The document discusses a strategic framework for green supply chain management. It outlines several key factors that influence an organization's management of a green supply chain, including the product lifecycle, operational lifecycle, and environmentally conscious business practices. The product lifecycle influences greening strategies depending on the phase of maturity. The operational lifecycle encompasses procurement, production, distribution, and reverse logistics. Environmentally conscious practices include reduction, reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal alternatives.
Green Supply Chain Practices and Performances: A case of 3PL in KarachiTalha Bin Irfan Usmani
This is a Research report presentation made by Students of Iqra University | Gulshan e Iqbal Campus Karachi, Pakistan for their Research Proposal I & II Course in B.B.A Hons. Program on the topic of Green Supply Chain practices in 3rd party logistics company in Karachi.
A brief overview of Supply Chain Management including explanation of different types of Stock. This documents contains the brief explanation of Demand and Supply
Green logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities. This includes all activities of the forward and reverse flows of products, information and services between the point of origin and the point of consumption.
Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole
Green logistics, in the context of humanitarian logistics encourages all stakeholders to consider the impact of their actions on the environment. The main objective of Green logistics is to coordinate the activities within a supply chain in such a way that beneficiary needs are met at "least cost" to the environment. It is a principle component of reverse logistics. In the past “cost” has been defined in purely monetary terms, whereas "cost" can now also be understood as the external costs of logistics associated with: climate change, air pollution, dumping waste (including packaging waste), soil degradation, noise, vibration and accidents.
A presentation on the Supply Chain Management as per Production and Marketing are concerns, the highly relayed branch of any business house is to concentrate on this particular topic.
Green Supply Chain Practices and Performances: A case of 3PL in KarachiTalha Bin Irfan Usmani
This is a Research report presentation made by Students of Iqra University | Gulshan e Iqbal Campus Karachi, Pakistan for their Research Proposal I & II Course in B.B.A Hons. Program on the topic of Green Supply Chain practices in 3rd party logistics company in Karachi.
A brief overview of Supply Chain Management including explanation of different types of Stock. This documents contains the brief explanation of Demand and Supply
Green logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities. This includes all activities of the forward and reverse flows of products, information and services between the point of origin and the point of consumption.
Supply chain management is the systemic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole
Green logistics, in the context of humanitarian logistics encourages all stakeholders to consider the impact of their actions on the environment. The main objective of Green logistics is to coordinate the activities within a supply chain in such a way that beneficiary needs are met at "least cost" to the environment. It is a principle component of reverse logistics. In the past “cost” has been defined in purely monetary terms, whereas "cost" can now also be understood as the external costs of logistics associated with: climate change, air pollution, dumping waste (including packaging waste), soil degradation, noise, vibration and accidents.
A presentation on the Supply Chain Management as per Production and Marketing are concerns, the highly relayed branch of any business house is to concentrate on this particular topic.
5
A Pragmatic Approach to
Lifecycle Analysis
Formal lifecycle analysis is not new; in fact, lifecycle analysis tools andtechniques have been around in various forms for decades. What is newis an urgent need to improve the tools and expand the use of lifecycle
analysis to a broader spectrum of products and services.
We’re going to use a pragmatic approach to lifecycle analysis that keeps
the focus on the main goals: understanding the overall impact and making
improvements. The truth is that you don’t always need to measure every-
thing; you don’t always need precise data; you don’t always need complete
information. You just need to know what to measure, when, and how—and
where to place your priorities.
To get started we’ll need a model of the product/service lifecycle that we
can use to organize our work. So, let’s take a closer look at the phases of a
typical lifecycle and the key considerations at each phase.
