Industrial ecology aims to mimic natural ecosystems by creating closed-loop industrial systems where wastes from one process serve as inputs for another. An ideal industrial ecosystem would have renewable energy sources, completely recycle all materials with no waste outputs, and consist of diverse interconnected industries. The key components are primary materials producers, energy sources, manufacturing sectors, waste processing sectors, and consumers. The goals are to maximize resource and energy efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts.
This document provides an overview of a module on municipal solid waste management. It discusses the key Indian legislation around solid waste management, the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016. It outlines the vision, features and structure of the revised Manual on Solid Waste Management from 2016. It also discusses the applicability and scope of the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016 and the duties and responsibilities of various stakeholders under the rules.
Scheme on labeling of ecofriendly products (ecomark)Niladri Roy
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India have instituted a scheme on labeling of Environment Friendly Products through Gazette Notification No. 71 dated 21st February 1991. The scheme is operating on a national basis and provides accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products which meet certain environmental criteria along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product.
The Scheme is known as "ECOMARK". Any product which is made, used or disposed of in a way that significantly reduces the harm it would otherwise cause to the environment, are categorized as environment friendly product.
This document provides an overview of waste-to-energy technologies and discusses their viability and use in India. It begins with definitions of waste-to-energy and discusses why these systems are used to address environmental issues from landfills and fossil fuels. It then covers the technological processes, current statistics on waste generation in major Indian cities, and considerations for technology selection. The document also discusses the commercial viability and key government policies supporting waste-to-energy in India. It analyzes the environmental performance and provides a case study on a large waste-to-energy project in Delhi.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
This document provides an overview of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) processes for the pulp and paper industry. It discusses how ZLD helps industries reduce wastewater generation and reuse water, outlines the key steps in a ZLD system including membrane filtration and crystallization, and examines a case study of a successful ZLD pilot plant for an Indian paper mill that recovered 93.7% of waste and reduced TDS levels by 96%. The document also notes challenges like high energy costs, and looks at incentives to promote wider ZLD adoption.
Measurement of ambient air pollutants, sampling and analysisAbhishek Tiwari
The document summarizes air pollution monitoring training conducted at the Analytical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory in Ranchi, India. Over the course of 5 days, participants learned air sampling techniques and how to use equipment like a respirable dust sampler to measure concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 in ambient air. Samples collected during fieldwork were then analyzed, and concentrations of pollutants were found to be within regulatory limits set by India's Central Pollution Control Board.
An Introduction to Resource Economics lecture delivered by Aaron Hatcher at the University of Portsmouth, 2008. Shared through the TRUE wiki for Environmental and Resource Economics. Download from http://economicsnetwork.ac.uk/environmental/resources
This document provides an overview of a module on municipal solid waste management. It discusses the key Indian legislation around solid waste management, the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016. It outlines the vision, features and structure of the revised Manual on Solid Waste Management from 2016. It also discusses the applicability and scope of the Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016 and the duties and responsibilities of various stakeholders under the rules.
Scheme on labeling of ecofriendly products (ecomark)Niladri Roy
The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India have instituted a scheme on labeling of Environment Friendly Products through Gazette Notification No. 71 dated 21st February 1991. The scheme is operating on a national basis and provides accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products which meet certain environmental criteria along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product.
The Scheme is known as "ECOMARK". Any product which is made, used or disposed of in a way that significantly reduces the harm it would otherwise cause to the environment, are categorized as environment friendly product.
This document provides an overview of waste-to-energy technologies and discusses their viability and use in India. It begins with definitions of waste-to-energy and discusses why these systems are used to address environmental issues from landfills and fossil fuels. It then covers the technological processes, current statistics on waste generation in major Indian cities, and considerations for technology selection. The document also discusses the commercial viability and key government policies supporting waste-to-energy in India. It analyzes the environmental performance and provides a case study on a large waste-to-energy project in Delhi.
Solid waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of solid waste materials with the objectives of minimizing waste generation, maximizing collection efficiency, reducing disposal volume, and developing environmentally sound treatment methods. An ideal waste management system consists of practices that minimize both domestic and commercial waste generation while protecting human health and the environment. The hierarchy of waste minimization includes prevention, minimization through reduction and reuse, and recycling. Resource recovery through biological and thermal waste processing can yield useful products like compost or energy. Public awareness and staff health and safety are also important aspects of effective solid waste management.
This document provides an overview of zero liquid discharge (ZLD) processes for the pulp and paper industry. It discusses how ZLD helps industries reduce wastewater generation and reuse water, outlines the key steps in a ZLD system including membrane filtration and crystallization, and examines a case study of a successful ZLD pilot plant for an Indian paper mill that recovered 93.7% of waste and reduced TDS levels by 96%. The document also notes challenges like high energy costs, and looks at incentives to promote wider ZLD adoption.
Measurement of ambient air pollutants, sampling and analysisAbhishek Tiwari
The document summarizes air pollution monitoring training conducted at the Analytical and Environmental Engineering Laboratory in Ranchi, India. Over the course of 5 days, participants learned air sampling techniques and how to use equipment like a respirable dust sampler to measure concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 in ambient air. Samples collected during fieldwork were then analyzed, and concentrations of pollutants were found to be within regulatory limits set by India's Central Pollution Control Board.
An Introduction to Resource Economics lecture delivered by Aaron Hatcher at the University of Portsmouth, 2008. Shared through the TRUE wiki for Environmental and Resource Economics. Download from http://economicsnetwork.ac.uk/environmental/resources
The document discusses the concept of zero waste, which aims to minimize waste generation and maximize resource value. Zero waste is a philosophy that redesigns product life cycles so that all materials are reused. Products are designed for reuse through a "cradle to cradle" model rather than a linear "cradle to grave" model. The 3Rs - reduce, reuse, recycle - are emphasized to achieve zero waste goals.
Air pollution measurements give important, quantitative information about ambient concentrations and deposition, but they can only describe air quality at specific locations and times, without giving clear guidance on the identification of the causes of the air quality problem.
