The tragic death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt on April 12, 1945 at the age of 63 years, with a blood pressure of 350/195mmHg, and without treatment shocked the healthcare community.
Heart disease describes a variety of conditions that affect the coronary heart. Diseases underneath the coronary heart sickness umbrella consist of blood vessel diseases, together with coronary artery disorder, heart rhythm problems arrhythmias and heart defects, human beings are born with congenital heart defects , among others. If the heart disorder isnt recognized at an early stage, the patient's situation might get worsened and for that reason endanger his life. Therefore, this software program is evolved in order to research the patient check details and give an evaluation as to whether or not the affected person is healthful or requires remedy for heart disorder by giving the intensity of patient's heart situation because the result. Prof. Vikrant Chole | Karishma V. Bagde "Heart Disease Analysis System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31070.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31070/heart-disease-analysis-system/prof-vikrant-chole
Serum uric acid as a marker of left ventricular failure in acute myocardial i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Introduction to ncd, coronary heart disease online lecture slides 2020 april 1Animesh Jain
Non-communicable diseases and Coronary Heart Disease - Introductory lecture for MBBS students.
This is just a basic skeletal presentation to aid class taking and students' memory for recap.
Thermal Imaging for the Diagnosis of Early Vascular Dysfunctions: A Case Reportasclepiuspdfs
Diseases of blood vessels (referred in this article as vascular dysfunction) cause more morbidity and mortality, than combined impact of any other major non-communicable disease including cancer. We strongly feel that the development of a therapy system based on the management of disease of the vessel than management of the risk factors will yield better results and provide greater opportunity for individualized therapy. Detection of early vascular changes before clinical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction, hardening of the arteries, increased intima-media thickness, is of great importance for early identification of individuals with increased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis.
Systemic capillary leak syndrome complicated by severe rhabdomyolysisApollo Hospitals
Idiopathic systemic capillary leak syndrome also known as
Clarkson’s disease is a potentially fatal disorder. Prompt institution
of appropriate therapy as outlined here can reduce the
morbidity and prevent complication.
Mini Overview of a Prime Interoceptor: From Basics to Role in Pathologiesasclepiuspdfs
Frequently overlooked is arguably the most important sensor of the organism’s internal environment, the carotid body (CB). In human subjects this structure alone warns the organism when the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood is becoming insufficient to meet the organism’s needs. But the structure is also stimulated by hypercarbia, glucopenia, acidosis, increases in temperature and osmolarity of the arterial blood. Reflex responses generated by a stimulated CB are found in the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine systems. Recent widespread pathologies also involve the CB. A simple, brief overview of this important structure could prove helpful for biomedical investigators focused on other important biomedical issues.
Dr Debbie Lowe - The future of innovation in AF and stroke preventionInnovation Agency
Presentation by Dr Debbie Lowe, Clinical Lead - Stroke, Getting It Right The First Time: Getting it right first time at The future of innovation in AF and stroke prevention in the NWC, 27 June 2018, Haydock Park Racecourse
Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count that falls below its normal range. The normal value of platelets for an adult is 150000 to 450000 microliter. A platelet count of more than 450000 microliter is called thrombocytosis and a platelet count of less than 150000 microliter is called thrombocytopenia. Various types of thrombocytopenia occur based on theircause such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenia, and drug induced thrombocytopenia. Various causes of thrombocytopenia are due to some of the drugs, diseases and disorders, chemical exposures, microorganisms, and some rare conditions that cause blood clots. The underlying pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia is decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, and platelets redistribution. The effective diagnosis and treatment may help the patient improve in their quality of life and help to achieve an optimal therapeutic outcome. The scope of this review is to describe thrombocytopenia, types, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, pharmacological treatment, non pharmacological treatment, and its prevention. D. N. Ashritha | Subhashini. A | Dr. K. C. Arul Prakasam | Deborah Rose "A Review: Thrombocytopenia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47659.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/47659/a-review-thrombocytopenia/d-n-ashritha
Despite major advances in the cardiovascular medicine in the 20th century, heart failure (HF) is an exceptional with estimated prevalence of >37.7 million globally caused by secondary aetiologies ultimately affecting their quality of life, including dyspnoea, poor exercise tolerance, fatigue, and fluid retention. Currently, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, β blockers, angiotensin receptor blocker neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and advanced device therapies have been administered to patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF).
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
View the corporate presentation of Apollo Hospitals and get an overview of the innovative medical expertise as offered by the leading healthcare brand in Asia.
