Cells are the basic structural and functional units that make up all living organisms. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic cells, which are single-celled organisms like bacteria, and eukaryotic cells, which form multicellular organisms like plants and animals. All cells contain a nucleus and organelles that allow different functions. Cells reproduce through cell division, which can be mitosis, which produces identical daughter cells for growth and tissue repair, or meiosis, which produces gametes like sperm and egg cells with half the number of chromosomes to ensure offspring have a full set. The cell cycle involves growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells through carefully regulated phases.

1. CELLS
Science and Technology

2. DEFINE ME!
Instruction: Read the given description and try to guess the word being
describe by filling out the missing letters.

3. The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as
independent units of life or may form colonies or tissues as in higher
plants and animals.
C__L

4. CELL

5. It refers to the ordered cycle of cell growth, DNA replication, and cell
division that leads to the formation of two daughter cells.
C_LL C_CL_

6. CELL CYCLE

7. A structure found inside the nucleus of the cell which made up of
proteins and DNA orfanized into genes.
C_RO_OSOM_

8. CHROMOSOME

9. A cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the
same number of chromosomes.
_ITOSI_

10. MITOSIS

11. A cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing
orgnisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half of the
chromosome number.
MEI_SI_

12. MEIOSIS

13. Some organisms are very tiny that can't be seen by our naked eye and
some a big enough and much larger than us. Each organism has
adaptations and structure that allow it to thrive in its natural
development. Despite the distinct differences among organisms, they still
have something in common -- all of them are made up of cells.
HOW ORGANISM GREW,FORMED,AND DEVELOP?

14. THE CELL
AND
CELL DIVISION
Living things are all made up of cells, which are
the basic structural units of life. Cells vary
depending on the type, structure, and function
that they perform. It is important to recall the
cell parts essential in cell division to better
understand the concept of cellular
reproduction.

15. THE CELL
AND
CELL DIVISION
Cytoplasm - a part that holds the organelle
in place where most cell activities take place
Cell membrane - surrounds the cytoplasm
and decides what material should be kept in
and out the cell.
Nucleus - the "brain" of the cell where the
chromosomes are located. Chromosome a
threadlike materials holds the genetic
material called DNA.
CELLS are differ from each other but all of them
have the same three basic parts.

16. OTHER
ORGANELLES
IN THE CELL

18. HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?
SA=I&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FSTOCK.ADOBE.COM%2FSEARCH%3FK%3DNUCLEUS&PSIG=AOVVAW0LAKBHTMUHZOMF6EYN5SO0&UST=1648348886048000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CASQJRXQFWOTCLCZVRBG4VYCFQAAAAADAAAAABAU
CELL AND ITS ORGANELLE

19. ORGANISMS HAS BILLIONS OF CELL
PROKARYOTES - unicellular organisms, consist of only one cell.
examples: blue-green algae and bacteria
EUKARYOTES - multicellular organisms, consist of multiple cell number of
cells.
examples: plants, animals, fungi

20. EUKARYOTE AND PROKARYOTE

21. Prokaryotes
Bacteria reproduce through binary
fission(asexual reproduction). When it
has grown and nearly double in size, its
DNA replicates and its eventually splits
to form 2 identical new cells or
"daughter cells".
Each has its own copy of DNA.
to assist in formation of gametes that are
used during sexual reproduction to produce
zygote or new offsprings
to Increase the cell number of most body
tissues, which results in the regulated
growth of these tissues and eventually of
these oganism until it reaches its maximum
size.
To repair injured or damaged body parts by
generating or producing new cells where the
damage took place, resulting in the healing
of the body parts.
Eukaryotes
Process of cell division for human and animals
are more complex.
3 main points:
1.
2.
3.

22. THE CELL CYCLE
Ordered cycle of cell growth, DNA replication, and cell
division that leads to the formation of two daughter
cells. When a parent undergoes cell cycle and
eventually cell division, it produces new daughter
cells. These lead to an increase in the number of cells.

23. Cytokinesis is the process in cell division that leads to the eventual division
of the cytoplasm, resulting into two new cells.
The two important stages in cell cycle: Interphase and Cell division
Interphase: Nondividing phase. The "resting stage" of cell divisions. During
this time, the cell is engaged in constantly producing RNA, another type of
nucleic acid responsible for protein synthesis and other vital functions such
as nutrition, respiration, and biosynthesis.

