This document provides an achievement standard and introduction to genetics for a Year 11 science class. It covers various genetics concepts including DNA, genes, alleles, chromosomes, meiosis, mitosis, variation, inheritance, natural selection, and selective breeding. Students are expected to understand genetic terminology and conventions. Examples may be drawn from plants and animals. The relationship between cells, DNA, proteins, and determining phenotypes is explored.
Basic genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in genetics and heredity. It discusses chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, mutations, meiosis, Mendelian inheritance, and more. Some key points include:
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins like histones. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits.
- Mutations involve changes in DNA base pairs and can cause conditions like sickle cell anemia.
- Meiosis produces gametes and involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and two cell divisions. This introduces genetic variation.
- Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment describe inheritance patterns he observed in pea plants. His work formed the basis of classical
- Cells face difficulties as they increase in size, including placing more demands on DNA and less efficient nutrient/waste transport. If a cell grows too large without its DNA increasing, an "information crisis" will occur.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found in the early embryo, while adult stem cells are multipotent and found in adult tissues where they generate specialized cell types.
- DNA carries genetic information through genes located on chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes with one set from each parent separate and cells receive a complete set, maintaining genetic integrity.
Modern genetics began in the 1920s with the study of DNA and its role in heredity. Griffith's experiments in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria, transforming harmless bacteria into deadly ones. Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided proof that DNA, rather than proteins, carries the genetic instructions of organisms. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson, Crick, and Franklin to be a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
The document discusses genetics and genes. It states that chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence shared by members of a species. Genes occupy specific positions on chromosomes and come in different alleles. Biologists have developed techniques to artificially manipulate DNA, cells, and organisms.
The document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts:
1) DNA is stored in chromosomes in the nucleus and contains genetic instructions in the form of genes that are made up of sequences of nucleotide base pairs.
2) DNA gets packaged into chromosomes through coiling and histone proteins for efficient storage in the nucleus.
3) The order of base pairs in genes determines the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins, which influence traits. Inherited genetic mutations can cause genetic disorders.
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. It examines how traits are inherited through genes on chromosomes, which are faithfully transmitted from parents to offspring via gametes, maintaining generational continuity. Genetic variation arises from mutations in the DNA sequence, which are heritable changes that provide the basis for natural selection and evolution. Genetics also explores DNA and gene function at the molecular level using techniques like restriction enzymes, vectors, recombinant DNA, and cloning.
Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence that is shared by members of a species. In prokaryotes, DNA exists as a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Homologous chromosomes in diploid cells contain the same genes but can have different alleles. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in most species. Karyotyping allows visualization of chromosomes and can be used for analysis.
Basic genetics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
This document provides a summary of key concepts in genetics and heredity. It discusses chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, mutations, meiosis, Mendelian inheritance, and more. Some key points include:
- Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins like histones. Genes are segments of DNA that control traits.
- Mutations involve changes in DNA base pairs and can cause conditions like sickle cell anemia.
- Meiosis produces gametes and involves pairing of homologous chromosomes, crossing over, and two cell divisions. This introduces genetic variation.
- Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment describe inheritance patterns he observed in pea plants. His work formed the basis of classical
- Cells face difficulties as they increase in size, including placing more demands on DNA and less efficient nutrient/waste transport. If a cell grows too large without its DNA increasing, an "information crisis" will occur.
- Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and found in the early embryo, while adult stem cells are multipotent and found in adult tissues where they generate specialized cell types.
- DNA carries genetic information through genes located on chromosomes. During cell division, chromosomes with one set from each parent separate and cells receive a complete set, maintaining genetic integrity.
Modern genetics began in the 1920s with the study of DNA and its role in heredity. Griffith's experiments in 1928 showed that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria, transforming harmless bacteria into deadly ones. Hershey and Chase's experiments in 1952 provided proof that DNA, rather than proteins, carries the genetic instructions of organisms. The structure of DNA was determined in 1953 by Watson, Crick, and Franklin to be a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
The document discusses genetics and genes. It states that chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence shared by members of a species. Genes occupy specific positions on chromosomes and come in different alleles. Biologists have developed techniques to artificially manipulate DNA, cells, and organisms.
The document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts:
1) DNA is stored in chromosomes in the nucleus and contains genetic instructions in the form of genes that are made up of sequences of nucleotide base pairs.
2) DNA gets packaged into chromosomes through coiling and histone proteins for efficient storage in the nucleus.
3) The order of base pairs in genes determines the sequence of amino acids that make up proteins, which influence traits. Inherited genetic mutations can cause genetic disorders.
Genetics is the study of heredity and variation. It examines how traits are inherited through genes on chromosomes, which are faithfully transmitted from parents to offspring via gametes, maintaining generational continuity. Genetic variation arises from mutations in the DNA sequence, which are heritable changes that provide the basis for natural selection and evolution. Genetics also explores DNA and gene function at the molecular level using techniques like restriction enzymes, vectors, recombinant DNA, and cloning.
Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence that is shared by members of a species. In prokaryotes, DNA exists as a single circular chromosome, while eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes associated with histone proteins. Homologous chromosomes in diploid cells contain the same genes but can have different alleles. Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes in most species. Karyotyping allows visualization of chromosomes and can be used for analysis.
This document outlines concepts related to inheritance and genetics from a chemistry syllabus, including:
1) Definitions of inheritance, chromosomes, genes, alleles, and related concepts like dominant and recessive alleles.
2) An explanation of how genetic information is passed from DNA to mRNA to proteins.
3) Descriptions of mitosis, meiosis, and their roles in cell replication and sexual reproduction.
4) Explanations of monohybrid inheritance patterns, including use of Punnett squares and definitions of genotype and phenotype.
This presentation elaborates regarding introduction to genetics, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, Genetics of developmental disorders of teeth, Genetics of craniofacial disorders and syndromes, genetics of cleft lip and palate, malocclusion and dental caries
This document provides information on genetic concepts including genes, DNA, chromosomes, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines key terms and describes patterns of inheritance such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, autosomal and codominant traits. Examples are given of human genetic disorders and their inheritance patterns. Questions at the end test understanding of calculating inheritance probabilities and determining modes of inheritance from pedigree charts.
This document contains syllabus statements about inheritance, cell division, monohybrid inheritance, variation and selection. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, gene, allele, genotype and phenotype. It describes the processes of mitosis, meiosis and how they relate to cell reproduction and gamete formation. It also outlines monohybrid crosses and Mendel's laws of inheritance. Finally, it discusses sources of genetic variation like mutation and how natural selection can act on this variation.