Blood Pressure Management in Cardiovascular Protection by DR Nasir Uddin.pptxNasir Sagar
High Blood pressure has multiple adverse reaction on different body system and its proper management causes beneficial effect in multiple co morbid condition.
Respond on two different days who selected different alterations andmickietanger
Respond on two different days who selected different alterations and factors than you, in one or more of the following ways:
Share insights on how the factor you selected impacts the cardiovascular alteration your colleague selected.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Main Post
The purpose of this paper is to explore coronary artery disease (CAD), the roles of hypertension and dyslipidemia affect CAD, and exploring if genetics is a factor in CAD. The progression of CAD can lead to myocardial ischemia, infarction, and even death if left untreated. Heart disease remains the number one cause of death in the United States, and understanding these factors plays a continued role in developing strategies, both preventive and treatment efforts.
Coronary Artery Disease
CAD is normally the result of atherosclerosis, the build-up of plaque due to damaged endothelium that allows fat to accumulate and decrease the diameter of the vessel. The decrease in vessel size allows for blockage and decreased blood flow to the coronary vessel; this leads to ischemia, where the cells are deprived of blood and begin the process of dying if left untreated. Persistent ischemia or the complete occlusion of a coronary artery causes the acute coronary syndromes, including infarction, or irreversible myocardial damage (Huether & McCance, 2017). Also, known as a heart attack or myocardial infarction (MI). Fortunately, the incidence and mortality statistics for CAD have been decreasing over the past 15 years because of more aggressive recognition, prevention, and treatment (Huether & McCance, 2017).
Hypertension’s Role in Coronary Artery Disease
Hypertension is a consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure (Huether & McCance, 2017). Fortunately, hypertension a key factor in CAD is modifiable and can be monitored closely to prevent further disease progression. Hypertension is common; it ranks as the number one primary diagnosis in America. Pathophysiological mechanisms of blood pressure as a risk factor for CAD are complex and include the influence of blood pressure as a physical force on the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, and the relationship between pulsatile hemodynamics/arterial stiffness and coronary perfusion (Weber et al., 2016). The presence of hypertension further increases the risk of CAD and may explain why some individuals are more predisposed than others to developing coronary events (Rosendorff et al., 2015). Pathophysiological mechanisms of blood pressure as a risk factor for CAD are complex and include the influence of blood pressure as a physical force on the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, and the relationship between pulsatile hemodynamics/arterial stiffness and coronary perfus ...
148 Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology - Vol 14, IssuMatthewTennant613
148 Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology - Vol 14, Issue 3, Jul-Sep 2010
Review Article
Address for
correspondence:
Dr. Prasad Dhadse,
404, Kaushalya Homes,
South Civil Lines,
Madhya Pradesh – 482
005, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
gmail.com
Submission: 13-05-2010
Accepted: 5-10-2010
DOI: 10.4103/0972-
124X.75908
Department of
Periodontics, Hitkarini
Dental College and
Hospital, Dumna Road,
Jabalpur - 482002, India
The link between periodontal disease
and cardiovascular disease: How far
we have come in last two decades ?
Prasad Dhadse, Deepti Gattani, Rohit Mishra
Abstract:
Many epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and
cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their results are heterogeneous. This review article is designed to update the
potential association, that forms the basis of understanding for a (causal) role for PD to cardiovascular events; as
reported by various observational (case-control, cohort, cross-sectional) studies, epidemiological and interventional
studies, not considering the other number of systemic health outcomes like cerebrovascular disease, pregnancy
complications, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus complications, osteoporosis, etc. A brief
overview has been included for atherosclerosis (ATH), its pathophysiology and the association of periodontal
infections as a risk factor for causing ATH, which seems to be a rational one; as development of ATH involves
a chronic low-grade inflammation and moreover, it has long been set up prior to development of ischemic heart
disease and thus provides potential contributing mechanisms that ATH may contribute singly or in concert with
other risk factors to develop ischemic heart disease. This article goes on to discuss the correlation of evidence
that is gathered from many scientific studies showing either strong, modest, weak or even no links along with their
critical analyses. Finally, this article summarizes the present status of the links that possibly exist between PD
and its role as a risk factor in triggering cardiovascular events, in the fairly long journey for the last two decades.