This document is a lecture on landfill gas management by Prof. M.R. Ezhilkumar from Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology. It discusses the stages of landfill gas generation, composition of landfill gas, methods for estimating gas production rates, techniques for enhancing gas generation, and systems for controlling landfill gas migration. It provides details on the design of landfill gas collection systems, including the layout of gas extraction wells and headers, sizing calculations, and rules of thumb. Passive and active landfill gas control methods are also covered.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as paper, plastic, wood and food waste. The RDF production process involves sorting, shredding, drying and pelletizing the waste into fuel pellets. RDF has a higher calorific value than coal and burns cleaner with lower emissions. It can be used in cement kilns, power plants and industrial boilers as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Producing RDF from municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It discusses trends in waste generation, the impact of poor management, and the waste management hierarchy. It also covers integrated waste management and the transition to a circular economy. Specific topics include common waste streams, infrastructure, generation rates by region and income level, the costs of inaction, and major dumpsites. The waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle is presented. Case studies demonstrate community-based composting and participatory clean city programs. Moving from linear to circular models and regulations to stimulate recycling are also summarized.
The document discusses cleaner production, providing definitions and key principles. It describes the phases of cleaner production as planning and organization, preliminary assessment, detailed assessment, and feasibility assessment. Various cleaner production practices are outlined, including good housekeeping, input substitution, and technology changes. Barriers to cleaner production include resistance to change and lack of information. The document concludes with a case study on implementing cleaner production techniques at a textile mill in India.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
Municipal solid waste management unit 1 noteshepzishalu
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste management. It discusses the different sources and types of municipal solid waste, including residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial wastes. It also classifies wastes based on physical characteristics like garbage, ashes, combustible materials, bulky wastes, and biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable materials. The document outlines factors that affect the generation of solid wastes like geographic location, seasons, collection frequency, and population diversity. It describes analyzing the physical characteristics of wastes like density, moisture content, size, and calorific value. It also discusses analyzing the chemical characteristics of wastes including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems, focusing on shifting linear open industrial processes into closed loop processes. It has several focal areas including material and energy flow studies, proper waste usage and carbon reduction, technological changes and their environmental impacts, and life-cycle planning, design, and assessment. The origins of industrial ecology come from the idea proposed by Frosch and Gallopoulos that industrial systems could function like ecosystems, with the wastes of one industry becoming resources for another, thus reducing raw material usage, pollution, and waste treatment needs.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM). ISWM involves applying suitable techniques and technologies to achieve waste reduction and effective waste management. It follows a waste management hierarchy that prioritizes waste prevention, recycling, energy recovery from waste, and disposal as a last resort. ISWM aims to optimize municipal solid waste management and involve all stakeholders. It is linked to the 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle.
The Catalan Office for Climate Change has updated the Guidance on calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This Guidance is a tool for any organisation, in example government agencies, companies, associations, and citizens in general. Moreover, together with the Calculator, the Guidance is the tool recommended to draw up GHG inventory for organizations joined to the Voluntary Agreements Programme for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
This document provides an overview of environmental audits, including what they are, their objectives and benefits, types of environmental audits, and the audit process. An environmental audit is a systematic, documented evaluation of an organization's environmental management system and performance to help ensure compliance and improve environmental impact. The main types of audits covered are compliance, performance, and financial audits. The audit process involves planning, an on-site assessment, reporting findings and recommendations, and following up on corrective actions.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
The document discusses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), including its definition, ISO requirements, and steps. LCA looks at a product's environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. It discusses case studies on LCAs of olive oil packaging (tin vs plastic), PET water bottles in California, expanded polystyrene packaging in Europe, and electric vs gasoline vehicles. For the olive oil study, tin packaging had a lower overall environmental impact than plastic. The PET bottle LCA found packaging and disposal stages impact water pollution the most. Expanded polystyrene and polypropylene packaging were compared for energy use and water pollution impacts. Electric vehicles require less total energy over their lifetime than gasoline vehicles.
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
Solid waste management is an important issue in many Indian cities. Solid waste is defined as all waste arising from human and animal activities that is normally solid and discarded. It consists of organic and inorganic materials. The composition of solid waste varies between countries and changes over time. Solid waste has negative impacts on human health such as chemical poisoning, diseases, and odor pollution. It also harms the environment by releasing greenhouse gases, contaminating soil and water, and causing visual pollution. Solid waste is classified based on its source such as residential, commercial, and industrial. It can also be classified based on its type such as garbage, ashes, combustible materials, and hazardous wastes. The sources and types of solid waste are described. The
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
Circular economy - a new paradigm in manufacutringRanjani491
The document discusses the linear "take-make-waste" model of production and consumption that has dominated the last 150 years. This linear model is unsustainable as it depletes natural resources and produces large amounts of waste. The document introduces circular economy as an alternative model that aims to eliminate waste and the use of toxic chemicals, be powered by renewable energy, and design products to be reused and recycled to keep resources in use for as long as possible. It provides examples of companies implementing circular economy principles and argues that the circular model represents significant opportunities for cost savings, risk mitigation, innovation and job creation compared to the linear economy.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on industrial ecosystems. It begins with an introduction that defines industrial ecosystems as aiming to mimic natural ecosystems through closed-loop systems that optimize resource use and minimize waste and impacts. It then discusses key characteristics of industrial ecology, including resource efficiency, systems thinking, closed-loop systems, collaboration, and life-cycle thinking. Examples are given for each characteristic. The conclusion restates that industrial ecology can help create more sustainable systems. References for further information are also included.
The document discusses the concept of zero waste, which aims to minimize waste generation and maximize resource value. Zero waste is a philosophy that redesigns product life cycles so that all materials are reused. Products are designed for reuse through a "cradle to cradle" model rather than a linear "cradle to grave" model. The 3Rs - reduce, reuse, recycle - are emphasized to achieve zero waste goals.
Air pollution measurements give important, quantitative information about ambient concentrations and deposition, but they can only describe air quality at specific locations and times, without giving clear guidance on the identification of the causes of the air quality problem.