A Basic Lifecycle Model
Every product is different; every lifecycle has unique time frames and char-
acteristics. As a result, many different lifecycle models have been produced
over time. For this book, we use a basic three-stage model. We prefer this
model because it is straightforward and matches most people’s personal expe-
rience with the lifecycle stages of common products. The three stages of our
model are
• “Make,” which covers everything that happens before a product is
actually put into operation—including the materials and chemicals
45
that are used to create it, the processes involved in assembling and
manufacturing it, the packaging that encases it, and the supply chain
that distributes it
• “Use,” which includes the power the product consumes as it is
operated, the greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions it creates,
the water it uses, and the noise, light, and heat it generates during
operation
• “Renew,” which covers everything that happens after the product is
used, including the demanufacture or disassembly of the product,
reuse of key components, recycling, and take-back
At each stage of the lifecycle we focus on three primary aspects of the
environmental impact of a product or service:
• Energy and emissions, including the calculation of energy and
power, finding the cleanest source of energy for your product, using
energy efficiently, calculating GHG emissions and CO2 conversion,
and so on
• Chemicals, materials, and waste, including the legal and business
considerations of hazardous and toxic substances, packaging and doc-
umentation, waste disposal, recycling, take-back, and process-related
GHG emissions
• Water and other natural resources that are embodied in the product
or service, including social and business considerations of using
scarce or nonrenewable materials, calculating the water footprint, and
so forth
Additional Lifecycle Considerations
Our three-phase model is intentionally simplistic. So, before we discuss
each aspect of the lifecycle in more detail, we’d like to offer a few notes.
Tod Christenson spoke at the recent GEMI conference on HPRC, the Regional Demonstration Project in Chicago, and packaging value chain challenges in creating circular solutions. Learn more at hprc.org.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
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as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
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gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
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water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
1. PROJECT REPORT ON “A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT”
BY
GAURAV DUTTA
1212026
M-6
2. INTRODUCTION
•Environment conscious business practices have been receiving great scrutiny from both researchers and practitioners.
•Interdisciplinary research has integrated the efforts of management, engineering, physical and social science to move forward toward green supply chain.
•Moreover, when organization thinks for environmental decision to be made, they are mostly strategic with complex mechanism which includes internal & external implications for management of organization.
• One of the methods to approach is to model the dynamic natural environment into a decision framework that is capable of considering the multidimensional qualitative and strategic characteristics.
• Alternative may include such factors of who to partner with, what type of technology to introduce, or what type of organizational practice to adopt.
3. •The decision to adopt one of alternatives are evaluated on “network hierarchy” is necessary for an effective green supply chain which is dependent on a no. of factors and elements.
•The technique for analyzing the decision is based on the analytical network process (ANP) or the systems-with-feedback approach first introduced by “Saaty”.
•Issues & possible extensions to the ANP approach identify some of its application limitations and its flexibility.
4. Green Supply Chain Management
Lowe defines industrial ecology as “ a systematic organizing framework for the many facets of environmental management. It views the industrial world as a natural system- a part of the local ecosystems and the global biosphere. It offers a fundamental understanding of the value of modeling the industrial system on ecosystems to achieve sustainable environmental performance ”.
•It has been defined to exist on 3 levels which are characterized by the amount of recycling or reuse of the material that is within the system (or the system’s “openness”).
1st level is a completely closed system with no material or energy leaving the system.
2nd level is identified by some factor of energy and material is reused within the system.
3rd level is completely open system with little material or energy, once consumed, remaining within a system.
5. •2nd level is most applicable model for actual systems. It is within these industrial ecosystems models that green supply chains will play a critical and practical one.
•Companies like Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Xerox & Digital Equipment Corporation have introduced some form of initiative for green their supply chains including the integration of suppliers, distributors, & reclamation facilities with increased acceptance of ISO 14001 environmental standards.
•Multidimensional decision environment making includes the elements like influences & relationships of the product life cycle, operational life cycle, organizational performance measurements, & environmentally conscious business practices. These serve as the foundation for a decision framework for prioritizing or selecting systems by the organization that will aid in managing green supply chain.
6. Product Life Cycle Influence
An organization strategic factor that will influence the management of a supply chain is the product life cycle positioning of the product(s) of an organization.
The typical product life cycle is composed of 4 phases;
1.A product introduction phase is identified by investment in product research & development.
2.A growth phase identified by increasing production capacity and logistics channels.
3.A maturity phase identified where process & cost efficiencies are typically implemented.
4.A decline phase identified where the focus is on product divestment.
The product life cycle phase will necessarily impact the greening of the supply chain.
7. In the mature and decline stages of the product life cycle the improvement of processes and having an efficient reverse logistics system in place will impact the environmental practices of the organization.