Key words:
Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, periodontitis, risk factor, systematic review
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including acute myocardial infarction and angina
pectoris are major health problems in developing
countries, and are considered amongst most
common medical problems in the general
population.[1,2] Annual mortality from CVD
is about 12 million cases per year and are
responsible for 30% of all deaths in the United
States.[3] Cardiovascular diseases are estimated to
have led to 1.59 million deaths in India in year
2000 and this figure is projected to increase to
2.03 million for the year 2010.[4] The Framingham
Heart Study revealed that for people who reach
the age of 40, 49% of men and 32% for women
show clinical manifestati ...
148 Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology - Vol 14, IssuAnastaciaShadelb
148 Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology - Vol 14, Issue 3, Jul-Sep 2010
Review Article
Address for
correspondence:
Dr. Prasad Dhadse,
404, Kaushalya Homes,
South Civil Lines,
Madhya Pradesh – 482
005, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
gmail.com
Submission: 13-05-2010
Accepted: 5-10-2010
DOI: 10.4103/0972-
124X.75908
Department of
Periodontics, Hitkarini
Dental College and
Hospital, Dumna Road,
Jabalpur - 482002, India
The link between periodontal disease
and cardiovascular disease: How far
we have come in last two decades ?
Prasad Dhadse, Deepti Gattani, Rohit Mishra
Abstract:
Many epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and
cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their results are heterogeneous. This review article is designed to update the
potential association, that forms the basis of understanding for a (causal) role for PD to cardiovascular events; as
reported by various observational (case-control, cohort, cross-sectional) studies, epidemiological and interventional
studies, not considering the other number of systemic health outcomes like cerebrovascular disease, pregnancy
complications, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus complications, osteoporosis, etc. A brief
overview has been included for atherosclerosis (ATH), its pathophysiology and the association of periodontal
infections as a risk factor for causing ATH, which seems to be a rational one; as development of ATH involves
a chronic low-grade inflammation and moreover, it has long been set up prior to development of ischemic heart
disease and thus provides potential contributing mechanisms that ATH may contribute singly or in concert with
other risk factors to develop ischemic heart disease. This article goes on to discuss the correlation of evidence
that is gathered from many scientific studies showing either strong, modest, weak or even no links along with their
critical analyses. Finally, this article summarizes the present status of the links that possibly exist between PD
and its role as a risk factor in triggering cardiovascular events, in the fairly long journey for the last two decades.
Key words:
Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, periodontitis, risk factor, systematic review
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including acute myocardial infarction and angina
pectoris are major health problems in developing
countries, and are considered amongst most
common medical problems in the general
population.[1,2] Annual mortality from CVD
is about 12 million cases per year and are
responsible for 30% of all deaths in the United
States.[3] Cardiovascular diseases are estimated to
have led to 1.59 million deaths in India in year
2000 and this figure is projected to increase to
2.03 million for the year 2010.[4] The Framingham
Heart Study revealed that for people who reach
the age of 40, 49% of men and 32% for women
show clinical manifestati ...
Systemic Hypertension (HTN) accounts for the largest amount of attributable Cardiovascular (CV) mortality worldwide. There are several factors responsible for the development of HTN and its CV complications. Multicenter trials revealed that risk factors responsible for Micro Vascular Disease (MVD) are similar for those attributable to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) which include tobacco use, unhealthy cholesterol levels, HTN, obesity and overweight, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, diabetes, insulin resistance, increasing age and genetic predisposition. In addition, the defective release of Nitric Oxide (NO) could be a putative candidate for HTN and MVD. This study reviewed the risk stratification of hypertensive population employing cardiac imaging modalities which are of crucial importance
in diagnosis. It further emphasized the proper used of cardiac imaging to determine patients at increased CV risk and identify the management strategy. It is now known that NO has an important effect on blood pressure, and the basal release of endothelial Nitric Oxide (eNOS) in HTN may be reduced. Although there are different forms of eNOS gene allele, there is no solid data revealing the potential role of the polymorphism of the eNOS in patients with HTN and coronary vascular diseases. In the present article, the prevalence of eNOS G298 allele in hypertensive patients with micro vascular angina will be demonstrated. This review provides an update on appropriate and justified use of non-invasive imaging tests in hypertensive patients and its important role in proper diagnosis of MVD and CAD. Second, eNOS gene allele and its relation to essential hypertension and angina pectoris are also highlighted.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
11.ischaemic heart disease an overview to heart disease
1. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol 3, 2012
Ischaemic Heart Disease: An Overview to Heart Disease
Rajesh Z. Mujoriya (Corrosponding Authors)
Sardar patel college of technology, {b-pharmacy}
Balaghat, dis. Balaghat, {m.p.} – 481001, INDIA
Tel. No. +918817517515, E-mail: raj_mujoriya@live.com
Dr. Ramesh Babu Bodla
K.I.E.T. School of pharmacy, Gaziabad, India
E-mail:- ramesh_bodla@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Ischaemic Heart Disease is a condition that affects the supply of blood to the heart. The blood vessels are
blocked due to the deposition of cholesterol plaques on their walls. This reduces the supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the heart musculature, which is essential for proper functioning of the heart. This may eventually
result in a portion of the heart being suddenly deprived of its blood supply leading to the death of that area of
heart tissue, resulting in heart attack.