This document is a lecture on landfill gas management by Prof. M.R. Ezhilkumar from Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology. It discusses the stages of landfill gas generation, composition of landfill gas, methods for estimating gas production rates, techniques for enhancing gas generation, and systems for controlling landfill gas migration. It provides details on the design of landfill gas collection systems, including the layout of gas extraction wells and headers, sizing calculations, and rules of thumb. Passive and active landfill gas control methods are also covered.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as paper, plastic, wood and food waste. The RDF production process involves sorting, shredding, drying and pelletizing the waste into fuel pellets. RDF has a higher calorific value than coal and burns cleaner with lower emissions. It can be used in cement kilns, power plants and industrial boilers as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Producing RDF from municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It discusses trends in waste generation, the impact of poor management, and the waste management hierarchy. It also covers integrated waste management and the transition to a circular economy. Specific topics include common waste streams, infrastructure, generation rates by region and income level, the costs of inaction, and major dumpsites. The waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle is presented. Case studies demonstrate community-based composting and participatory clean city programs. Moving from linear to circular models and regulations to stimulate recycling are also summarized.
The document discusses cleaner production, providing definitions and key principles. It describes the phases of cleaner production as planning and organization, preliminary assessment, detailed assessment, and feasibility assessment. Various cleaner production practices are outlined, including good housekeeping, input substitution, and technology changes. Barriers to cleaner production include resistance to change and lack of information. The document concludes with a case study on implementing cleaner production techniques at a textile mill in India.
The document discusses solid and hazardous waste management, outlining 8 chapters that cover topics like solid waste generation and collection, handling and processing, transportation and disposal. It also examines factors contributing to solid waste problems and provides definitions and sources of different types of solid wastes. The goal of integrated solid waste management is to manage waste in a way that protects public health and the environment.
Municipal solid waste management unit 1 noteshepzishalu
This document provides an overview of municipal solid waste management. It discusses the different sources and types of municipal solid waste, including residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial wastes. It also classifies wastes based on physical characteristics like garbage, ashes, combustible materials, bulky wastes, and biodegradable vs. non-biodegradable materials. The document outlines factors that affect the generation of solid wastes like geographic location, seasons, collection frequency, and population diversity. It describes analyzing the physical characteristics of wastes like density, moisture content, size, and calorific value. It also discusses analyzing the chemical characteristics of wastes including lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems, focusing on shifting linear open industrial processes into closed loop processes. It has several focal areas including material and energy flow studies, proper waste usage and carbon reduction, technological changes and their environmental impacts, and life-cycle planning, design, and assessment. The origins of industrial ecology come from the idea proposed by Frosch and Gallopoulos that industrial systems could function like ecosystems, with the wastes of one industry becoming resources for another, thus reducing raw material usage, pollution, and waste treatment needs.
The document discusses integrated solid waste management (ISWM). ISWM involves applying suitable techniques and technologies to achieve waste reduction and effective waste management. It follows a waste management hierarchy that prioritizes waste prevention, recycling, energy recovery from waste, and disposal as a last resort. ISWM aims to optimize municipal solid waste management and involve all stakeholders. It is linked to the 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle.
The Catalan Office for Climate Change has updated the Guidance on calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This Guidance is a tool for any organisation, in example government agencies, companies, associations, and citizens in general. Moreover, together with the Calculator, the Guidance is the tool recommended to draw up GHG inventory for organizations joined to the Voluntary Agreements Programme for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
This document provides an overview of environmental audits, including what they are, their objectives and benefits, types of environmental audits, and the audit process. An environmental audit is a systematic, documented evaluation of an organization's environmental management system and performance to help ensure compliance and improve environmental impact. The main types of audits covered are compliance, performance, and financial audits. The audit process involves planning, an on-site assessment, reporting findings and recommendations, and following up on corrective actions.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
The document discusses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), including its definition, ISO requirements, and steps. LCA looks at a product's environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal. It discusses case studies on LCAs of olive oil packaging (tin vs plastic), PET water bottles in California, expanded polystyrene packaging in Europe, and electric vs gasoline vehicles. For the olive oil study, tin packaging had a lower overall environmental impact than plastic. The PET bottle LCA found packaging and disposal stages impact water pollution the most. Expanded polystyrene and polypropylene packaging were compared for energy use and water pollution impacts. Electric vehicles require less total energy over their lifetime than gasoline vehicles.
Environmental systems are complex arrangements of interacting biological, physical, chemical, social and economic components within the Earth's environment. They can include systems like the atmosphere, oceans, and populations of plants and animals. Models are used to study environmental systems and can take various forms from simple empirical models to complex process-based models. Environmental systems generally have four main features - they involve complex nonlinear interactions; their characteristics vary greatly over spatial and temporal scales; these scales are often incompatible between components; and many processes are unobservable. The key types of environmental systems are hydrological, ecological and climatic systems.
Solid waste management is an important issue in many Indian cities. Solid waste is defined as all waste arising from human and animal activities that is normally solid and discarded. It consists of organic and inorganic materials. The composition of solid waste varies between countries and changes over time. Solid waste has negative impacts on human health such as chemical poisoning, diseases, and odor pollution. It also harms the environment by releasing greenhouse gases, contaminating soil and water, and causing visual pollution. Solid waste is classified based on its source such as residential, commercial, and industrial. It can also be classified based on its type such as garbage, ashes, combustible materials, and hazardous wastes. The sources and types of solid waste are described. The
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
Circular economy - a new paradigm in manufacutringRanjani491
The document discusses the linear "take-make-waste" model of production and consumption that has dominated the last 150 years. This linear model is unsustainable as it depletes natural resources and produces large amounts of waste. The document introduces circular economy as an alternative model that aims to eliminate waste and the use of toxic chemicals, be powered by renewable energy, and design products to be reused and recycled to keep resources in use for as long as possible. It provides examples of companies implementing circular economy principles and argues that the circular model represents significant opportunities for cost savings, risk mitigation, innovation and job creation compared to the linear economy.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on industrial ecosystems. It begins with an introduction that defines industrial ecosystems as aiming to mimic natural ecosystems through closed-loop systems that optimize resource use and minimize waste and impacts. It then discusses key characteristics of industrial ecology, including resource efficiency, systems thinking, closed-loop systems, collaboration, and life-cycle thinking. Examples are given for each characteristic. The conclusion restates that industrial ecology can help create more sustainable systems. References for further information are also included.