For a multiproduct analysis, environmental decisions become increasingly complex. But, within the product portfolio of the company there should be differential environmental strategies and development product life cycle foci which will depend upon the product’s life cycle maturity.
The Operational Life cycle
A more tactical set of organization elements that will influence how the supply chain is to be managed (either internally or externally) can be described by the operational life cycle (or value chain) of an organization.
8. The major elements of the operational life cycle will typically include procurement, production, distribution & reverse logistics.
The procurement or purchasing decisions will impact the green supply chain through the purchase of materials that are either recyclable or reusable, or already been recycled. The selection of vendors will also be an important decision at this stage.
Production processes can influence the greening of the supply chain in numerous ways. Some of these impacts include : a process capacity to use certain materials, capabilities to integrate reusable or remanufactured components to system (which would require disassembly capacities), and how well the processes are designed for the prevention of waste.
Distribution and transportation operations networks are important operational characteristics that will affect the green supply chain. A no. of decisions including distribution outlet location, just-in-time policies, will not only influence the forward logistics network, but also the reverse logistics network.
9. The reverse logistics operation is probably the least developed & studied of the operational functions. The definition of it from environmental perspective focuses primarily on the return of recyclable or reusable products and materials into the forward supply chain.
Porlen & Farris in a study of the plastics reverse logistics process have identified a no. of stages within a reverse logistics channels. Included are : Collection, Separation, Densification, transitional processing delivery, and integration.
Packing has a strong relationship with other components of the operational life cycle. It characteristics such as size, shape & materials have an impact on distribution due to their affect on the transport character tics of the goods. Better packing, along with rearranged loading patterns, can reduce materials usage, increase space utilization in the warehouse and in the trailer, and reduce the amount of handling required.
10. •Environmentally Influential Organizational Practices
o5 major practices that will impact the waste generated by a supply chain : reduction (reduce), reuse, remanufacture, recycle & disposal alternatives.
oReduction may be to design the product and process to take into consideration environmental factors (as defined as design for the environment) .Introduction of alternative processes and materials may be used to reduce more hazardous material.
oReuse, remanufacture & recycle practices are similar, but only vary in degree of reuse of the material.
oReuse typically keeps the original physically structure of the material with little substitution.
oRemanufacturing requires some disassembly and replacement of parts or components around a core.
oRecycling can take on new physical and chemical characteristics of the product.
11. oThe choice of which practice is best for an organization will depend on the organization and product characteristics.
oA summary of the possible relationships between operational life cycle and environmentally conscious organization practices are shown in figure 1.
Fig 1: Functional model of an organizational supply chain with environmental influential practices.
12. •KEYWORDS
@ Raw Material @ Process Design @Waste Distribution
@ Virgin Material @ Product Design @ Reuse
@ Fabrication @ Procurement @ Remanufacture
@ Assembly @ Production @Recycle
@ Customer @ Waste @Disposal @Energy
•Process Design : It is the process of creating a new product to be sold by a business to its customers.
•Process Design : It is the design of new facilities or it can be the modification or expansion of existing facilities.
•Raw Material : It is basic material used in the production of goods, finished products or intermediate materials.
•Energy : It is a source of power, such as fuel, used for driving machines.
•Procurement :It is the acquisition of goods, services or works from an outside external source.
13. •Virgin Material : It is processed material after raw material used in production of goods , finished product or intermediate material.
•Fabrication : It is the building of small components by different manufacturing processes.
•Assembly : It is a manufacturing in which parts are added as the semi-finished assembly moves from work station to work station where the parts are added in sequence until the final product is produced.
•Production : It is the act of manufacturing goods
•Customer : It is the recipient of a good, service, product, or idea, obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier for a monetary or other valuable consideration.
•Waste : It is useless materials generated during a manufacturing supply.
•Waste Distribution : It is the process of collective waste collection from raw material till customer ends.
•Reuse : It is process to use an item again after it has been used.
14. •Remanufacture : It is the process of disassembly and recovery at the module level and, eventually, at the component level.
•Recycle : It is a process to change (waste) materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials.
•Disposal : It is the action or process of getting rid of waste or the product.