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
See also related talk Crops, Climate Change and Super-domestication Heslop-Harrison for Oil Palm Breeders symposium on Gearing Oil Palm Breeding and Agronomy for Climate Change: Keynote opening address MPOB PIPOC and PIPOC ISOPB ISOPA
http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/heslop-harrisoncrops-climatechangesuperdomestication
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chromosomes of oil palm allows us to understand their evolution, genetics and segregation, genetic recombination and karyotypic stability. The cytogenetic manipulation of genomes and their chromosomes is often valuable for plant breeders to introduce and exploit new variation. Cytological landmarks such as centromeres, telomeres, heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions are important for the integration of physical chromosomes with the DNA sequence information. This linkage of the genetic, chromosomal and physical maps is particularly useful in a long-lived tree crop where genetic mapping requires decades of preparation and the mapping crosses may not be directly relevant to DxP commercial plantings. Repetitive DNA is often the most rapidly evolving genomic component, but is poorly understood from sequence assemblies; molecular cytogenetic studies allow its organization and variation to be studied, and the exploitation of repetitive sequences as markers and, by the amplification and mobility of transposable elements or satellite repeats, in generation of new variation.
Molecular cytogenetic approaches provide tools for oil palm genomic research, comparative genomics and evolutionary studies and further facilitate understanding the inheritance of specific traits in oil palm, including DNA methylation, epigenetics, and somaclonal variation, allowing work with hybrids, haploids and polyploids. Knowledge of the structures and organization of the chromosomes of oil palm, as in many crop species, is valuable for development of new lines, making hybrids, understanding the causes of some abnormalities or infertility, and exploiting variation and biodiversity found in related species or breeding lines.
Further information and slides from the talk will be on our website www.molcyt.com.
Genes are segments of DNA that influence specific characteristics and occupy positions on chromosomes. The Human Genome Project sequenced the entire base sequence of human genes, finding around 20,500 genes. New alleles are formed through mutations that change one or a few DNA bases, such as the single base substitution causing sickle cell anemia by replacing glutamic acid with valine in the hemoglobin protein.
The document discusses various concepts related to genetics and genes. It defines key terms like DNA, mRNA, gene, coding region, exons, introns, regulatory sequences, alleles, loci, genotype, phenotype, traits, karyotype and more. It explains genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions to make proteins, while regulatory sequences control gene expression. mRNA carries gene copies from DNA in the nucleus to cellular machinery for protein production.
This document summarizes maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. It discusses how chloroplasts are inherited in the variegated four o' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa. Flowers on green branches produce only green offspring, while flowers on white branches produce only white offspring, demonstrating maternal inheritance of chloroplasts. Flowers on variegated branches produce offspring with mixed phenotypes, due to segregation of chloroplast types in the egg cell cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic inheritance demonstrates that in some plants, chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally rather than paternally.
As a periodontist, it is of utmost importance to understand the genetic basis of inheritance in periodontal diseases be able to relate to the various polymorphisms associated with periodontal diseases. This ppt presents the basics of genetics from the point of view of future understanding of polymorphisms related to periodontal diseases.
1. The document discusses key concepts in genetics including genes, heredity, genetic disorders, and major figures and discoveries in the field.
2. Gregor Mendel is credited with discovering genes through his experiments with pea plants in the 1860s.
3. Modern techniques like gene therapy, genetic engineering, and the Human Genome Project aim to treat genetic diseases and further understand human genetics.
This document discusses several genetics concepts and experiments including: coiling of shells in snails and their dextral and sinistral forms, the kappa particle found in Paramecium studied by T.M. Sonneborn in 1938, leaf variegation patterns in Mirabilis jalapa plants, and types of male sterility including genetic male sterility.
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Traits like eye color, hair color, and body shape are inherited through genes.
2) Genes are located on chromosomes and determine physical characteristics. Chromosomes contain DNA and are passed from parents to children during reproduction.
3) DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The order of these nucleotides make up the genetic code and determine traits. DNA self-replicates by using each strand as a template to make a new double helix.
The concept of the gene has evolved over time based on experimental evidence:
1. Early views were that a gene equals one character (Mendel) or metabolic function (Garrod).
2. Experiments in the 1940s-50s showed genes encode enzymes or polypeptides.
3. Benzer's experiments in the 1950s-60s demonstrated that genes have fine structure and recombination can occur within genes, not just between genes. The nucleotide, not the gene, is the basic unit of genetic structure.
4. Complementation tests show a gene is the basic unit of function, though it can be divided into smaller functional units (cistrons). Alternative splicing further complicates the
1. DNA is found in the nucleus and contains the genetic instructions for making all the proteins in an organism.
2. DNA exists as double-stranded helix containing four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
3. During cell division, the DNA duplicates itself so that each new cell contains identical genetic information as the parent cell.
1. The document discusses principles of genetics including concepts like heredity, variation, Mendelian genetics, and branches of genetics like cytogenetics and molecular genetics.
2. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants from 1856-1863 which led to his principles of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance and the rediscovery of his work in 1900.
3. Key genetics terminology is defined including genes, alleles, genotype and phenotype, and symbols and concepts used in pedigrees like dominant/recessive alleles and Punnett squares are explained.
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to genetics and heredity. It then discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of genetics and led to his laws of inheritance. The document describes cell structure and the cell cycle, including mitosis and meiosis. It explains DNA, chromosomes, genes, transcription and translation. The human genome project is also mentioned. Overall, the document covers the key concepts and history of genetics from its early discoveries to modern understanding of inheritance and DNA.
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotypingAamir Sharif
This document provides an overview of genetics and defines key genetic concepts. It discusses that genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of traits among organisms. It describes that DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides with four bases that pair up in a double helix structure. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. Chromosomes package DNA and humans have 23 chromosome pairs. Mutations can occur that change DNA sequences and cause genetic disorders. The document outlines different types of mutations and explains genetic testing techniques like karyotyping to analyze chromosomes for abnormalities.
Structure of DNA. Coiling of DNA. Definitions about genetics. The Gene & The Genetic Code. Gene Mutation. Regulation of gene expression. DNA Functions. Patterns Of Inheritance
This type of deafness in the teacher is unlikely to be inherited by their new baby because:
- The teacher developed deafness as a result of environmental factors (noisy classes), not genetic factors. Their deafness was acquired and not something they were born with.
- Acquired or environmental traits are not heritable as they are not encoded in our genes. They result from interactions with the surrounding environment rather than our genetic makeup.
- For a trait to be inherited, it must have a genetic basis - the trait must be influenced by the genes we receive from our parents. Since the teacher's deafness was caused by environmental noise exposure rather than a genetic mutation or condition, it would not be passed on to offspring through their
Biology eoc review (with extra questions) jan 2015mstockdale
This document provides a review for biology EOC and covers several topics:
1. It describes different types of cells including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as animal, plant, and bacterial cells.
2. It reviews cellular structures and organelles like DNA, ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
3. It discusses cellular transport mechanisms including passive transport methods like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis as well as active transport.
This document outlines concepts related to inheritance and genetics from a chemistry syllabus, including:
1) Definitions of inheritance, chromosomes, genes, alleles, and related concepts like dominant and recessive alleles.
2) An explanation of how genetic information is passed from DNA to mRNA to proteins.
3) Descriptions of mitosis, meiosis, and their roles in cell replication and sexual reproduction.