24. Interphase divided into 4 phases: G1, S, G2, G0
Gap 1 (G1 phase) - primary growth
phase of the cell. Carries out normal
function of the cell and increase its size
for cell division, production of RNA, and
protein creation. Checkpoint to ensure
the environment is prepared for DNA
synthesis.
Synthesis (S phase) - DNA replication
occurs where the complete genetic
information and chromosomes are
duplicated.
Duplicated chromosomes results in
sister chromatids: histones and
nucleosome.

25. Interphase divided into 4 phases: G1, S, G2, G0
Gap 2 (G2 phase) - cells continues to carry out
its usual functions, to grow, and produce new
proteins. In this phase also fills the gap between
DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitotic cell
division.
At the end of the gap, another checkpoint to
make sure that the cell can now proceed to cell
division or mitosis.
Gap 0 (G0 phase) - There are instances when
cells stop dividing and leave the cycle as early as
in G1. Nondividing phase outside of cell cycle.
Cells are still functioning but they have reached
the end stage of their development nd no
longer divide.

26. CELL DIVISION
MEOSIS
MITOSIS

27. CELL DIVISION
Both mitosis and meiosis involve four stages: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.

28. MITOSIS

29. MITOSIS
A cells division of the nucleus that takes place in somatic or body cells
such as those in bones or skin. In humans, mitosis starts shortly after
the egg is fertilized, producing a huge number of cells needed to form
the multicelled embryo.
A process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell
gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.

30. CHROMOSOMES
Contain genetic information that is
transmitted from one generation to
another. Each chromosome is made up of
two identical sister chromatids where each
is joined at the centromere.
Centromere is the point divides the
chromosomes into two sister chromatids.
Human chromosomes consist of long,
double helix strands of DNA.

31. Cell Division

32. Cell Division

33. MEIOSIS

34. MEIOSIS
Male: Sperm cell
Female: egg cells or oocytes
Spermatogenesis - formation of sperm
Oogenesis - formation of egg cells
Almost of our cells in our body are considered a somatic cells. These cells continue to
grow and divide through mitosis. When puberty hits, changes in bidy occur and some
of these somatic cells become mature and develop to gametes(sex cells).
Meiosis is a type of cell division that is specific to germ cells or cells that give rise to
gametes.
Gametogenesis - process of producing sex cells

35. MEIOSIS
Gametes are haploid cells.
Haploid (n) - only half of the complete set of chromosomes. Example is the sex cells.
In human, a haploid cell has 23 chromosomes; thus, n=23. A diploid cell (2n), such as
somatic cells contains two set of chromosomes or 46. Meiosis ensure that human will
have the same number of chromosomes in each generation - 46 chromosomes, with
23 chromosomes coming from the sperm, and 23 other chromosome coming from the
egg. so, during fertilization the sperm and egg unite, the diploid number of
chromosomes (46 in humans) is restored.

40. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbyjus.com%2Fbiology%2Fmitosis-
and-meiosis%2F&psig=AOvVaw1cDLyaWXD-
asjbDZ2Y4pK9&ust=1648362681269000&source=images&cd=v
fe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCMiR4OKT4_YCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAO

41. Resources:
Science for Innovative Minds 8
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstock.adobe.com%2Fsearch%3Fk%3Dnucleus&psig=AOvVaw0LakbHtmuhzoMF6eYn5So0&ust=164834888
6048000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCLCZvrbg4vYCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAU
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbyjus.com%2Fbiology%2Fmitosis-and-
meiosis%2F&psig=AOvVaw1cDLyaWXD-
asjbDZ2Y4pK9&ust=1648362681269000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCMiR4OKT4_YCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAO
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmfias.com%2Fmitosis-m-phase-interphase-cytokinesis-cell-
cycle-cell-
division%2F&psig=AOvVaw3sq71QoZH25kbYqJOAKxIC&ust=1648363030874000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCMDXmoa
V4_YCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAK

42. Everything you'll ever need
to know is within you; the
secrets of the universe are
imprinted on the cells of
your body.
DAN MILLMAN