•Diagram of the cycles is typical for a single organization. A chain of these figures can be developed that show the relationship among a number of organization. Moreover, feedback arrows shown in the figure may represent a no. of organizations that are involved in reverse logistics process.
Organizational Performance Requirements
•To complete the decision framework specific organizational performance requirements are included.
•The alternative that is selected should not only best support the green supply chain, but also make business sense.
15. •The categorization of elements for organizational performance requires : cost, quality, time & flexibility.
•Characteristics of organizational performance is that they are not static. They tends to change over time and will be greatly influenced by the product life cycle.
•In the introduction phases, flexibility & time may be more important than cost. Whereas cost efficiencies tend to gain important in more mature environments. These dynamical characteristics are incorporated into decision framework
Green Supply Chain Alternatives
•The alternative may include technological, process, or organizational characteristics. Ex- Organizational goal to improve the TQEM (Total Quality Environmental Management), Acceptance of ISO 14000 over ISO 9000 by suppliers and customers, Introduction of information systems such as electronic data interchange which may justified for other reasons, but can evaluated from a greening perceptive.
•A good discussion of various systems, requirement and alternatives than can aid the development of green supply chain can be found.
16. The Decision Making Framework
•It is represented by an “organization network hierarchy”, which is varies from a standard decision structure as defined by standard analytical hierarchy process.
•The variation occurs primarily because 2 way & ‘looped’ relationships are allowed among the various levels. These levels may also be defined as clusters. These relationships represent multiple dependencies & independencies among the elements within the clusters.
Figure 2 : High level graphical representation of clusters s and influence relationships for decision framework for managing and improving the green supply chain
Organization Performance Criteria
System Alternatives for Green Supply Chain
Product Life Cycle Stages
Operational Life Cycle / Logistics Focus
Environment Influential Organization Practices
Improved Green Supply Chain Operations
17. •Figure 2 shows a “high level” description of the analytical hierarchy network, which does not detail the components within each clusters.
•The objective or goal of the organization, which appears on the right side of figure 2, is to develop improved green chain.
•The relationships may vary due to assumptions made by the decision- makers, and level of complexity they wish to model.
•The arrows represent the relationships among the clusters.
•Another set of relationships exists between the organization performance measures and the operational life cycle elements. The relative importance of different performance measures may be allowed to vary among the operational life cycle elements.
•Within the network, the relative impact (importance) of each alternative will be evaluated for both the performance measures and the environmental practices.
•There is a two-way dependency between the operational and product life cycles.
18. •The relative importance of each operational life cycle element will be dependent on what stage of the product life cycle is being considered. Moreover, the importance of each product life cycle with respect to a given operational element will also be determined (e.g. the early stages of the product life cycle will have more of an influence on the procurement operations than the decline stages).
•The various environmental practices may also play distinct roles within the operational life cycle.
•The effect would be give a relatively larger importance valuation on reduction than reuse for the production element.
•For the packing portion, the reuse capability may be more important than disposal.
19. Evaluating the Analytical Network hierarchy
Figure 3 : graphical representation f relationships for the green supply chain evaluation framework.
20. •The evaluation methodology will composed of two phases.
1.The first phase will focus on the development of pairwise comparisons for each of the dependency relationships to determine their relative importance weights which will be used as an input to the systems-with-feedback supermatrix to help determine the network influences from among the various relationship represented in figure 2 & 3.
2.The supermatrix evaluation, the second phase, will encompass 3 steps, the formation of the supermatrix, the normalization of the supermatrix (making it “column stochastic”) and convergence to a solution.
•The converged supermatrix will provide us with the relative priorities for each of the alternatives considered within the decision framework
21. Pairwise Comparison Evaluations
•The fundamental decision makers inputs required for the ANP technique are the pairwise comparisons of each elements within each cluster, from which pairwise comparison matrices are formed.
•A pairwise comparison matrix is required when the relative importance of lower level elements are to be determined for their ‘controlling’ element.
•To determine the relative importance of the operational life cycle elements (the lower level elements) to the introduction phase of the product life cycle elements (the controlling element) a no. of pairwise comparison questions will be asked of the decision-maker.
•A pairwise comparison matrix can show the relative importances of the operational life cycle elements within the introductory phase of a product life cycle.