In 1963 the Ministry of Railways carried out a survey with a view to ascertaining the number of deaths due to
ischimic heart disease among railway populations in different parts of the country. The method employed was to
obtain data from all the railway zones on a proforma based on W.H.O. classification 420, for arteriosclerotic,
including coronary heart disease.
The epidemiology studies have provided several key points of information related to the risk of developing IHD.
First, several specific risk factors for IHD have been identified. Second, evidence that these factors are closely
related to environmental and life-style changes implies that risk factors are potentially alterable. Third, these
studies have stimulated further consideration and investigation of the basic mechanism of atherosclerosis.
Angiographic studies have indicated a direct relationship between the risk factors and the severity of coronary
disease.
Key-Word:- Ischaemic Heart Disease, oxygen, nutrient, W.H.O. epidemiology.
Introduction
Ischaemic Heart Disease is a condition that affects the supply of blood to the heart. The blood vessels are
blocked due to the deposition of cholesterol plaques on their walls. This reduces the supply of oxygen and
nutrients to the heart musculature, which is essential for proper functioning of the heart. This may eventually
result in a portion of the heart being suddenly deprived of its blood supply leading to the death of that area of
heart tissue, resulting in heart attack.
As the heart is the pump that supplies oxygenated blood to the various vital organs, any defect in the
heart immediately affects the supply of oxygen to the vital organs like the brain, kidneys etc. This leads to the
death of tissue within these organs and their eventual failure or death. Ischaemic coronary artery disease is a
condition in which fatty deposits accumulate in the cells lining the wall of the coronary arteries. These fatty
deposits build up gradually and irregularly in the large branches of the two main coronary arteries which
encircle the heart and are the main source of its blood supply. This process is called atherosclerosis which leads
to narrowing or hardening of the blood vessels supplying blood to the heart muscle. This results in ischemia (
inability to provide adequate oxygen).
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Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in most developed countries.
Many studies have found gender-related differences in the presentations, prevalence, and clinical outcomes of
CAD .CAD first presents itself in women approximately 10 years later than in men, most commonly after
menopause .Compared to women, men present with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) more
often and have a higher prevalence of CAD adjusted for age However, younger women experience more adverse
outcomes after MI and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery than men. A greater proportion of women than
men with MI die of sudden cardiac arrest before reaching hospital .Previous reports have shown a 20%
reduction in total mortality among patients randomized to exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation compared with
controls receiving usual care. The outcome was however similar between men and women, although only 20%
of all participants were women in many reports.
1) Epidemiology
United States:
IHD is a major cause of death for men as young as 35 to 44 years of age, and the mortality rate of
IHD rapidly increases with age. In fact, 35% of all deaths among men 55 to 64 years of age. are due to IHD. The
differences in IHD rates between men and women are striking; the most recent data indicate that in the 35- to
44-year-old age group, the male IHD mortality rate is 5.2 times higher than the female mortality rate. In the 65-
to 74-year-old age group, however, the increased risk of IHD mortality is only 2.4 times higher for men than for
women.
Western European countries:
Studies of migrants and people of similar ethnic backgrounds in different countries indicate that
environmental factors are more influential on IHD incidence than genetic factors.3, 4 For example, the IHD
mortality rate for native Japanese men is low in comparison with US men of similar age (95 vs 715 per 100,000,
respectively).
Hawaii and California:
The most encouraging information derived from epidemiological studies to date has been the
recent evidence that, between 1968 and 1978, the US-adjusted mortality from IHD decreased by 26.5%.
Although researchers have no definitive proof, most of the accumulated evidence suggests strongly that this
decline is due to changes in life styles and living habits.5-8 unfortunately, in most other countries, IHD rates are
continuing toincrease or are showing significantly smaller declines. The long-term prospective epidemiological
studies have been helpful in identifying the characteristics and personal life-style habits that relate to the
probability of developing IHD.