4) Explanations of monohybrid inheritance patterns, including use of Punnett squares and definitions of genotype and phenotype.
This presentation elaborates regarding introduction to genetics, chromosomes, DNA, RNA, Genetics of developmental disorders of teeth, Genetics of craniofacial disorders and syndromes, genetics of cleft lip and palate, malocclusion and dental caries
This document provides information on genetic concepts including genes, DNA, chromosomes, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines key terms and describes patterns of inheritance such as dominant, recessive, X-linked, autosomal and codominant traits. Examples are given of human genetic disorders and their inheritance patterns. Questions at the end test understanding of calculating inheritance probabilities and determining modes of inheritance from pedigree charts.
This document contains syllabus statements about inheritance, cell division, monohybrid inheritance, variation and selection. It defines key genetic terms like chromosome, gene, allele, genotype and phenotype. It describes the processes of mitosis, meiosis and how they relate to cell reproduction and gamete formation. It also outlines monohybrid crosses and Mendel's laws of inheritance. Finally, it discusses sources of genetic variation like mutation and how natural selection can act on this variation.
Chromosomes and molecular cytogenetics of oil palm: impact for breeding and g...Pat (JS) Heslop-Harrison
See also related talk Crops, Climate Change and Super-domestication Heslop-Harrison for Oil Palm Breeders symposium on Gearing Oil Palm Breeding and Agronomy for Climate Change: Keynote opening address MPOB PIPOC and PIPOC ISOPB ISOPA
http://www.slideshare.net/PatHeslopHarrison/heslop-harrisoncrops-climatechangesuperdomestication
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the chromosomes of oil palm allows us to understand their evolution, genetics and segregation, genetic recombination and karyotypic stability. The cytogenetic manipulation of genomes and their chromosomes is often valuable for plant breeders to introduce and exploit new variation. Cytological landmarks such as centromeres, telomeres, heterochromatin and nucleolar organizer regions are important for the integration of physical chromosomes with the DNA sequence information. This linkage of the genetic, chromosomal and physical maps is particularly useful in a long-lived tree crop where genetic mapping requires decades of preparation and the mapping crosses may not be directly relevant to DxP commercial plantings. Repetitive DNA is often the most rapidly evolving genomic component, but is poorly understood from sequence assemblies; molecular cytogenetic studies allow its organization and variation to be studied, and the exploitation of repetitive sequences as markers and, by the amplification and mobility of transposable elements or satellite repeats, in generation of new variation.
Molecular cytogenetic approaches provide tools for oil palm genomic research, comparative genomics and evolutionary studies and further facilitate understanding the inheritance of specific traits in oil palm, including DNA methylation, epigenetics, and somaclonal variation, allowing work with hybrids, haploids and polyploids. Knowledge of the structures and organization of the chromosomes of oil palm, as in many crop species, is valuable for development of new lines, making hybrids, understanding the causes of some abnormalities or infertility, and exploiting variation and biodiversity found in related species or breeding lines.
Further information and slides from the talk will be on our website www.molcyt.com.
Genes are segments of DNA that influence specific characteristics and occupy positions on chromosomes. The Human Genome Project sequenced the entire base sequence of human genes, finding around 20,500 genes. New alleles are formed through mutations that change one or a few DNA bases, such as the single base substitution causing sickle cell anemia by replacing glutamic acid with valine in the hemoglobin protein.
The document discusses various concepts related to genetics and genes. It defines key terms like DNA, mRNA, gene, coding region, exons, introns, regulatory sequences, alleles, loci, genotype, phenotype, traits, karyotype and more. It explains genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions to make proteins, while regulatory sequences control gene expression. mRNA carries gene copies from DNA in the nucleus to cellular machinery for protein production.
This document summarizes maternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA. It discusses how chloroplasts are inherited in the variegated four o' clock plant Mirabilis jalapa. Flowers on green branches produce only green offspring, while flowers on white branches produce only white offspring, demonstrating maternal inheritance of chloroplasts. Flowers on variegated branches produce offspring with mixed phenotypes, due to segregation of chloroplast types in the egg cell cytoplasm. This cytoplasmic inheritance demonstrates that in some plants, chloroplast DNA is inherited maternally rather than paternally.
As a periodontist, it is of utmost importance to understand the genetic basis of inheritance in periodontal diseases be able to relate to the various polymorphisms associated with periodontal diseases. This ppt presents the basics of genetics from the point of view of future understanding of polymorphisms related to periodontal diseases.
1. The document discusses key concepts in genetics including genes, heredity, genetic disorders, and major figures and discoveries in the field.
2. Gregor Mendel is credited with discovering genes through his experiments with pea plants in the 1860s.
3. Modern techniques like gene therapy, genetic engineering, and the Human Genome Project aim to treat genetic diseases and further understand human genetics.
This document discusses several genetics concepts and experiments including: coiling of shells in snails and their dextral and sinistral forms, the kappa particle found in Paramecium studied by T.M. Sonneborn in 1938, leaf variegation patterns in Mirabilis jalapa plants, and types of male sterility including genetic male sterility.
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. Traits like eye color, hair color, and body shape are inherited through genes.
2) Genes are located on chromosomes and determine physical characteristics. Chromosomes contain DNA and are passed from parents to children during reproduction.
3) DNA is made of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base. The order of these nucleotides make up the genetic code and determine traits. DNA self-replicates by using each strand as a template to make a new double helix.
The concept of the gene has evolved over time based on experimental evidence:
1. Early views were that a gene equals one character (Mendel) or metabolic function (Garrod).
2. Experiments in the 1940s-50s showed genes encode enzymes or polypeptides.
3. Benzer's experiments in the 1950s-60s demonstrated that genes have fine structure and recombination can occur within genes, not just between genes. The nucleotide, not the gene, is the basic unit of genetic structure.
4. Complementation tests show a gene is the basic unit of function, though it can be divided into smaller functional units (cistrons). Alternative splicing further complicates the
1. DNA is found in the nucleus and contains the genetic instructions for making all the proteins in an organism.
2. DNA exists as double-stranded helix containing four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
3. During cell division, the DNA duplicates itself so that each new cell contains identical genetic information as the parent cell.
1. The document discusses principles of genetics including concepts like heredity, variation, Mendelian genetics, and branches of genetics like cytogenetics and molecular genetics.
2. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants from 1856-1863 which led to his principles of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance and the rediscovery of his work in 1900.
3. Key genetics terminology is defined including genes, alleles, genotype and phenotype, and symbols and concepts used in pedigrees like dominant/recessive alleles and Punnett squares are explained.
This document provides an overview of genetics and heredity. It begins with an introduction to genetics and heredity. It then discusses Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of genetics and led to his laws of inheritance. The document describes cell structure and the cell cycle, including mitosis and meiosis. It explains DNA, chromosomes, genes, transcription and translation. The human genome project is also mentioned. Overall, the document covers the key concepts and history of genetics from its early discoveries to modern understanding of inheritance and DNA.
