3. In Summary…In Summary…
o100 total points100 total points
o20 questions20 questions
oMultiple choice formatMultiple choice format
o5 questions from each unit5 questions from each unit
(1,2,3 &4)(1,2,3 &4)
4. Unit 1Unit 1
oDifferences between RNA and DNADifferences between RNA and DNA
oFunctions for RNAFunctions for RNA
oCell Location for: DNA, RNA,Cell Location for: DNA, RNA,
transcription, translation, proteintranscription, translation, protein
synthesissynthesis
oProcesses for preservingProcesses for preserving
genetic codegenetic code
oPolygenetic traitsPolygenetic traits
5. Unit 2Unit 2
oAdaptationAdaptation
oGenetic DriftGenetic Drift
oNatural SelectionNatural Selection
oDichotomous KeysDichotomous Keys
oPhylogenetic TreesPhylogenetic Trees
(aka cladograms)(aka cladograms)
7. DNA RNA~BOTH~
Never moves
out of the
nucleus.
Found in both
the nucleus
and
cytoplasm.
Carries
genetic Info
Four
nitrogenous
bases
Protein
synthesis
8. o Explain how you Know!Explain how you Know!
Pic APic A
Pic BPic B
Pic CPic C
Pic DPic D
9. Messenger RNA (mRNA)Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Single StrandSingle Strand
• Copy of the genetic codeCopy of the genetic code
(DNA)(DNA)
• Made through transcriptionMade through transcription
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Stores genetic codeStores genetic code
• Double HelixDouble Helix Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Part of the structure ofPart of the structure of
the ribosomethe ribosome
• Plays a role in proteinPlays a role in protein
productionproduction
Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Identifies which amino acid theIdentifies which amino acid the
mRNA is coding for and brings itmRNA is coding for and brings it
over to the growing strandover to the growing strand
10. Matching ReviewMatching Review
StructureStructure RoleRole
Assembled to make a
protein or polypeptide
Has codons that act as the
genetic "blueprints“ for
building proteins
Uses an anticodon to
determine the needed
amino acid
Site of protein synthesis
Forms one of two subunits
(either large or small)
11. Matching ReviewMatching Review
StructureStructure RoleRole
Amino Acids Assembled to make a
protein or polypeptide
mRNA Has codons that act as the
genetic "blueprints“ for
building proteins
tRNA Uses an anticodon to
determine the needed
amino acid
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis
rRNA Forms one of two subunits
(either large or small)
14. o Several genes contribute an equal, smallSeveral genes contribute an equal, small
degree towards the resulting phenotypedegree towards the resulting phenotype
Examples: skin color (3 or more genes)Examples: skin color (3 or more genes)
HeightHeight
Hair ColorHair Color
Eye ColorEye Color
15. Which characteristic is mostWhich characteristic is most
important for preserving the codeimportant for preserving the code
from one generation to the next?from one generation to the next?
A.A. Offspring only receive one exact copyOffspring only receive one exact copy
of a DNA molecule from each parentof a DNA molecule from each parent
B.B. Each time DNA replicated, the sameEach time DNA replicated, the same
base pairing rules are followedbase pairing rules are followed
C. DNA backbones are the sameC. DNA backbones are the same
for parents and offspringfor parents and offspring..
D. DNA remains in the nucleusD. DNA remains in the nucleus
for replicationfor replication
16. Which characteristic is mostWhich characteristic is most
important for preserving the codeimportant for preserving the code
from one generation to the next?from one generation to the next?
A.A. Offspring only receive one exact copyOffspring only receive one exact copy
of a DNA molecule from each parentof a DNA molecule from each parent
B.B. Each time DNA replicated, the sameEach time DNA replicated, the same
base pairing rules are followedbase pairing rules are followed
C. DNA backbones are the sameC. DNA backbones are the same
for parents and offspringfor parents and offspring..
D. DNA remains in the nucleusD. DNA remains in the nucleus
for replicationfor replication
17. Evolution of Populations
• Gene pool: all the genes
from a specific population of
organisms
– Includes all the different
alleles for each type of gene
– Ratios of alleles can change
over time and influence the
population …
Gene Pool in this example
has 60% black allele and
40% white allele
If the white-white
combination causes
death, then the new ratio
would be 75% black and
25% white allele…
18. Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is a random change in allele
frequency that usually leads to a loss of
genetic variation.
Genetic Drift
19. Natural Selection
• The process of some factor in the
environment favoring one group of
individuals with one kind of allele over
another group of individuals with a different
kind of allele.
20.
21. Natural Selection explains Evolution
• Natural selection leads to a change in allele
frequencies. When an environment
changes, the organisms must change too.
The alleles that are favored are passed onto
future generations.
• Over time, we see these alleles cause
changes and adaptations in whole
populations of organisms.
• This process of change in organisms’
genetics or allele frequency = evolution.
22. – “fit” in that their specific adaptations fit
the environment in which they are
living best (or better than others in
their species), therefore –
– they survive, and
– reproduce and propagate the
species.