A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENTGaurav Dutta
The document discusses a strategic framework for green supply chain management. It outlines several key factors that influence an organization's management of a green supply chain, including the product lifecycle, operational lifecycle, and environmentally conscious business practices. The product lifecycle influences greening strategies depending on the phase of maturity. The operational lifecycle encompasses procurement, production, distribution, and reverse logistics. Environmentally conscious practices include reduction, reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal alternatives.
This content covers the necessary theories and related mathematical problems of Solid Waste Management Course which basically is prepared for the undergraduate students of BSc in Civil Engineering program.
This document introduces the concept of re-use in waste management. It defines re-use as using a product again for the same purpose without processing, while preparation for re-use involves cleaning, repairing or checking waste products so they can be reused. The benefits of re-use include environmental protection, economic savings, and social impacts. However, public perception of quality, safety and aesthetics can limit re-use. The document outlines EU policies and approved organizations that facilitate re-use markets.
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems and their impacts on the environment. The goal is to promote more sustainable development by closing material loops and mimicking natural ecosystems. Key aspects include using a multidisciplinary systems approach, minimizing waste by using byproducts from one industry as inputs for others, and applying principles from ecology like nutrient cycling to industrial systems. An example is the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis which exchanges materials and energy between companies to reduce environmental impacts and costs.
This document discusses environmental management systems and cleaner production. It begins by defining an environmental management system as a systematic approach to managing an organization's environmental programs. The goals of an EMS are to increase compliance with environmental regulations and reduce waste. It then outlines a hierarchy for environmental management with source reduction and recycling at the top. Various source reduction techniques are listed. It also discusses process optimization, reuse, recycling, recovery, and disposal. Finally, it provides an overview of the steps involved in a cleaner production assessment, including planning, assessment, feasibility analysis, implementation, and monitoring.
The study of industrial systems with the goal of developing and implementing ways to lessen their environmental impact is known as industrial ecology. Manufacturing and energy plants, for example, collect raw materials and natural resources from the earth and convert them into products and services that suit the population's needs.
Created By
Parveen Kumar
erxpertnotes.in
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on green manufacturing. It discusses key principles of green manufacturing like taking a comprehensive systems approach and reducing environmental impacts. It provides examples of green manufacturing through clean energy supply and describes environmental impacts of manufacturing like materials and energy consumption. The presentation includes a case study on the supply chain transformation of a Chinese electronics company to implement green manufacturing practices such as using recycled materials, green design, and operational efficiency.
The document discusses various techniques for processing solid waste including incineration, baling, shredding, compaction, and separation of materials. The goals of processing are to improve waste management efficiency, recover useful materials like paper, plastic and metals, and recover energy through processes like incineration. Specific processing methods covered include mechanical volume reduction through compacting, chemical reduction through incineration, size reduction through shredding and grinding, and component separation techniques like air separation, magnetic separation and screening. The document also discusses drying and dewatering of waste, biochemical conversion through anaerobic digestion, and landfilling as a disposal method.
Growing populations are negatively impacting the planet through increased waste generation and overexploitation of resources. Traditional linear waste management like dumping in landfills is unsustainable. Circular economy principles aim to emulate natural cycles by reducing waste and making reuse and recycling the norm. This involves redesigning production and consumption systems to optimize resource use. Companies are pursuing circular business models like renting products or using waste as a resource. Consumers can apply the 3Rs hierarchy - reduce, reuse, recycle - to limit their environmental impact.
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCA civej
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based on the experience gained from the model development.
An Ex-Ante Evaluation for Solid Waste Treatment Facilities using LCCAcivejjour
The application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in infrastructure facilities projects has been marginalised so far especially in real-life projects. In many cases, the significance of this tool is not the end result by itself but the improvements that can be made to the infrastructure facility design during and as a result of the LCCA model development. This paper presents lessons-learnt from analysing and developing a LCCA model for an actual integrated municipal solid waste management infrastructure facility using the anaerobic treatment technology and recycling. The development of the LCCA model for the facility involved several distinctive steps such as system analysis and disintegration, maintenance and operation cost data acquisition, identifying relevant performance indicators for each operation that can be utilized in tandem with the LCCA model, setting up serviceability threshold for each operation. In addition to model development description, the paper highlights the requirements needed and the impediments that may be encountered when developing LCCA model for solid waste management facilities. At the end, the paper concludes with providing recommendations for decision makers and researchers in this field based on the experience gained from the model development.
A circular economy is an economic system aimed at eliminating waste where resources are kept in use for as long as possible, such as by reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products. It involves closing resource loops to keep materials and components circulating in the economy. Key elements include using renewable energy sources, designing out waste, and thinking systemically about how different elements interact and influence each other. The goal is to create a sustainable system that provides benefits for both the environment and the economy.
Eco-industrial park and cleaner productionDr. L K Bhagi
1. Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems.
2. It takes a multidisciplinary approach and examines issues from perspectives involving the environment, society, economics, and technology to promote sustainable development.
3. The goal is to shift industrial processes from linear open loop systems that produce waste, to closed loop systems where wastes can be used as inputs for new processes.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Waste Management System by Incineration ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a waste management system using incineration. It discusses how incineration works to combust organic waste materials into ash, flue gas, and heat. The system uses a reactor, furnace, condenser, heating element and copper tubes. Waste is fed into the heated reactor where it is pyrolyzed. Gases produced are cooled in the condenser to produce liquid fuel. The heat generated can also be used to heat water carried through the copper tubes. The system aims to manage waste through an environmentally friendly incineration process.
The document introduces the concept of a circular economy (CE). It defines CE as an alternative to the traditional linear economy where resources are kept in use for as long as possible through reuse and recycling. The document outlines the EU's agenda to transition to a CE, including targets to increase municipal waste recycling. It discusses how CE principles apply throughout a product's lifecycle and across different industries and sectors of the economy.
Types of embodied energy· Initial embodied energy; and· Recurring embodied energy
The initial embodied energy in buildings represents the non-renewable energy consumed in the acquisition of raw materials, their processing, manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction. This initial embodied energy has two components:Direct energy the energy used to transport building products to the site, and then to construct the building; andIndirect energy the energy used to acquire, process, and manufacture the building materials, including any transportation related to these activities.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
2. Industrial ecology
• is an approach based upon systems engineering and ecological
principles that integrates the production and consumption aspects of
the design, production, use, and termination (decommissioning) of
products and services in a manner that minimizes environmental
impact while optimizing utilization of resources, energy, and capital.