Epidemiological studies in India:
In 1963 the Ministry of Railways carried out a survey with a view to ascertaining the number of
deaths due to ischimic heart disease among railway populations in different parts of the country. The method
employed was to obtain data from all the railway zones on a proforma based on W.H.O. classification 420, for
arteriosclerotic, including coronary heart disease. This ascertainment of deaths was done by the different units,
by a search of individual hospital records and electrocardiograms, and matching these with mortality returns of
the units concerned. An independent means of checking the degree of ascertainment was the death certificate
books in which disease as named in W.H.O. international statistical classification is mentioned.
A final proof is provided by the data from two independent sources, namely the Employees' State Insurance
Health Corporation (1957, 1958, and 1962) reported in part by Padmavati (1962), which pertains to non-railway
industrial workers (Table1), and in an indirect way by the data of Singh and Prakash (1964), from a teaching
hospital in the Punjab, north India, both of which showed similar geographical trends. These extra sources of
information make it improbable that the geographical differences noted by us could be due to bias in our data.
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1.1) Etiology
Causes:
Numerous factors are responsible for the development of Ischaemic Heart Disease. The major risk
factors are smoking, diabetes mellitus and cholesterol levels.
• Those with Hypercholesterolaemia (elevated blood levels of cholesterol) have a much higher tendency
to develop the disease.
• There is also the theory that Hypertension is a risk factor in the development of Ischaemic Heart
Disease, Genetic and hereditary factors may also be responsible for the disease.
• Males are more prone to Ischaemic Heart Disease. However, in post-menopausal women, the risk is
almost similar to that of men. Stress is also thought to be a risk factor, though there has been a great
deal of debate on this factor of late.
• The disease process occurs when an atheromatous plaque forms in the coronary vessels, leading to
narrowing of the vessel walls and obstructing blood flow to the musculature of the heart.
• Complete blockage results in deficient oxygenation and nutrient supply to the heart tissues, leading to
damage, death and necrosis of the tissue, which is known as Myocardial Infarction (heart attack).
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology is defined simply as "the physiology of disordered function. The basic underlying "disordered
function" in patients with IHD is a reduced capacity for coronary artery blood (oxygen) supply to meet the
myocardial oxygen demand.The individual with normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular function
has a linear relationship between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply. The determinants of
myocardial oxygen demand relate to the work load on the myocardium and include heart rate, systemic systolic
blood pressure, ventricular wall tension, and velocity of myocardial contractility. Clinically, the best indicator of
myocardial oxygen demand is the product of the heart rate times the systolic blood pressure, referred to as the
rate pressure product.
The biggest drawback of this index of myocardial oxygen demand is that it does not allow for assessment of the
effect of wall tension.. The determinants of coronary flow or supply include filling time or essentially the
diastolic period, the driving pressure to fill the coronaries that is equal to the systemic diastolic pressure minus
the left ventricular enddiastolic pressure, and the resistance of the coronary vascular bed. Despite decreases in
diastolic filling time (35% to 40%) and decreases in systemic diastolic pressure during exercise, the normal
coronary system is able to meet the myocardial oxygen demands as a result of reduced vascular resistance
(dilatation) throughout the coronary system.
2) CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• 2.1) Chest Pain or Chest Discomfort :
Few symptoms are more alarming than chest pain. In the minds of many people, chest pain equals heart pain.
And while many other conditions can cause chest pain, cardiac disease is so common - and so dangerous that the
symptom of chest pain should never be dismissed out of hand as being insignificant.
• 2.2) Heart Palpitations :
Palpitations, an unusual awareness of the heartbeat, are an extremely common symptom. Most people who
complain of palpitations describe them either as "skips" in the heartbeat (that is, a pause, often followed by a
particularly strong beat,) or as periods of rapid and/or irregular heart beats.
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• 2.3) Lightheadedness or Dizziness :
Episodes of lightheadedness or dizziness can have many causes, including anemia (low blood count) and other
blood disorders, dehydration, viral illnesses, prolonged bed rest, diabetes, thyroid disease, gastrointestinal
disturbances, liver disease, kidney disease, vascular disease, neurological disorders, dysautonomias, vasovagal
episodes
• 2.4) Syncope (Fainting/Loss of Consciousness) :
Syncope is a sudden and temporary loss of consciousness, or fainting. It is a common symptom - most people
pass out at least once in their lives - and often does not indicate a serious medical problem.