Basic genetics ,mutation and karyotypingAamir Sharif
This document provides an overview of genetics and defines key genetic concepts. It discusses that genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of traits among organisms. It describes that DNA contains the genetic code and is made up of nucleotides with four bases that pair up in a double helix structure. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins. Chromosomes package DNA and humans have 23 chromosome pairs. Mutations can occur that change DNA sequences and cause genetic disorders. The document outlines different types of mutations and explains genetic testing techniques like karyotyping to analyze chromosomes for abnormalities.
Structure of DNA. Coiling of DNA. Definitions about genetics. The Gene & The Genetic Code. Gene Mutation. Regulation of gene expression. DNA Functions. Patterns Of Inheritance
This type of deafness in the teacher is unlikely to be inherited by their new baby because:
- The teacher developed deafness as a result of environmental factors (noisy classes), not genetic factors. Their deafness was acquired and not something they were born with.
- Acquired or environmental traits are not heritable as they are not encoded in our genes. They result from interactions with the surrounding environment rather than our genetic makeup.
- For a trait to be inherited, it must have a genetic basis - the trait must be influenced by the genes we receive from our parents. Since the teacher's deafness was caused by environmental noise exposure rather than a genetic mutation or condition, it would not be passed on to offspring through their
Biology eoc review (with extra questions) jan 2015mstockdale
This document provides a review for biology EOC and covers several topics:
1. It describes different types of cells including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as well as animal, plant, and bacterial cells.
2. It reviews cellular structures and organelles like DNA, ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
3. It discusses cellular transport mechanisms including passive transport methods like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis as well as active transport.
This document provides a summary of macromolecules, genetics, and blood types. It discusses proteins, DNA, genes, chromosomes, carbohydrates, lipids, and their structure and functions. It also covers DNA replication, karyotypes, alleles, Mendelian genetics including genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and Punnett squares. Finally, it discusses blood groups, antibodies, gel electrophoresis, and forensic applications of DNA fingerprinting.
The document discusses heredity and variation, including the principles of inheritance. It covers several key topics:
- Cell division through mitosis and meiosis results in the transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Mitosis produces genetically identical cells for growth, while meiosis results in genetic variation through the formation of gametes.
- Genes located on chromosomes carry inherited traits and occur in pairs. One gene from each pair is inherited from the mother and father. Examples of traits determined by genes include eye color and blood type.
- Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the principles of dominant and recessive genes. A dominant gene masks the expression of a recessive gene. Monohy
This document discusses cell reproduction and DNA replication. It begins by explaining the reasons cells divide, including growth, repair, and reproduction. It then describes asexual and sexual reproduction, noting their advantages and disadvantages. The document explains that DNA replication must occur before cell division to provide each new cell with a full set of chromosomes. It outlines the three main steps of DNA replication: unzipping, base pairing, and producing two new DNA molecules. Finally, it briefly discusses mitosis and has students assess their understanding through a self-assessment chart.
This document summarizes genetics, DNA, heredity, and gene expression. It explains that genes located on chromosomes contain DNA, which codes for traits that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA is made up of four nitrogenous bases that form a double helix structure. DNA replicates before cell division by unwinding and using each strand as a template to make a new complementary strand. Gene expression and mutations can influence the traits that are expressed in offspring.
This document summarizes genetics, DNA, heredity, and related concepts. It explains that genes located on chromosomes contain DNA, which codes for traits that are passed from parents to offspring. DNA is made up of four nitrogenous bases that form the ladder-like structure of the DNA double helix. DNA replicates before cell division to make copies for new cells. Mutations can occur in DNA and affect traits in offspring. Gene expression determines which genes are activated in different cell types.
This document provides an overview of sexual reproduction in flowering plants and mammals. It discusses how gametes are produced through meiosis, containing half the number of chromosomes. Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes fuse, restoring the full chromosome number and allowing for genetic variation in offspring. The document also describes DNA and genes, how genetic information is passed down, and sex determination in humans based on X and Y chromosomes.
The document provides study materials for Mrs. Ulry's Biology 202B class, including a review of key concepts from four class units and a 20 question multiple choice exam covering those units. It reviews differences between DNA and RNA, genetic processes like transcription and translation, evolutionary concepts like natural selection and genetic drift, and taxonomy. Sample review questions are provided to help students prepare for the exam.
The document discusses how cells reproduce through cell division processes like mitosis and meiosis. It explains that mitosis results in two identical daughter cells while meiosis produces four haploid cells through two cell divisions. The stages of mitosis and meiosis are compared, and meiosis is described as introducing genetic variation through crossing over during prophase I which provides an advantage over asexual reproduction.
DNA can be used for forensic identification. It has a unique sequence in each person that can be analyzed using short tandem repeats found in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. STR analysis examines repetitive sequences that vary between individuals, allowing DNA fingerprints to be generated for identification purposes.
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics and molecular biology. It discusses Gregor Mendel and his experiments that formed the basis of genetics. It describes Mendel's laws of inheritance and different types of genetic crosses. It also explains DNA and RNA structure, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. Additionally, it covers mutations, sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal abnormalities, and hereditary disorders. Environmental factors that can affect genetics like smoking, alcohol, radiation and cancer are also summarized.
The document discusses DNA and genetics. It explains that DNA is the genetic material found in cell nuclei that contains the coded instructions passed down from parents to offspring. DNA has a double helix structure with nucleotides as its building blocks. Genes located on chromosomes inside the nucleus control cellular activity and traits by regulating enzyme production. DNA replication and sexual reproduction allow for transmission of genetic information between generations.
Genetics and the study of human genome is fascinating and has the potential to alter our understanding going back or forward.
Genetics will play a significant role -- atleast as impactful as internet and its effect will be lasting as the wheel. Revolutionary changes are afoot and the world as we know it is over. Much of it is driven by technology. This is a very high level intro to basics of genetics. Lots of reading, consulting genetic experts.
This document provides an overview of biology concepts including:
1) Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus while prokaryotic cells do not. Both can undergo cellular respiration to produce ATP.
2) The plasma membrane controls what enters and exits the cell and is important for homeostasis. Enzymes speed up cellular reactions.
3) DNA is replicated before cell division and contains instructions for making proteins via transcription and translation.
4) Evolution occurs over time through natural selection, where organisms with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
The document provides information on inheritance, variation and evolution for AQA Biology GCSE. It covers topics such as sexual and asexual reproduction, meiosis, DNA and protein synthesis, genes and alleles, genetic disorders, variation, natural selection, selective breeding, and genetic engineering. Practice questions and diagrams are provided to help students learn and test their understanding of these concepts.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units that make up all living organisms. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells, which are single-celled organisms like bacteria, and eukaryotic cells, which form multicellular organisms like plants and animals. All cells contain a nucleus and organelles that allow different functions. Cells reproduce through cell division, which can be mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells for growth and tissue repair, or meiosis, which produces gametes like sperm and egg cells with half the number of chromosomes to ensure offspring have a full set. The cell cycle involves growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells through carefully regulated phases.