•The valuation scales used are those recommended by Saaty, where 1 is equal importance, 5 is strong importance, 7 is very strong or demonstrated importance, & 9 is extreme important. Even numbered values will fall in between importance level. Reciprocal values means less importance , strongly less importance, etc.
22. •Once all pairwise comparisons are complete, the relative importance weight for each component is determined.
•A is pairwise comparison matrix, weights can be determined by expression (1).
Aw = λmax w (1)
where λmax is the largest eigenvalue of A and w is the relative importance weights or priority vector (actually the eigenvectors for the principal eigenvalue λmax).
Table 1 Pairwise comparison matrix for operational life cycle elements relative importances during introduction phase of the product life cycle
Introduction Phase
Procurement
Production
Distribution
Reverse Logistics
Packing
Importance weights
Procurement
1.000
6.000
3.000
8.000
2.000
0.448
Production
0.167
1.000
0.500
2.000
0.200
0.073
Distribution
0.333
2.000
1.000
4.000
0.500
0.151
Reverse Logistics
0.125
0.500
0.250
1.000
0.167
0.043
Packing
0.500
5.000
2.000
6.000
1.000
0.285
23. •The consistency index for a pairwise comparison matrix is determined by:
C.I. = λmax –n / (n-1) (2)
where n is the number of components that are evaluated in the pairwise comparison matrix.
•The C.R. is calculated by taking the C.I. and dividing by a random inconsistency (R.I.) value.
•A consistency index (C.I.) and consistency ratio (C.R.) also need to be calculated.
•For a pairwise comparison matrix to be consistent, C.R < 0.10. In Table 1 we show the values for λmax, C.I., and C.R. We see that this is a relatively consistent set of weights. The priority vector shows that for organization and industry, procurement , followed by packaging , seem to be the functions that are deemed most important for the early stages of a product’s life cycle.
24. Supermatrix formation
•The supermatrix (M) is formed from a number of sub matrices that are used to model Figs. 2 and 3 in matrix notation.
•The supermatrix and its general sub matrices are shown in Fig. 4. There will be 9 sub-matrices (A, B, C,D, E, F, G, H and J) that will be formed using the priority vectors. An additional identity sub-matrix (I) is added for the alternatives cluster for computational requirements.
Figure 4 : General sub matrix notation for supermatrix
X
GSC
PLC
OLC
PRF
ENV
ALT
GSC
0
0
0
0
0
0
PLC
0
0
A
0
0
0
OLC
B
C
D
0
0
0
PRF
0
E
F
0
0
0
ENV
0
0
G
0
0
0
ALT
0
0
0
H
J
I
25. •The formation of sub-matrix C will require the determination of the relative impact of each operational life cycle phase on each of the four product life cycle stages. Four priority vectors will be required to complete C. Already shown one set of priority weights for C this vector begins in the second column and sixth row of the initial supermatrix, which appears in bold lettering in Table 2.
The Solution Procedure
•The supermatrix M is a reducible matrix with a multiple root, as defined by Saaty.
•To solve for the values of the alternatives, Saaty recommends that the values of M be column stochastic. That is, the sums of the columns should be normalized to equal a value of 1.
•One method of making M column stochastic is by determining the relative importances of clusters and multiplying their relevant matrix elements by their relative importance score.
26. •We just assumed that all clusters were of equal importance. Two adjustments will need to be completed for the supermatrix to be translated into a column stochastic matrix.
•The first adjustment influences the operational life cycle and performance measure clusters and their impact on the product life cycle elements. Since there are two clusters, each representative sub matrix, in this case sub matrices C and E, are multiplied by 0.5.
27. •The second adjustment will be for the four clusters that influence the operational life cycle represented by sub matrices A, D, F and G. Assuming, once again, that each cluster equally impacts the operational life cycle, we multiply sub matrices A, D, F and G, by 0.25.
•The adjusted column stochastic supermatrix (Ms) is shown in Table 3.
•The final step in the process is to obtain a priority ranking for each of the alternatives.
28. •To determine this ranking by calculating the influence of each of the alternatives on the objective of improving the green supply chain.
•Saaty states that a simple hierarchy and the additive solution approach is appropriate if strong dependencies among the criteria do not exist.