• 2.5) Fatigue, Lethargy or Daytime Sleepiness :
Fatigue, lethargy or somnolence (daytime sleepiness) is very common symptoms. Fatigue or lethargy can be
thought of as an inability to continue functioning at one's normal levels.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of angina is a clinical diagnosis based on a characteristic complaint of chest discomfort or chest pain
brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. Confirmation may be obtained by observing reversible ischemic
changes on ECG during an attack or by giving a test dose of sublingual nitroglycerin that characteristically
relieves the pain in 1 to 3 minutes.
• Certain tests may help determine the severity of ischemia and the presence and extent of the coronary
artery disease.
• Diagnostic tests may include electrocardiogram (measures electrical activity of the heart),
echocardiogram (measures sound waves), exercise-tolerance test, thallium stress test, blood studies to
measure total fat, cholesterol and lipoproteins, X-rays of the chest and coronary angiogram.
• Surgical therapy is indicated when medical treatment has failed to relieve symptoms or when the
Angiogram shows significant disease in the blood vessels.
• Coronary Angioplasty - dilating the blocked vessel by inflating a balloon inside the vessel and
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) - replacing the blocked area of the vessel using a graft from
the patient, may be done to relieve the blockage.
• The indications for bypass surgery are increasingly becoming limited. This is due to the growing
realization that except in selected cases, bypass surgery only helps to improve the quality of life and
relieve symptoms.
Prevention
Risk factors like a fatty diet, smoking; sedentary lifestyle and stress should be avoided, as they are the main
areas of focus in prevention. Avoiding foods rich in saturated fats is vital to reduce lipid levels in the blood and
to prevent arteriosclerosis. Adequate regular exercise is also essential.
3) Primary Prevention
The most successful programmes are those that, in a consistent and continuous way, combine various different
measures, such as education, campaigns aimed at individual citizens, the promotion of healthier environments
(e.g. smoke-free public spaces, healthy schools), financial incentives (e.g. taxes), legislative measures (e.g. food
labeling, restrictions on marketing to children of foods/drinks that are high in fats, salt and sugar and low in
essential nutrients), and initiatives addressing groups such as the food.
3.2) Secondary prevention
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For high cholesterol and hypertension (high blood pressure), secondary prevention implies the detection of
cases, either in the general population or in high-risk groups. The latter refers to groups for which a number of
other risk factors have already been identified.
Treatment :
• Beta-blockers like Propranolol are also highly effective in relieving pain by reducing myocardial
oxygen demand, mainly by decreasing the heart rate.
• Calcium channel antagonists produce vasodilatation and relieve the symptoms by reducing the
excitability and conductivity of cardiac muscle and by reducing blood pressure.
• For patients with hypercholesterolaemia, drugs may be used to lower cholesterol levels.
• Surgery to bypass coronary arteries (severe cases). End-stage coronary artery disease, even when no
simple procedures will help, can still be cured with a heart transplant in rare cases.
• With proper treatment, most patients will be able to lead normal and healthy lives. Treatment also
involves advice regarding regular exercise, avoiding Good control of diabetes and hypertension.
• Drug therapy with Nitrates, which dilate the diseased coronary arteries, administered sub-lingually are
very effective in relieving the pain in a few minutes.
• Drugs such as Isosorbide Dinitrate and Isosorbide Mononitrate belong to the category of Nitrates.
These drugs are also used as a prophylactic to prevent the pain from occurring.
Non-Pharmacological Treatment
1.Limit unhealthy fats and cholesterol :
2. Choose low-fat protein sources :
3. Eat more vegetables and fruits :
4. Yoga Treatment for Heart Diseases :
Pharmacological Treatment
Many cardiologists regard combined administration of conventional anti-anginal medications (including nitrates,
Bblockers and calcium channel blockers) to be a more rational approach to the management of patients with
angina than single-agent therapy. The rationale for this therapeutic strategy is based primarily on our knowledge
of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia and the mechanism of action of the various anti-ischaemic
drugs.
4) Classification Of Drug
Some of the major types of commonly prescribed cardiovascular medications are summarized in this section.
4.1) ACE Inhibitors
4.2) Diuretics (Water Pills)
4.3) Vasodilators
4.4) Digitalis Preparations
4.5) Beta Blockers
4.6) Blood Thinners
4.7) Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
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4.8) Calcium Channel Blockers
Conclusion
The epidemiology studies have provided several key points of information related to the risk of developing IHD.
First, several specific risk factors for IHD have been identified. Second, evidence that these factors are closely
related to environmental and life-style changes implies that risk factors are potentially alterable. Third, these
studies have stimulated further consideration and investigation of the basic mechanism of atherosclerosis.