This document provides an introduction to genetics and key genetic concepts. It discusses chromosomes and that humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Genes contain the code for making proteins and are located along chromosomes. DNA is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix and carries the genetic code. The genetic code uses four nucleotide bases that bond together in DNA to form genes. Genes can mutate, and mutations can be passed down to offspring. The document also describes genetic inheritance patterns including autosomal dominance, co-dominance as seen in blood types, and sex-linked inheritance such as with color blindness.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in biology related to genetics and cellular reproduction. It defines the laws of segregation and independent assortment. It also describes dominant and recessive traits, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, mitosis, meiosis, the cell cycle, and compares the key differences between mitosis and meiosis.
1. Teachers will participate in project-based professional learning focused on using small ICT tasks to enhance teaching and student learning.
2. Teachers will choose an area of interest, research it in a small group, and devise an ICT task to use in their teaching. They will reflect on the task's effectiveness and make improvements.
3. The first session will be in Week 8 where teachers will discuss their key competencies and potential ICT tasks. They will continue working on their projects during PD sessions and their own time throughout the term.
This document contains information about a Year 11 100 Science class, including:
- Links to online resources about acids and bases aspects that will be covered, such as atomic structure, properties, and uses.
- Examples of common acids and bases that will be discussed, including HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and various metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.
- Instructions and questions for students to research atomic structure, the periodic table, and drawing electron configurations of elements.
This document provides instructions for using OneNote to complete work for a biology class. It outlines how students should listen in class, read powerpoints, think about and answer questions, complete online activities, Scipad work, and Moodle quizzes. It emphasizes thinking over copying notes. The document also includes information on achievement standards, exam specifications, and the topic outline covering responses to the environment.
This document contains information about a Year 11 100 Science class, including:
- Links to online resources about acids and bases aspects that will be covered, such as atomic structure, properties, and uses.
- Examples of common acids and bases that will be discussed, including HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and various metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.
- Instructions and questions for students to research atomic structure, ions, and the periodic table.
Here are potential responses to the questions:
4) You don't always get sick from undercooked meat because not all meat contains harmful bacteria. The bacteria have to be present and in large enough quantities to cause illness. Other factors like your own immune system also play a role in whether or not you get sick.
5) Even when multiple people eat contaminated food, only some may get sick because factors like age, existing health conditions, medication and the size of the bacteria dose can affect the chances of getting an infection. People's individual immune systems also respond differently.
6) It can take time for symptoms of a foodborne illness to appear because the bacteria first have to multiply inside the body until they reach levels high enough to
1. Electric current is measured in amps using an ammeter connected in series in the circuit. In a series circuit, the current is the same at all points. In a parallel circuit, the current splits and the readings on each branch add up to the total current.
2. Voltage is measured in volts using a voltmeter connected in parallel across components. In a series circuit, the voltage drops across each component add up to the total battery voltage. In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across each branch.
3. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of connecting components in series versus parallel on current and voltage. It was found that in a series circuit, the current is the same
ICT tools provide many benefits for science education including accessibility of content anywhere, catering to different learning styles, easy differentiation of content, and freeing up teachers to assist students. Popular tools mentioned include Moodle, Google Calendar, online quizzes and forums, videos, animations, Kahoots, Padlet, displaying student work, and science-related apps. The document emphasizes keeping activities short, providing variety, and ensuring technologies work properly for students.
This document provides information about atomic structure:
1. It explains that atoms are made up of even smaller particles called subatomic particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2. Protons and neutrons are located at the center of the atom in a dense core called the nucleus. Electrons orbit around the outside of the atom.
3. Atoms have an overall neutral charge because they contain an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. Neutrons have no charge.
This document provides information about force and motion, including definitions, formulas, and examples. It includes:
- Definitions of key terms like speed, velocity, mass, weight, friction, and drag.
- Formulas for calculating speed, velocity, and weight. Speed is defined as distance divided by time. Weight is defined as mass multiplied by gravity.
- Examples of calculating speed, velocity, and weight in different scenarios. This includes examples using conversions between units like km/h, m/s, and calculations for objects on Earth and other planets.
- Descriptions of factors that affect motion, like balanced and unbalanced forces, friction, air resistance, gravity, and weight. Examples are
The document discusses mechanisms for regulating body temperature in organisms. It explains that most cells function best between 30-40°C and that organisms have evolved various mechanisms to maintain an optimal internal temperature. These include insulation, vasoregulation of blood flow, sweating, shivering and behavioral adaptations. The hypothalamus plays a key role in sensing temperature changes and initiating responses. Mitochondria couple ATP production with heat generation. Brown fat contains uncoupling proteins that allow heat production without ATP generation.
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance. It begins by explaining that all individuals are genetically unique except for identical twins. It then defines key genetics terms like phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, alleles, dominant and recessive. It distinguishes between continuous and discrete variation. It describes DNA and chromosomes, and explains how characteristics are inherited from parents. It also covers mutations and how genetic testing can determine genotypes.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite changing external conditions. The document discusses various mechanisms that help regulate body temperature, including negative feedback loops, sweating, vasodilation, shivering, and changes in metabolism. When the body gets too hot, sweating and increased blood flow to the skin help cool it down. When cold, vasoconstriction and shivering generate heat while decreasing blood flow to the skin. Together these processes help keep the internal temperature within a narrow range to allow for optimal chemical reactions in cells.
1. The document discusses various topics related to evolution and speciation including gene flow, genetic drift, modes of speciation, isolating mechanisms, natural selection, variation, polyploidy, and aneuploidy.
2. Key terms are defined such as genes, alleles, gene pool, mutation, and speciation. Different types of speciation are described including allopatric, sympatric, and cline speciation.
3. Mechanisms that can lead to reproductive isolation between species are explained, including prezygotic barriers like geographic isolation and postzygotic barriers like hybrid sterility.
Speciation can occur through several modes, including instant speciation through polyploidy, sympatric speciation within the same habitat, and allopatric speciation when populations are isolated geographically. Reproductive isolating mechanisms like behavioral, ecological, or structural barriers can prevent interbreeding and lead to the evolution of new species over time. Evidence for evolution includes fossils showing transitions over generations, comparative anatomy revealing homologous and analogous structures, and molecular analysis of DNA and proteins. Evolution occurs through natural selection acting on genetic variation and results in changes to populations and the potential emergence of new species through gradual or punctuated processes over long periods.
This document provides information about physics concepts related to kinematics including displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships. It defines important terms like speed and acceleration. It presents the key equations for calculating values like speed, acceleration, distance and time. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up and solve kinematics problems using the appropriate equations and units. Formulas are given for working with graphs of distance-time and speed-time to determine values and motion. Forces are also introduced along with the key equations for force, mass and acceleration.
This document provides information about energy and waves for a Year 9 science class. It begins with defining energy and naming common forms of energy like chemical, light, sound, and heat. It describes how energy allows objects and living things to function. It then discusses different types of waves like transverse and longitudinal waves, using light and sound waves as examples. It explains concepts such as amplitude, frequency, wavelength, pitch and loudness in relation to waves. Diagrams show the ear and how sound travels to be heard. Laws of reflection and uses of reflective surfaces are also covered. Success criteria and review questions are provided throughout.