• The practice of industrial ecology represents an environmentally
acceptable, sustainable means of providing goods and services.
2
3. • Industrial ecology works within a system of industrial ecosystems, which mimic natural
ecosystems.
• Natural ecosystems, usually driven by solar energy and photosynthesis, consist of an
assembly of mutually interacting organisms and their environment, in which materials
are interchanged in a largely cyclical manner.
• An ideal system of industrial ecology follows the flow of energy and materials through
several levels, uses wastes from one part of the system as raw material for another part,
and maximizes the efficiency of energy utilization.
• Whereas wastes, effluents, and products used to be regarded as leaving an industrial
system at the point where a product or service was sold to a consumer, industrial ecology
regards such materials as part of a larger system that must be considered until a complete
cycle of manufacture, use, and disposal is completed.
3
4. industrial
ecology
• is all about cyclization of materials
• The goal is cradle to reincarnation, since if
one is practicing industrial ecology correctly
there is no grave.”
• cyclization of materials should occur at the
highest possible level of material purity and
stage of product development.
4
5. • industrial metabolism, which refers to the ways in which an industrial system handles materials
and energy, extracting needed materials from sources such as ores, using energy to assemble
materials in desired ways, and disassembling materials and components.
• In this respect, an industrial ecosystem operates in a manner analogous to biological organisms,
which act on biomolecules to perform anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation).
• Just as occurs with biological systems, industrial enterprises can be assembled into industrial
ecosystems.
• Such systems consist of a number (preferably large and diverse) of industrial enterprises acting
synergistically and, for the most part, with each utilizing products and potential wastes from other
members of the system.
• The term sustainable development has been used to describe industrial development that can be
sustained without environmental damage and to the benefit of all people.
• “sustainable development” must evolve in which use of nonrenewable resources is minimized
insofar as possible, and the capability to produce renewable resources (for example, by promoting
soil conservation to maintain the capacity to grow biomass) is enhanced.
5
6. INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
• A group of firms that practice industrial ecology through a system of industrial metabolism that is efficient in the use
of both materials and resources constitute a functional industrial ecosystem.
• Such a system can be defined as a regional cluster of industrial firms and other entities linked together in a manner
that enables them to utilize byproducts, materials, and energy between various enterprises in a mutually
advantageous manner.
• the main attributes of a functional industrial ecosystem, which, in the simplest sense, processes materials powered
by a relatively abundant source of energy.
• Materials enter the system from a raw materials source and are put in a usable form by a primary materials producer.
• From there the materials go into manufacturing goods for consumers.
• Associated with various sectors of the operation are waste processors that can take byproduct materials, upgrade
them, and feed them back into the system.
• An efficient, functional transportation system is required for the system to work well, and good communications
links must exist among the various sectors.
• A key material in the system is water, and it is often in limited supply in highly populated arid regions of the world.
6
7. • A successfully operating industrial ecosystem provides several benefits:
✓Such a system reduces pollution.
✓It results in high energy efficiency compared to systems of firms that are not linked
and it reduces consumption of virgin materials because it maximizes materials
recycle.
✓Reduction of amounts of wastes is another advantage of a functional system of
industrial ecology.
✓increased market value of products relative to material and energy consumption.
• An industrial ecosystem can be set up using two basic complementary approaches.
1. emphasis may be placed upon product durability and amenability to repair and
recycle, which are compatible with the practice of industrial ecology. Instead of
selling products, a concern may emphasize leasing so that it can facilitate recycling.
2. emphasizes interactions between concerns so that they operate in keeping with good
practice of industrial ecology. This approach facilitates materials and energy flow,
exchange, and recycle between various firms in the industrial ecosystem.
7
8. THE FIVE MAJOR COMPONENTS
OF AN INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEM
• It is useful to define five major components of an industrial ecosystem:
1. a primary materials producer,
2. a source or sources of energy,
3. a materials processing and manufacturing sector,
4. a waste-processing sector, and
5. a consumer sector.
• In such an idealized system, the flow of materials among the four major hubs is
very high.
• Each constituent of the system evolves in a manner that maximizes the
efficiency with which the system utilizes materials and energy.
8
9. 1. Primary Materials and Energy Producers
• It is convenient to consider the primary materials producers and the energy generators together because both
materials and energy are required for the industrial ecosystem to operate.
• The primary materials producer or producers may consist of one or several enterprises devoted to providing
the basic materials that sustain the industrial ecosystem.
• Most generally, in any realistic industrial ecosystem a significant fraction of the material processed by the
system consists of virgin materials.
• In a number of cases, and increasingly so as pressures build to recycle materials, significant amounts of the
materials come from recycling sources.
9
10. • The processes that virgin materials entering the system are subjected to vary with
the kind of material, but can generally be divided into several major steps.
• Typically, the first step is extraction, designed to remove the desired substance as
completely as possible from the other substances with which it occurs.
• A concentration step may follow extraction to put the desired material into a
purer form.
• After concentration, the material may be put through additional refining steps that
may involve separations.
• Following these steps, the material is usually subjected to additional processing
and preparation leading to the finished materials.
• Throughout the various steps of extraction, concentration, separation, refining,
processing, preparation, and finishing, various physical and chemical operations
are used, and wastes requiring disposal may be produced.
• Recycled materials may be introduced at various parts of the process, although
they are usually introduced into the system following the concentration step.
10
11. 2. Materials Processing and Manufacturing Sector
• Finished materials from primary materials producers are fabricated to make products in the materials
processing and manufacturing sector.
• For example, the manufacture of an automobile requires steel for the frame, plastic for various components,
rubber in tires, lead in the battery, copper in the wiring, and cloth or leather for the seats, along with a large
number of other materials.
• The materials processing and manufacturing sector presents several opportunities for recycling.
• At this point, it might be useful to define two different streams of recycled materials:
• Process recycle streams consisting of materials recycled in the manufacturing operation itself
• External recycle streams consisting of materials recycled from other manufacturers or from
postconsumer products
• Materials suitable for recycling can vary significantly.
• Generally, materials from the process recycle streams are quite suitable for recycling because they are the
same materials used in the manufacturing operation.