• There is no disagreement on this point
of evolution (i.e. natural selection),
sometimes referred to as “micro-
evolution.”
– Examples abound – Cane Toad in
Australia (longer vs. shorter legs),
insects becoming resistant to DDT, or
bacteria becoming resistant to
antibiotics.
Organisms that are “fit”, survive, and reproduce
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/_0
/evoscales_03
23. Natural selection acts on the variation in
populations of living things, usually
through a specific trait. Which statement
must be true about that trait?
a. All forms of the trait have the same
impact on survival.
b. The trait is passed on genetically to the
next generation.
c. The trait is resistant to mutations.
d. The trait is the same for all organisms.
24. Natural selection acts on the variation in
populations of living things, usually
through a specific trait. Which statement
must be true about that trait?
a. All forms of the trait have the same
impact on survival.
b. The trait is passed on genetically to the
next generation.
c. The trait is resistant to mutations.
d. The trait is the same for all organisms.
25. Process by which
organisms with favorable
traits will survive and
reproduce
Which best
describes
natural
selection?
A.) A population of parakeets that have the same
size beak
B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are
all eating the same food
C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the
same adaptation for saving water.
D.) A population of salmon with different skin
colors that are involved in attracting mates
26. Process by which
organisms with favorable
traits will survive and
reproduce
Which best
describes
natural
selection?
A.) A population of parakeets that have the same
size beak
B.) An island with lizards that all look alike and are
all eating the same food
C.) All insects in a certain desert that have the
same adaptation for saving water.
D.) A population of salmon with different skin
colors that are involved in attracting mates
27.
28.
29.
30.
31. o Wings longer than bodyWings longer than body
o Thorax & abdomen stripedThorax & abdomen striped
o Red eyesRed eyes
o Wings whiteWings white
o White eyesWhite eyes
o Wings blackWings black
o Wings shorter than bodyWings shorter than body
o Thorax striped & abdomen black.Thorax striped & abdomen black.
35. Taxonomy: science of classification
o Grouping based on similarities
o Reveals shared evolutionary history between
organisms (phylogenetic groups)
Phylogeny:
evolutionary
history
38. o Today, organisms are classified based on
many fundamental characteristics …
oCell Type: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
oHow get/obtain food?
oDNA profile
o Helps with
understanding
phylogenetic
relationships
between
organisms
39. The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology textbook.
A.new species arise throughout time following rounds
of mass extinction.
B. all species share a common ancestor and that
change occurs through time.
C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of
no change in between.
D. all species originated during the same period and
some have subsequently gone extinct.
40. The following diagram is found
in an evolutionary biology textbook.
A.new species arise throughout time following rounds
of mass extinction.
B. all species share a common ancestor and that
change occurs through time.
C. speciation occurs very quickly with long periods of
no change in between.
D. all species originated during the same period and
some have subsequently gone extinct.
43. • This is how we gather
class attendance.
• You MUST put the
correct teacher in order
to get the extra credit.
44. Don’t Get Stuck…
Get HELP!
Have a wonderful day!
Mrs. Ulry
Ext. 3026
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Mrs.
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Editor's Notes
Found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Carries genetic information. Never moves out of the nucleus. Four types of nitrogenous bases. Involved in making proteins. Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine Sugar Phosphate
rRNA Ribosomes tRNA mRNA Amino Acids
Children inherit DNA from their parents. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in preserving the genetic code from one generation to the next? When DNA replicates, it always remains in the nucleus, so the risk of mutation remains low. Only one DNA molecule from each parent replicates, so only two exact copies are passed on to the children. Both parents’ DNA have identical backbones, so the children's DNA will always be identical to the parents’. DNA follows base-pairing rules, so it forms an exact copy of itself every time it replicates.
Children inherit DNA from their parents. Which characteristic of DNA replication is most important in preserving the genetic code from one generation to the next? When DNA replicates, it always remains in the nucleus, so the risk of mutation remains low. Only one DNA molecule from each parent replicates, so only two exact copies are passed on to the children. Both parents’ DNA have identical backbones, so the children's DNA will always be identical to the parents’. DNA follows base-pairing rules, so it forms an exact copy of itself every time it replicates.
C = Deerus octagis B = Deerus pestis A = Deerus magnus D = Derrus purplinis E =Deerus deafus F = Deerus humpis
C = Deerus octagis B = Deerus pestis A = Deerus magnus D = Derrus purplinis E =Deerus deafus F = Deerus humpis
Wings longer than body Thorax & abdomen striped Red eyes Wings white White eyes Wings black Wings shorter than body Thorax striped & abdomen black.
Based on this diagram, identify the classification group to which all shown organisms belong. (Hint: Your answer will be one of the following: order, family, genus, or species.) b.) Which two organisms are the most closely related to one another? Explain your answer. c.) Which two organisms are the most distantly related to one another? Explain your answer.
Answers C = Deerus octagis B = Deerus pestis A = Deerus magnus D = Derrus purplinis E =Deerus deafus F = Deerus humpis