This document provides guidance for students on carrying out an in-depth practical chemistry investigation for assessment purposes. It outlines the key components of the investigation including developing an accurate procedure, controlling variables, processing and representing data, writing a justified conclusion, and relating findings to chemistry ideas. The document also provides examples of topics, guidelines for setting up tables and graphs, variables to control in experiments, and pointers to remember for the assessment.
Plant and Animal Responses to the Environmentngibellini
This document provides information about Biology Standard 3.3 on plant and animal responses to the external environment. It outlines the achievement and in-depth understanding standards, including describing and explaining the processes, adaptive advantages, and responses related to orientation in space and time, interspecific and intraspecific relationships. The document provides details on exam specifications, key terms, online activities, and topics to be covered, including the basics of abiotic and biotic factors, how and why organisms respond, and different types of responses like tropisms, rhythms, and relationships. Examples and diagrams are provided to illustrate concepts.
The document provides information about acids and bases, including:
1) Acids have a pH range from 0-7 and contain hydrogen ions, while bases have a pH range from 8-14 and contain hydroxide ions.
2) Acids turn litmus paper red and bases turn it blue, while neutral substances turn it green. Common household acids include vinegar and lemon juice, while bases include baking soda.
3) When an acid and base are mixed, a neutralization reaction occurs where they react together to form a salt and water, resulting in a neutral pH of 7.
Urbanization has negatively impacted the diversity and health of organisms in Reservoir Creek. Upstream areas near residential development had higher temperatures, turbidity, and pollution compared to downstream areas with less development. Upstream sites contained only pollution-tolerant species like worms and midges, while downstream sites contained more sensitive species like mayflies and dragonflies. The changes in abiotic factors from urbanization, such as increased runoff, have disrupted the ecosystem by reducing suitable habitat and food sources for sensitive species. This loss of diversity upstream could impact the whole ecosystem if not addressed.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
2. Achievement Standard
Biological concepts and processes relating to variation in phenotypes
as adaptive features will be selected from:
inheritable and non-inheritable variations that exist within a group of
living organisms
differing rates of survival by various members of a group may
depend on their phenotype
the importance of variation within populations (population and
species survival) in a changing environment such as pest infestation,
disease, drought, or flood
the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
The student must be familiar with the following genetic language and
conventions: gene, allele, mutation, genotype, phenotype, gamete,
zygote, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, pure
breeding, Punnett square, and pedigree chart.
Contexts may be drawn from animals or plants. Links between DNA and
variation of phenotypes may require simple understanding of DNA structure
(bases).
3. Introduction to Genetics
What is genetics about?
Why is it important? How might it affect
you in the future?
Complete page 89 of Scipad
8. Alleles, genes and
chromosomes
Alleles:
– alternative form of a gene
eg blue eyes (b) or brown eyes (B)
- sequence of bases (A, T, G, C) that makes
the different between blue and brown eyes
Gene:
– section of DNA that codes for a
characteristic
eg eye colour
Chromosome:
– coiled length of DNA (deoxyribose nucleic
acid)
- Made up of base pairs A, T, G, C
9.
10. SLOs
Draw a labelled diagram of a DNA molecule
using the terms nucleotide, triplet, sugar,
phosphate and base.
Outline the role DNA plays in carrying
instructions to the next generation and
determining phenotype
Explain that DNA contains the code for
making proteins, and proteins are the building
blocks for most of your body
11. DNA
Deoxy ribose nucleic acid
Double strand
Double helix shape
Bases – A joins with T and G joins with C
(At The G.C)
12. Function of DNA
DNA (base sequence (A,T,G,C) tell the cells what to
do, how to function and what type of cell to become
DNA has the instructions of how to make proteins,
proteins are the building blocks of organisms and
make up enzymes
DNA is structure simple and easily replicated over
and over using base pairing
Double helix can coil into tiny chromosomes that fit
into the nucleus and carry a huge amount of
information
13. Success Criteria
1. Complete Scipad pages 90 - 96
2. One trait in squash plants is the colour of the fruit.
White fruit are due to a dominant allele (F) and
yellow fruit are due to a recessive allele (f).
Explain the difference between a gene and an
allele.
Discuss the difference between a chromosome,
gene and allele
Discuss the structure and importance of DNA
14. Explain the difference between a gene and an allele.
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a characteristic (eye
colour), an allele is the alternative forms of that characteristic or
trait can take (blue or brown eyes)
Discuss the difference between a chromosome, gene and allele
Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of DNA, sections of DNA make
up a gene and code for a characteristic, that characteristic (trait)
can come in different forms, these forms are called alleles
Discuss the structure and importance of DNA
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) is a double helix, it has a repeating
unit that consists of a phosphate group, carbon sugar and
nucleotide bases. The bases pair up A-T and G-C. DNA controls
the functioning of the cell, carries instructions for making proteins
and enzymes and determines which type of cell will form.
The importance of this structure is that DNA can be copied, it is
simple and can carry a huge range of information, coiled up to
become small enough to fit into nucelus
15. SLO
Use the ‘base paring rule’ to help explain
the process of DNA replication
16. DNA Replication
Every cell MUST have a complete copy of
DNA,
so before new cells can be made all the
DNA must be replicated (copied)
17. DNA Replication
Step 1: DNA unzips
Step 2: Free nucleotides match up A-T, G-C
(complementary base pairing) on both sides of
exposed DNA strands
Step 3: Two new daughter strands are formed,
containing one old and one new strand
18. Semi Conservative
When DNA replicates and makes two new
daughter strands, both new strands contain
one side of the original parent strand.
19.
20. Success Criteria
1. Complete Scipad pages 97
2. Describe the roles of DNA in both carrying
instructions to next generation and determining
phenotype
3. Explain how the base sequence on DNA
determines a particular feature (eg, flower colour)
and different forms (variations) of that feature (eg,
red and white flowers).
4. Complete Scipad pages 98-103
22. SLO
Define variation in terms of being
continuous or discontinuous
23. 25/09/2014
Variation
Variation is a name given to differences in a species,
e.g. dogs:
Variation is due to each animal having different GENETIC
INFORMATION in their cells.
24. Variation
There are two types of variation
Continuous – range eg height
Discontinuous – either or, you have it or you
don’t, eg tongue roller
25. Discontinuous Variation
Characteristic Yes No
A B
Male Female
Widows peak Straight edge
Free ear lobe Attached ear
lobe
Straight
thumb
Hitch hikers
thumb
Tongue roller Non tongue
roller
26. Continuous Variation
Complete Scipad pages 104-107
What shape is your graph?
If your graph does not show a bell shaped
curve why not?
What is the biological importance of
variation?
27. SLO
Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of asexual reproduction in
terms of producing offspring that are
genetically identical (clones)
28. Reproduction
Reproduction is the purpose of life!