• Recycled materials from the outside, especially those from postconsumer sources, may be quite variable in
their characteristics because of the lack of effective controls over recycled postconsumer materials. .
11
12. 3. The Consumer Sector
• In the consumer sector, products are sold or leased to the consumers who use them.
• The duration and intensity of use vary widely with the product; paper towels are used only once, whereas an
automobile may be used thousands of times over many years.
• In all cases, however, the end of the useful lifetime of the product is reached and it is either (1) discarded or
(2) recycled.
• The success of a total industrial ecology system can be measured largely by the degree to which recycling
predominates over disposal.
12
13. 4. Waste Processing Sector
• Recycling has become so widely practiced that an entirely separate waste processing
sector of an economic system can now be defined consisting of enterprises that deal
specifically with the collection, separation, and processing of recyclable materials and
their distribution to end users.
• Such operations may be entirely private or they may involve cooperative efforts with
governmental sectors.
• They are often driven by laws and regulations as well as positive economic and regulatory
incentives for their recycle.
13
14. LEVELS OF MATERIALS UTILIZATION
• There are two extremes in levels of materials utilization in industrial systems.
• At the most inefficient level, as shown in Figure 19.3, raw materials are viewed as being unlimited and no
consideration is given to limiting wastes.
• Such an approach was typical of industrial development in the U.S. in the 1800s and early 1900s when the
prevailing view was that there were no limits to ores, fossil energy resources, and other kinds of raw
materials; it was generally held that the continent had an unlimited capacity to absorb industrial wastes.
14
15. • A second kind of industrial system in which both raw materials and wastes are limited to greater or lesser
extents is illustrated in Figure 19.4.
• Such a system has a relatively large circulation of materials within the industrial system as a whole, compared
with reduced quantities of material going into the system and relatively lower production of wastes.
• Such systems are typical of those in industrialized nations and modern economic systems in which shortages
of raw materials and limits to the places to put wastes are beginning to be felt.
• Even with such constraints, large quantities of materials are extracted, processed, and used, then either
disposed of in the environment in concentrated form (hazardous wastes) or dispersed.
15
16. • An industrial ecosystem with no materials input and no wastes is illustrated in Figure 19.5.
• The material flows within the system itself are quite high.
• In addition, the energy requirements of such a system can be rather high, and a key to its successful operation
is often an abundant, minimally polluting primary source of energy.
• Such a system is an idealized one that can never be realized in practice, but it serves as a useful goal around
which more-practical and achievable systems can be based.
16
17. CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• By its nature, industrial production has an impact upon the environment.
• Whenever raw materials are extracted, processed, used, and eventually discarded, some environmental
impacts will occur.
• In designing an industrial ecological system, several major kinds of environmental impacts must be
considered in order to minimize them and keep them within acceptable limits.
• For most industrial processes, the first environmental impact is that of extracting raw materials.
• This can be a straightforward case of mineral extraction, or it can be less direct, such as utilization of biomass
grown on forest or crop land.
• A basic decision, therefore, is the choice of the kind of material to be used.
• Wherever possible, materials should be chosen that are not likely to be in short supply in the foreseeable
future.
• As an example, the silica used to make the lines employed for fiber-optics communication is in unlimited
supply and a much better choice for communication lines than copper wire made from limited supplies of
copper ore.
17
18. • Industrial ecology systems should be designed to reduce or even totally eliminate air pollutant
emissions.
• Among the most notable recent progress in that area has been the marked reduction and even total
elimination of solvent vapor emissions (volatile organic carbon, VOC), particularly those from
organochlorine solvents.
• Some progress in this area has been made with more-effective trapping of solvent vapors.
• In other cases, the use of the solvents has been totally eliminated.
• This is the case for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are no longer used in plastic foam blowing
and parts cleaning because of their potential to affect stratospheric ozone.
• Other air pollutant emissions that should be eliminated are hydrocarbon vapors, including those of
methane, CH4, and oxides of nitrogen or sulfur.
• Discharges of water pollutants should be entirely eliminated wherever possible.
• For many decades, efficient and effective water treatment systems have been employed that
minimize water pollution.
• However, these are “end of pipe” measures, and it is much more desirable to design industrial
systems such that potential water pollutants are not even generated.
18
19. • Industrial operations should be designed to prevent production of liquid water-based or organic solvent-based
wastes that may have to be sent to a waste processor.
• Under current conditions, the largest single constituent of so-called “hazardous wastes” is water.
• Elimination of water from the waste stream automatically prevents pollution and reduces amounts of wastes
requiring disposal.
• The solvents in organic wastes largely represent potentially recyclable or combustible constituents.
• A properly designed industrial ecosystem does not allow such wastes to be generated or to leave the factory
site.
• In addition to liquid wastes, many solid wastes must be considered in an industrial ecosystem.
• The most troublesome are toxic solids that must be placed in a secure hazardous-waste landfill.
• The problem has become especially acute in some industrialized nations in which the availability of landfill
space is severely limited.
• In a general sense, solid wastes are simply resources that have not been properly utilized.
• Closer cooperation among suppliers, manufacturers, consumers, regulators, and recyclers can minimize
quantities and hazards of solid wastes.
19
20. • Whenever energy is expended, there is a degree of environmental damage.
• Therefore, energy efficiency has a high priority in a properly designed industrial
ecosystem.
• Significant progress has been made in this area in recent decades, as much because
of the high costs of energy as for environmental improvement.
• More-efficient devices, such as electric motors, and approaches, such as
cogeneration of electricity and heat, that make the best possible use of energy
resources are highly favored.
• An important side benefit of more-efficient energy utilization is the lowered
emissions of air pollutants, including greenhouse gases.
20
21. THREE KEY ATTRIBUTES: ENERGY, MATERIALS, DIVERSITY
• By analogy with biological ecosystems, a successful industrial ecosystem should have (1) renewable energy, (2)
complete recyling of materials, and (3) species diversity for resistance to external shocks.
Unlimited Energy
• Energy is obviously a key ingredient of an industrial ecosystem.
• Unlike materials, the flow of energy in even a well-balanced closed industrial ecosystem is essentially one-way in
that energy enters in a concentrated, highly usable form, such as chemical energy in natural gas, and leaves in a
dilute, disperse form as waste heat.