Angiographic studies have indicated a direct relationship between the risk factors and the severity of coronary
disease. Large prospective primary prevention trials have demonstrated that risk-factor reduction, specifically
reduction in blood pressure and serum cholesterol decreases the chances of developing a future coronary event.
Secondary prevention studies indicate that risk-factor reduction decreases the likelihood of coronary artery
disease progression as measured by angiography and the chances of a repeat coronary event, including coronary
death. These findings have important implications for physical therapists involved with either primary or
secondary prevention clients. To design exercise programs aimed at risk-factor reduction, the therapist needs to
be aware of the factors that influence myocardial oxygen supply and demand and be able to recognize an
imbalance between supply and demand as manifested by symptoms, ECG abnormalities, abnormal blood
pressure, and other clinical indicators of ischemia.
Acknowledgement
Very first I respectfully acknowledge this work to my Parents [Zanklal Mujoriya(Father) & Rajani
Mujoriya (Mother)], my sweet wife Jyoti & Family Members who made me genius in field of education. It
is said that accomplishments must be credited to those who have put up the foundations of the particular chore:
here I pay tributes to my parents for lifting me up till this phase of life. I am also thankful to my dearest brother
Pravin, Amol for their encouragement, love and support which have boosted me morale. Thanking you all
REFERENCE
Blessey R, . St. Louis, MO, C V Mosby Co. (1985), The beneficial effects of aerobic exercise for patients with
coronary artery disease. In Irwin S, Tecklin JS (eds): Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy. pp 137-148
Keys A (1970), Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41(Suppl I): 1-1-1- pp 211
Marmot MG, Syme SL. (1976) Acculturation and CHD in Japanese-Americans.Am J Epidemiol pp 225-247
Marmot MG, Syme SL, Kagan A, et al (1975) Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in
Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: Prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and
associated risk factors. Am J Epidemiol pp 514-525.
Levy Rl (1981) Declining mortality in coronary heart disease. Arteriosclerosis pp 312-325
Feinleib M, Havlik RJ, Thorn TJ (1982) The changing pattern of ischemic heart disease. Journal of
Cardiovascular Medicine pp 139-146
Dwyer T, Netzel BS (1980) A comparison of trends of coronary heart disease mortality in Australia, U.S.A. and
England and Wales with reference to three major risk factors hypertension, cigarette smoking and diet. Int J
Epidemiol pp 65-71
Goldman L, Cook EF (1963) The decline in ischemic heart disease mortality rate. Ann Intern Med 101 pp 825-
832
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Dawber TR(1984) An approach to a longitudinal study of IHD in a community: The Framingham study. Ann
NY Acad Sci 107 pp 539-550
Kannel WB, McGee D, Gordon T (1976) A general cardiovascular risk profile, The Framingham study. Am J
Cardiol pp 38:46-51
Epstein FH, Napier SA, Block WDA, et al (1970) The Tecumseh study: Design, progress and prospectives. Arch
Environ Health pp 402-407
Harries CJ. (1971) Evans County cardiovascular and cerebrovascular epidemiologic study: Introduction. Arch
Intern Med pp.833-841
Garcia-Palmieri MR, Costas R, Cruz-Vidal M, et al (1970) Risk factors and prevalence of coronary heart disease
in Puerto Rico. Circulation pp. 541 –N 549
Rosenman RH, Brand RJ, Sholtz Rl, et al (1976) Multivariate prediction of coronary heart disease during 8.5
year follow-up in the western collaborative group study. Am J Cardiol (37) pp. 903-910
Feinleib M, Williams RR (1976) Relative risks of myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease and peripheral
vascular disease by type of smoking. Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Smoking and Health pp.
243- M268
Doyle ST, Dawber TR, Kannel WB, et al (1964) The relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary heart
disease: The second report of the combined experience of the Albany, N.Y. and Framingham, Mass. studies.
JAMA (190) pp. 886-890
Kannel WB (1975) Role of blood pressure in cardiovascular disease: The Framinghamstudy. Angiology pp.