Two methods of reproduction:
1. Sexual Reproduction
2. Asexual Reproduction
29.
30.
31. Chromosome Number
Meiosis helps keep the chromosome number
constant, generation after generation.
32.
33. Chromosome Numbers
Chromosome numbers must be halved
during meiosis so that when an egg and
sperm join they only have 46
chromosomes (not 92, then 184, then 368!)
If a problem occurs and there is an
uneven number of chromosomes then
division cannot occur and the individual is
usually sterile (cannot create offspring)
Complete pages 154-155, 113 of
Workbook
34.
35. Asexual Reproduction
Involves one parent, that produces both
gametes which form a zygote
Large numbers of off spring
Identical offspring (clones)
No variation – susceptible to changes in
environment
Complete Scipad page 109
36. Why have sex?
What are the advantages of asexual
reproduction?
Safer (less chance of predation during intercourse)
Uses less energy (so energy can be used for growth
and repair)
Faster
Makes identical copies of organism that is currently
surviving well
So why do most organisms carry out sexual NOT
asexual reproduction?
37. SLO
Outline the process of mitosis and
understand the importance of making
daughter cells that do not show variation
38. Mitosis
In order for an
organism to grow and
repair itself it needs to
make new cells
Mitosis is cell division
which makes new cells
Each new cell must
have a complete set
(46) of DNA in order for
the cell to function
properly (made via
DNA replication)
39. Mitosis
Step 1: First the DNA replicates, so that each cell has
an identical copy of DNA
Step 2:The Chromosomes line up at the equator
Step 3: Chromosomes are pulled apart by spindles to
opposite poles of the cell
Step 4: The cell membrane pinches in (cytokinesis) and
two new identical cells are formed (46 chromosomes
or 2n, diploid)
40.
41. Success Criteria
Complete Scipad page 108
Explain why any body cell from an individual can
be used to establish their DNA profile.
Because every body cell has a complete set of DNA,
when new cells are made via Mitosis, DNA is
replicated creating two identical cells with complete
copies of DNA. Every cell requires a complete set in
order for the new cell to know how to function and to
be able to make more new cells
42. SLO
Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Describe the process of meiosis and
explain why it is important in generating
gametes.
43. Sexual Reproduction
Requires male and female gametes from
separate parents
Small numbers of offspring
Large variation
Complete Sci pad page 112
44. Sex gives rise to
Variation!!!!
Variation increases
chances of
Survival!!!!
45. Meiosis
Meiosis is cell division which creates sex cells
(egg and sperm)
Meiosis only occurs in testes and ovaries
The new cells have half (haploid) the number
of chromosomes
Involves two cell divisions, creating four cells
The new cells are different from the parent cell
46.
47. Success Criteria
Complete Scipad page 110
Meiosis is a particular form of cell division
that produces male and female gametes.
Describe what gametes are and explain why
they are needed for sexual reproduction.
48.
49. SLO:
• Explain how sexual reproduction
produces new combinations of alleles
Key words: crossing over, recombination, recombinants,
homologous pairs
50. Crossing Over
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when
chromosomes are lined up
Crossing over creates new combinations of genes
(blue eyes and brown hair rather than blue eyes
blonde hair)
New combinations, creates variation
51. Success Criteria
Meiosis contributes to genetic variation.
2. Discuss how meiosis contributes to genetic variation,
and why genetic variation is important in a population.
In your answer, you should:
describe what is meant by genetic variation
explain how the process of meiosis leads to genetic
variation
explain why genetic variation is of benefit to a
population.
You may draw labelled diagrams to support your
answer.
52. Success Criteria
Make a
poster/animation
showing Meiosis and
Mitosis, include
crossing over in
Mitosis
53. SLO
Explain the importance of mutations in
forming new alleles
54. Mutations
Mutations are a permanent change in the base
sequence of DNA
Mutations are the ultimate source of variation as
they give rise to NEW phenotypes
55.
56. Mutagens
Mutations (changes in base sequence of DNA
are caused by:
UV A rays
Radio waves
Some chemicals
Heavy metals
Problems during meiosis or DNA replication
57. Passing on Mutations
Mutations can occur in the body cells or
the sex cells
Mutations in the body cells only affect
that individual (skin cancer)
Mutations in the sex cells are passed onto
the next generations (breast cancer)
58. Establishing mutations…
Mutations can lead to phenotypes that
give an individual an advantage in
survival and therefore is selected for
mating and passes on the mutation to the
next generation
Eg disease resistant, stronger muscles
Mutations can also be disadvantageous
and lead to the organism being less fit
and therefore not reproducing and
passing on
59. Success Criteria
1. One process that produces genetic variation is
mutation.
Explain what mutations are and how they contribute to
genetic variation.
In your answer you should include:
• what a mutation is
• the effect of mutations on genes, alleles and DNA
• whether all mutations are passed on to the next
generation
2. Complete Scipad 114-115
60. SLO
Discuss that individuals in a population
may have differing probabilities' of survival
based on their phenotype
Explain the importance of variation within
a population in a changing environment
such as pest infestation, disease, drought,
or flood
63. Natural Selection
Step 1: Variation; A variety of genes causes variation
in characteristics
Step 2: Differential Success; Some variations are
better at surviving
Step 3: Differential Fitness; The best survivors make the
best and most offspring
Step 4: Gene Pool Changes; Varieties that make
more offspring pass on more genes
Step 5: Evolution; Over time the population changes
towards one variety (the fittest)
64.
65. 25/09/2014
Evolution
My key observations:
1) All living things produce more
offspring than survive to adulthood
2) In spite of this, population sizes
remain roughly constant
3) Variation exists among species
4) Characteristics can be passed on
from one generation to the next.
These observations led me to the
conclusion that species evolve
over a along period of time by a
mechanism called “Natural
Selection”. The main evidence for
this is from fossil records.
66. 25/09/2014
Natural Selection
1) Each species shows variation:
2) There is competition within each
species for food, living space,
water, mates etc
4) These survivors will pass on their
better genes to their offspring who
will also show this beneficial variation.
Get off
my land
Gutted!
Yum
3) The “better adapted” members of
these species are more likely to
survive – “Survival of the Fittest”
67. Genetic Variation
Variation within your genes can arise during:
Fertilization
Sexual recombination (egg and sperm joining)
Meiosis:
Independent assortment (Mixing of mother and fathers
genes – random alignment of homologous pairs during
metaphase)
Crossing over
Mutations
68. Independent Assortment
Mixing of mother and
fathers genes
Random alignment of
homologous pairs
during metaphase
(independent
assortment)
Creates new
combinations
69. Types of Variation
New combinations
Meiosis – Independent assortment (mixing of
mothers and fathers genes)
Crossing over
Totally new trait (characteristic)
Mutations
Ultimate source of variation
70. Success Criteria
Genetic variation is important in a
population.
(a) Describe what is meant by the term
genetic variation
(b) How does genetic variation arise
(c) Explain its importance to a population.