•Schenkerman has shown that the supermatrix approach is capable of reducing the occurrence of rank reversal, thus providing more accurate portrayals of decision-maker preferences.
•Saaty recommends a simple solution technique to solve this problem by raising the supermatrix Ms to a large power until convergence occurs.
•There is need to raise the supermatrix to a power of 16 (M16s ) before convergence occurred within the fourth decimal place (i.e. 104). The converged supermatrix is shown in Table 4. The relative influences of the alternatives on the objective of improving the environmental performance of the supply chain are shown in the “Goal” column.
29. Discussion
•The ANP approach, in practical application, requires significant decision maker input. Its application needs to be targeted to those areas where strategic decision making is required.
30. •Its use should be limited, especially if its use in the decision making process costs more than the outcome of the decision.
•For the case of greening the supply chain, the decision is strategic and will broadly effect the operations of not just one, but many organizations.
•The investment in making a decision that would profoundly effect the operation of the supply chain clearly requires intensive and robust managerial analysis.
•One important consideration in the effectiveness and efficiency of the decision framework begins at the modeling stages. The model and the various dependencies will determine the amount of effort required to arrive at a solution. This effort includes input from decision-makers as well as the mathematical approach to solve the problem.
•There are some managerial aides that the supermatrix does provide through its summarized structure. One of these aides is a summary of the various linkages and relationships. This summary allows managers to determine what patterns might exist among the various relationships.
31. •A management team is able to look at submatrices C and E to see how the priorities of the organization are shifting over a product’s life cycle. The shifting of priorities can be monitored and evaluated by observing this supermatrix. This observation of the managerial significance of the supermatrix has implications for sensitivity analysis.
•An interorganizational application of this decision framework will have to incorporate the perceptions of a number of stakeholders. Not only will there be diverse preferences and perceptions within an organization, but also those of other organizations.
•Alterations to the supermatrix and an addition to the decision framework incorporating a “firm” control hierarchy, where relative organization influences or impact determinations are made can incorporate some of the diversity of opinion or preferences among the organizations.
•The decision framework has only modeled internal influences and relationships. A number of external factors could be introduced into the model.
32. •The type of environmental forces such as remediation, command and control, or cooperative regulatory policies may also be modeled.
•The models may be formed as control hierarchies or as part of network hierarchies for decision modeling purposes. A control hierarchy has the characteristic of being separate from a network interdependency model, where the results can be aggregated using an additive model.
•A number of other decision factors and criteria can be included in the model, yet the complexity of the decision environment will tend to increase. Increasing complexity, even though more realistic, usually requires additional effort for preference elicitation from decision makers and more complex computations.
•The tradeoffs between amount of decision maker time and ‘realism 'of the model need to be considered.
•The application of the ANP approach should not only be concerned with a ‘final’ solution to the problem, but it also should be applied as a learning tool for decision makers and managers to help understand the various linkages among the various components, clusters, and elements.
33. Summary
•The issue of organizations incorporating the natural environment into strategic and operational decisions is a reality that they will or have already encountered. The influences of the natural environment organizational decisions will not only effect the organization that makes the decision, but its customers and suppliers, as well.
•Incorporating various elements, functions and activities of supply chain management is one method to incorporate some of the systemic organizational and inter-organizational implications of environmentally influential policies.
•A number of business and environmental factors need to be integrated into this decision. One such decision framework that considers these factors, whose goal is to improve the green supply chain.
•These elements include product life cycle, operational life cycle, performance measures, and environmentally influential organizational policy elements. The goal of the framework is to help evaluate a number of alternatives(projects, partnerships, systems or technologies, etc.)that impact these various factors,
34. •The decision framework is modeled and solved as an analytical network process (ANP).
•The ANP methodology is a robust multiattribute decision making technique for analyzing the major issues facing green supply chains and environmentally conscious business practices, both of which are strategic in scope.
•The major disadvantage of the ANP approach is the large amount of decision-maker input required, even for rather simple networks.
•The advantage of allowing managers and decision-makers the flexibility to identify and incorporate major interdependencies among many factors and clusters in a “dynamic” fashion, makes this technique a viable alternative to AHP and other multiattribute approaches.
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