26:1-14,
Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T, et al (1971) Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins and risk of coronary heart
disease: The Framingham study. Ann Intern Med (74) pp. 1-12
Kench SH, Doyle JT, Hillebae HE (1963) Risk factors in ischemic heart disease. Am J Public Health (55) pp
438-456
4.1) ACE Inhibitors
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Generic name Brand name(s)
Captopril Capoten ®
Enalapril Vasotec ®
Ramipril Altace ®
Side effects and special instructions :
Some people develop a persistent cough and kidney problems. It's also common for people to feel weak or
dizzy when they first take these drugs, due to the lowering of blood pressure
4.2) Diuretics (Water Pills)
Generic name Brand name(s)
Hydrochlorothiazide HydroDIURIL ®
Chlorothiazide Diuril ®
Side effects and special instructions :
Some types of diuretics also remove potassium from the body.Diuretics can cause low blood pressure,
kidney complications & excessive loss of potassium and fluid.
4.3) Vasodilators
Generic name Brand name(s)
isosorbide dinitrate Isordil ®
Nesiritide Natrecor ®
Hydralazine Apresoline ®
Minoxidil Loniten®
4.4) Digitalis Preparations
Generic name Brand name(s)
Digoxin Lanoxin ®
Digitoxin -
Side effects and special instructions:
For digoxin to be effective, patients must take the right amount. This means they will probably be given
regular blood tests to see if their digoxin level is correct.
4.5) Beta Blockers
Generic name Brand name(s)
Carvedilol Coreg ®
4.6) Blood Thinners
Generic name Brand name(s)
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Warfarin Coumadin ®
Heparin -
Side effects and special instructions :
People taking blood thinners can have nosebleeds, bleeding in the gums and easy bruising. It's important to
report bruises and bleeding to the doctor right away.
4.7) Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Generic name Brand name(s)
Losartan Cozaar ®
Valsartan Diovan ®
Side effects and special instructions :
Like other blood pressure-lowering medicines, angiotensin II receptor blockers may cause nausea,
dizziness, headaches and low blood pressure.
4.8) Calcium Channel Blockers
Generic name Brand name(s)
Amlodipine Norvasc ®
Table 1 Employees State Insurance Data
State No of new cases No of new cases
Per 1000 inssured person for Per 1000 inssured
1958-59* Person for 1961-62
Punjab(ps) 0-22 0-64
Dehli(ss) 0-13 0-07
Rajsthan(ss) 0-54 0-16
Uttar Pradesh(ss) 0-11 1-15
Maharashatra(ps) 0-41 0-52
Maharashtra(ss) 0-22 0-89
West Bengal(ps) 0-90 0-59
Bihar 0-13 1-32
Madras(ss) 1-66 1-52
Madras 0-71 1-25
West Bengal(ps) 0-90 0-59
Mysore(ss) 4-42 0-44
All India 0-63 0-62
34
10. International Journals Call for Paper
The IISTE, a U.S. publisher, is currently hosting the academic journals listed below. The peer review process of the following journals
usually takes LESS THAN 14 business days and IISTE usually publishes a qualified article within 30 days. Authors should
send their full paper to the following email address. More information can be found in the IISTE website : www.iiste.org
Business, Economics, Finance and Management PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
European Journal of Business and Management EJBM@iiste.org
Research Journal of Finance and Accounting RJFA@iiste.org
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development JESD@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Chemistry PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Mathematical Theory and Modeling MTM@iiste.org
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications APTA@iiste.org
Chemical and Process Engineering Research CPER@iiste.org
Engineering, Technology and Systems PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems CEIS@iiste.org
Innovative Systems Design and Engineering ISDE@iiste.org
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org
Information and Knowledge Management IKM@iiste.org
Control Theory and Informatics CTI@iiste.org
Journal of Information Engineering and Applications JIEA@iiste.org
Industrial Engineering Letters IEL@iiste.org
Network and Complex Systems NCS@iiste.org
Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Environment and Earth Science JEES@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Civil and Environmental Research CER@iiste.org
Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Natural Sciences Research JNSR@iiste.org
Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare JBAH@iiste.org
Food Science and Quality Management FSQM@iiste.org
Chemistry and Materials Research CMR@iiste.org
Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL
Journal of Education and Practice JEP@iiste.org
Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization JLPG@iiste.org Global knowledge sharing:
New Media and Mass Communication NMMC@iiste.org EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's
Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy JETP@iiste.org Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP
Historical Research Letter HRL@iiste.org Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld
Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Public Policy and Administration Research PPAR@iiste.org Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate,
International Affairs and Global Strategy IAGS@iiste.org OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library ,
Research on Humanities and Social Sciences RHSS@iiste.org NewJour, Google Scholar.
Developing Country Studies DCS@iiste.org IISTE is member of CrossRef. All journals
Arts and Design Studies ADS@iiste.org have high IC Impact Factor Values (ICV).