• An exception is the energy that is stored in materials.
• This can be in the form of energy that can be obtained from materials, such as by burning rubber tires, or it can be in
the form of what might be called “energy credit,” which means that by using a material in its refined form, energy is
not consumed in making the material from its raw material precursors.
• A prime example of this is the “energy credit” in metals, such as that in aluminum metal, which can be refined into
new aluminum objects requiring only a fraction of the energy consumed to refine the metal from aluminum ore.
• On the other hand, recycling and reclaiming some materials can require a lot of energy, and the energy consumption
of a good closed industrial ecosystem can be rather high.
21
22. • Natural ecosystems run on unlimited, renewable energy from the sun or, in some specialized cases, from
geochemical sources.
• Successful industrial ecosystems must also have sources of energy that are not severely limited by either
supply or potential for environmental damage in order to be sustained for an indefinite period of time (solar)
• However, solar sources present formidable problems, not the least of which is that they work poorly during
those times of the day and seasons of the year when the sun does not shine.
• Even under optimum conditions, solar energy has a low power density necessitating collection and
distribution systems of an unprecedented scale if they are going to displace present fossil energy sources.
• Other renewable sources, such as wind, tidal, geothermal, biomass, and hydropower present similar
challenges.
• It is likely, therefore, that fossil energy sources will provide a large share of the energy for industrial
ecosystems in the foreseeable future.
• This assumes that a way can be found to manage greenhouse gases.
• At the present time, it appears that injection of carbon dioxide from combustion into deep ocean regions is the
only viable alternative for sequestering carbon dioxide, and this approach remains an unproven technology on
a large scale.
• (One potential problem is that the slight increase in ocean water pH of about 1/10 pH unit could be
detrimental to many of the organisms that live in the ocean.)
22
23. • Nuclear fusion power remains a tantalizing possibility for unlimited energy, but so far
practical nuclear fusion reactors for power generation have proven an elusive target.
• Unattractive as it is to many, the only certain, environmentally acceptable energy source
that can without question fill the energy needs of modern industrial ecology systems is
nuclear fission energy.
• With breeder reactors that can generate additional fissionable material from essentially
unlimited supplies of uranium-238, nuclear fission can meet humankind’s energy needs
for the foreseeable future.
• Of course, there are problems with nuclear fission—more political and regulatory than
technical.
• The solution to these problems remains a central challenge for humans in the modern era.
23
24. Industrial Ecology and Material Resources
• A system of industrial ecology is successful if it reduces demand for materials from virgin sources.
• Strategies for reduced material use may be driven by technology, by economics, or by regulation.
• The four major ways in which material consumption can be reduced are
• (1) using less of a material for a specific application, an approach called dematerialization;
• (2) substitution of a relatively more abundant and safe material for one that is scarce or toxic;
• (3) recycling, broadly defined; and
• (4) extraction of useful materials from wastes, sometimes called waste mining.
24
25. Dematerialization
• There are numerous recent examples of reduced uses of materials for specific applications.
• One example of dematerialization is the transmission of greater electrical power loads with less copper wire
by using higher voltages on long distance transmission lines.
• Copper is also used much more efficiently for communications transmission than it was in the early days of
telegraphy and telephone communication.
• Amounts of silver used per roll of photographic film have decreased significantly in recent years.
• The layer of tin plated onto the surface of a “tin can” used for food preservation and storage is much lower
now than it was several decades ago.
• In response to the need for greater fuel economy, the quantities of materials used in automobiles have
decreased significantly over the last 2 decades, a trend reversed, unfortunately, by the more recent increased
popularity of large “sport utility vehicles.”
• Automobile storage batteries now use much less lead for the same amount of capacity than they did in former
years.
• The switch from 6-volt to 12-volt auto batteries in the 1950s enabled use of lighter wires, such as those from
the battery to the electrical starter.
• Somewhat later, the change to steel-belted radial tires enabled use of lighter tires and resulted in greatly
increased tire lifetimes so that much less rubber was used for tires.
25
26. Substitution of Materials
• Substitution and dematerialization are complementary approaches to reducing materials use.
• The substitution of polyvinylchloride (PVC) siding in place of wood on houses has resulted in
dematerialization over the long term because the plastic siding does not require paint.
• Technology and economics combined have been leading factors in materials substitution.
• A very significant substitution that has taken place over recent decades is that of aluminum for copper and
other substances.
• Copper, although not a strategically short metal resource, nevertheless is not one of the more abundant metals
in relation to the demand for it.
• Considering its abundance in the geosphere and in sources such as coal ash, aluminum is a very abundant
metal.
• Now aluminum is used in place of copper in many high voltage electrical transmission applications.
• Aluminum is also used in place of brass, a copper-containing alloy, in a number of applications.
• Aluminum roofing substitutes for copper in building construction.
• Aluminum cans are used for beverages in place of tin-plated steel cans.
26
27. Recycling
• For a true and complete industrial ecosystem, close to 100% recycling of materials must be realized.
• In principle, given a finite supply of all the required elements and abundant energy, essentially complete recycling
can be achieved.
• A central goal of industrial ecology is to develop efficient technologies for recycling that reduce the need for virgin
materials to the lowest possible levels.
• Another goal must be to implement process changes that eliminate dissipative uses of toxic substances, such as
heavy metals, that are not biodegradable and that pose a threat to the environment when they are discarded.
• For consideration of recycling, matter can be put into four separate categories.
• The first of these consists of elements that occur abundantly and naturally in essentially unlimited quantities in
consumable products.
• Materials in this category of recyclables are discharged into the environment and recycled through natural processes
or for very low-value applications, such as sewage sludge used as fertilizer on soil.
• A second category of recyclable materials consists of elements that are not in short supply, but are in a form that is
especially amenable to recycling.
• The best example of a kind of commodity in this class is paper.
• Paper fibers can be recycled up to five times, and the nature of paper is such that it is readily recycled.
27
28. • A third category of recyclables consists of those elements, mostly metals, for which world resources are low.
• A fourth category of materials to consider for recycling consists of parts and apparatus, such as auto parts
discussed previously.
• In many cases, such parts can be refurbished and reused.