72. Selective Breeding
Over many generations farmers select
organism with desirable traits and mate
them
Along the way the organisms without the
desirable trait are discarded
Eventually all the population carry the
desirable trait
73. Nature or Nurture
Is variation caused by differences in
genes or the environment?
Types of variation:
Physical – what an organism looks like
White fur or brown fur
Physiological – how an organism works on the
inside
Rate of metabolism
Psychological – how an organism thinks
intelligence
74. Nature or Nurture?
Genetic Environmental Both
Hair colour(if dyed), eye colour, intelligence, height, weight,
blood group, scars, skin colour, number of fingers, metabolism,
religion, language, nose shape, tongue rolling, strength
75. Success Criteria
Complete Scipad pages 105, 116-125
List all the different words that mean
nature and nurture
Describe what is meant by the term
genetic variation, and explain its
importance to a population.
76. Success Criteria
Nature
Born with it
Inherited
Innate
Genetic
Nurture
Get it over time
Acquired
Environment
Learned
Not inherited
77. Success Criteria
A teacher developed deafness last year as
a result of having noisy classes.
Discuss the likelihood of this type of
deafness being inherited by the new
baby.
In your answer you should consider:
the reason for the parent’s deafness
what types of characteristics are inherited
the effects of genetics and the
environment on deafness in offspring
79. SLO
Distinguish between the terms genotype
and phenotype
Distinguish between the terms
heterozygous and homozygous
Distinguish between the terms dominant
and recessive
80. Terms;Terms;Terms;Terms
Term Definition
Phenotype Physical characteristic, blue eyes
Genotype Letters representing alleles, Bb
Homozygous Same letters (alleles) BB, bb
Heterozygous Different letters (alleles) Bb
Alleles Alternative form of a gene
Dominant Always expressed if present, capital letter, B
Recessive Requires two alleles to be present to be
expressed, lower case letter, b
Pure breeding Homozygous for the desired trait
83. Boy or Girl
Parent Phenotype: Male X Female
Parent Genotype: XY x XX
Gametes: X Y x X X
Punnet Square: X X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
F1 Genotype: 1 XY : 1 XX
F1 Phenotype: 1 Male : 1 Female
84. Boy or Girl
Sex is determined by the male,
if a sperm carrying a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg the
baby is a _______________
if a sperm carrying an X chromosome fertilizes an egg
the baby is a _______________
There is a 50% chance of a baby being a boy or
girl, no matter how many boys in a row are born
there will always be a 50% chance the next one
will also be a boy
85. Success Criteria
Complete Scipad page 127
A couple are expecting their third child. They already
have one boy and one girl.
(a) Discuss the likelihood of their third child being a girl.
In your answer you should:
• explain how sex is determined in humans
• complete a Punnett square showing sex inheritance
• explain the relevance of the couple already having
children
86. SLO
Carry out genetic crosses using Punnett
Squares.
Determine genotypic and phenotypic
ratios
87. Predicting Offspring
Parent Phenotype: Brown x Brown
Parent Genotype: Bb x Bb
Gametes: B b x B b
Punnet Square: X B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
F1 Genotype: 1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
F1 Phenotype: 3 Brown : 1 Blue
88. Punnet Square Rules
Heterozygous x Heterozygous cross
= 3 dominant phenotype: 1 recessive phenotype
Homozygous dominant cross
= All dominant phenotype
Heterozygous X recessive cross
= 1 dominant phenotype: 1 recessive phenotype
Recessive X recessive cross
= All recessive phenotype
89. Success Criteria
Complete Scipad pages 129-137
Complete worksheets
One trait in squash plants is the colour of the
fruit. White fruit are due to a dominant allele (F)
and yellow fruit are due to a recessive allele (f).
Explain how the alleles combine to produce only
two different squash colours – white and yellow.
In your answer you should:
define genotype and phenotype
state the three different genotypes produced and
the phenotype of each.
90. 1) In mice, white fur is dominant. What type of
offspring would you expect from a cross between a
heterozygous individual and one with grey fur?
Explain your answer with a genetic diagram.
2) A homozygous long-tailed cat is crossed with a
homozygous short-tailed cat and produces a litter of
9 long-tailed kittens.
Show the probable offspring which would be
produced if two of these kittens were mated and
describe the characteristics of the offspring (hint:
work out the kitten’s genotype first).
91.
92. SLO:
• Use pedigree charts to determine
genotype and phenotype
Key words: dominant, recessive, homozygous,
heterozygous, genotype, phenotype, gametes
94. Pedigree Questions
I
II
III
1. What is the genotype of individual I2? Justify your answer
2. What is the genotype of individual III3? Justify your answer
3. What is the genotype of individual III4.?Justify your answer.
4. What is the genotype of individual III 1? Justify your answer
5. Complete Scipad page 138-141
95. Test Cross
Test crosses are used to
determine whether an
organism is homozygous or
heterozygous dominant
Cross the unknown organism
with a recessive organism
If the offspring show the
recessive trait then the parent
must have been
heterozygous,
both parents must supply a
recessive trait in order for
offspring to be recessive
97. Revision
Complete worksheets
Complete Scipad pages 146-155
Complete all activities on the workbook cd
Complete revision summary notes
Create a mind map of this topic
Complete practice test, on moodle, and mark it
98. Achievement Standard
Biological ideas relating to genetic variation are limited to concepts and processes
connected with:
the continuity of life based on the inheritable nature of DNA
links between DNA and variation in phenotypes
variation in phenotypes as adaptive features.
Biological concepts and processes relating to the inheritable nature of DNA will be selected
from:
the roles of DNA in both carrying instructions to the next generation and determining
phenotype
the relationship between DNA, alleles, genes, and chromosomes
the way in which genotype determines phenotype
the way chromosomes exist as pairs so that individuals inherit two copies of each gene.
Biological concepts and processes relating to variation in phenotype will be selected from:
the significance of an allele as an alternative version of a gene
the role of mutations in forming new alleles
the role of meiosis in generating gametes (students are not required to provide the
names of the stages of meiosis)
the significance of sexual reproduction (in producing a new mix of alleles)
the patterns of inheritance involving simple monohybrid inheritance showing complete
dominance, sex determination, possible genotypes, and phenotype ratios.
99. Achievement Standard
Biological concepts and processes relating to variation in phenotypes
as adaptive features will be selected from:
inheritable and non-inheritable variations that exist within a group of
living organisms
differing rates of survival by various members of a group may
depend on their phenotype
the importance of variation within populations (population and
species survival) in a changing environment such as pest infestation,
disease, drought, or flood
the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.
The student must be familiar with the following genetic language and
conventions: gene, allele, mutation, genotype, phenotype, gamete,
zygote, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, pure
breeding, Punnett square, and pedigree chart.
Contexts may be drawn from animals or plants. Links between DNA and
variation of phenotypes may require simple understanding of DNA structure
(bases).
Ask students to come up with own definition – choosing an organism for its particular traits and breeding it with another over many generations discarding the ones that don’t have