• Even when this is not the case, substantial monetary deposits collected from customers at the time of purchase can
provide incentives for recycling.
• For components to be recycled efficiently and easily, they must be designed with reuse in mind in aspects such as
facile disassembly.
• Combustion to produce energy can be a form of recycling.
• For some kinds of materials, combustion in a power plant is the most cost-effective and environmentally safe way of
dealing with materials.
• This is true, for example, of municipal refuse that contains a significant energy value because of combustible
materials in it as well as a variety of items that potentially could be recycled for the materials in them.
• However, once such items become mixed in municipal refuse and contaminated with impurities, the best means of
dealing with them is simply combustion.
• It should be noted that recycling comes with its own set of environmental concerns.
• One of the greatest of these is contamination of recycled materials with toxic substances.
• Substances may become so mixed with use that recycling is not practical.
28
29. Extraction of Useful Materials from Wastes
• Sometimes called waste mining, the extraction of useful materials from wastes has
some significant, largely unrealized potential for the reduction in use of virgin
materials.
• Waste mining can often take advantage of the costs that must necessarily be
incurred in treating wastes, such as flue gases.
• There are several advantages to recovering a useful resource from wastes.
• One of these is the reduced need to extract the resource from a primary source.
• By using waste sources, the primary source is preserved for future use.
• Another advantage is that extraction of a resource from a waste stream can reduce
the toxicity or potential environmental harm from the waste stream.
29
30. Diversity and Robust Character of Industrial Ecosystems
• Successful natural ecosystems are highly diverse, as a consequence of which they are also very robust.
• Robustness means that if one part of the system is perturbed, there are others that can take its place.
• Consider what happens if the numbers of a top predator at the top of a food chain in a natural ecosystem are
severely reduced because of disease.
• If the system is well balanced, another top predator is available to take its place.
• The energy sector of industrial ecosystems often suffers from a lack of robustness.
• Examples of energy vulnerability have become obvious with several “energy crises” during recent history.
• Another requirement of a healthy industrial ecology system that is vulnerable in some societies is water.
• In some regions of the world, both the quantity and quality of water are severely limited.
• A lack of self-sufficiency in food is a third example of vulnerability.
• Vulnerabililty in food and water are both strongly dependent upon climate, which in turn is tied to
environmental concerns as a whole.
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31. LIFE CYCLES: EXPANDING AND CLOSING THE MATERIALS LOOP
• In a general sense, the traditional view of product utilization is the one-way process of
• extraction → production → consumption → disposal.
• Materials that are extracted and refined are incorporated into the production of useful items, usually by
processes that produce large quant-ities of waste by-products.
• After the products are worn out, they are discarded.
• This essentially one-way path results in a relatively large exploitation of resources, such as metal ores, and a
constant accumulation of wastes.
• however, the one-way path outlined above can become a cycle in which manufactured goods are used, then
recycled at the end of their life spans.
• As one aspect of such a cyclic system, it is often useful for manufacturers to assume responsibility for their
products, to maintain “stewardship.”
• Ideally, in such a system a product or the material in it would have a never-ending life cycle; when its useful
lifetime is exhausted, it is either refurbished or converted into another product.
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32. • In considering life cycles, it is important to note that commerce can be divided into the two broad categories
of products and services.
• Whereas most commercial activity used to be concentrated on providing large quantities of goods and
products, demand has been largely satisfied for some segments of the population, and the wealthier economies
are moving more to a service-based system.
• Much of the commerce required for a modern society consists of a mixture of services and goods.
• The trend toward a service economy offers two major advantages with respect to waste minimization.
• Obviously, a pure service involves little material, and a service provider is in a much better position to control
materials to ensure that they are recycled and to control wastes, ensuring their proper disposal.
• It is usually difficult to recycle products or materials within a single, relatively narrow industry.
• In most cases, to be practical, recycling must be practiced on a larger scale than simply that of a single
industry or product.
• For example, recycling plastics used in soft drink bottles to make new soft drink bottles is not allowed
because of the possibilities for contamination.
• However, the plastics can be used as raw material for auto parts.
• Usually, different companies are involved in making auto parts and soft drink bottles.
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33. LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
• From the beginning, industrial ecology must consider process/product design in the management of materials,
including the ultimate fates of materials when they are discarded.
• The product and materials in it should be subjected to an entire life-cycle assessment or analysis.
• A life-cycle assessment applies to products, processes, and services through their entire life cycles from extraction of
raw materials—through manufacturing, distribution, and use—to their final fates from the viewpoint of determining,
quantifying, and ultimately minimizing their environmental impacts.
• It takes account of manufacturing, distribution, use, recycling, and disposal.
• Life-cycle assessment is particularly useful in determining the relative environmental merits of alternative products
and services.
• A basic step in life-cycle analysis is inventory analysis which provides qualitative and quantitative information
regarding consumption of material and energy resources (at the beginning of the cycle) and releases to the
anthrosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere (during or at the end of the cycle).
• It is based upon various materials cycles and budgets, and it quantifies materials and energy required as input and
the benefits and liabilities posed by products.
• The related area of impact analysis provides information about the kind and degree of environmental impacts
resulting from a complete life cycle of a product or activity.
• Once the environmental and resource impacts have been evaluated, it is possible to do an improvement analysis to
determine measures that can be taken to reduce impacts on the environment or resources.
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34. • In making a life-cycle analysis the following must be considered:
• If there is a choice, selection of the kinds of materials that will minimize waste
• Kinds of materials that can be reused or recycled
• Components that can be recycled
• Alternate pathways for the manufacturing process or for various parts of it
• Although a complete life-cycle analysis is expensive and time-consuming, it can yield significant returns in
lowering environmental impacts, conserving resources, and reducing costs.
• This is especially true if the analysis is performed at an early stage in the development of a product or service.
• Improved computerized techniques are making significant advances in the ease and efficacy of life-cycle
analyses.
• Until now, life-cycle assessments have been largely confined to simple materials and products such as
reusable cloth vs. disposable paper diapers.
• A major challenge now is to expand these efforts to more-complex products and systems such as aircraft or
electronics products.
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35. • Quiz next Dec 2 (Module 6-9)
• Chapter 11 on Dec 9
• Exam TBA (Module 8-11)
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