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This document provides information about a machine dynamics course taught by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. It discusses v-belts and their advantages such as transmitting power over long distances and absorbing shock. V-belts can transmit more power than flat belts due to their wedging action but are less efficient for a single belt. The document also covers v-belt limitations, applications, calculations, examples, timing belts, and references.
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This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the key details from the document:
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•SAE Baja is an Inter-colligate off road racing competition where the top engineering colleges in India successfully fabricate and race there all-terrain vehicles.
•The competition has various automotive giants like Mahindra, General motors etc. powering the event.
•The contest challenges each team to function as a firm whose objective is to design, fabricate, market and race off their vehicles that would be evaluated on a variety of manufacturing angles by various professionals from the sponsoring automotive companies.
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This document summarizes Sameer Shah's seminar report on designing a single speed transmission for electric vehicles. The report describes the design process for a helical gear transmission with a gear ratio of 12.25:1 to meet the torque requirements of an electric vehicle. Structural simulation was performed on the gears to validate they could withstand the expected loads. The gears would be manufactured using hobbing or shaping and finished through grinding or honing. Lubrication would be provided by Omega 690 gear oil for its low temperature fluidity and high temperature strength.
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The document describes the design, fabrication and testing of an inclined car parking lift mechanism. It includes sections on the objectives, literature review, methodology, design calculations, components, working principle, results and analysis, costing, and conclusions. The key points are:
1. The project aims to design a vehicle lifting mechanism for easy movement on an inclined surface and analyze its operating cost.
2. A review of literature on lift systems from 1929 to present day showed they are powered by electric motors or hydraulic pumps to efficiently park vehicles.
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This document is a project report submitted by students to fulfill the requirements of a course on mechanical engineering. It discusses the design and construction of a universal coupling. The report includes an acknowledgement, abstract, table of contents, and chapters on the literature review, design process, manufacturing process, and conclusions. The goal was to solve a problem related to designing a universal coupling to allow shaft misalignment and transmit torque, and determine the safe torque load. Relevant concepts, calculations, and the final manufactured universal coupling are described.
Oldham’s coupling
The document discusses Oldham's coupling, which was invented in 1820 by John Oldham to connect parallel but non-collinear shafts. It consists of three discs - one coupled to the input, one to the output, and a middle disc joined to the first two by perpendicular tongue and groove joints. Oldham's coupling allows torque to be transferred between shafts that are parallel but not collinear, and accommodates some misalignment between the shafts. It has advantages like withstanding large misalignments and protecting bearings, but also has disadvantages like lower torque capacity and introducing some non-homokinetic transmission of motion.
Correas agricolas
The document discusses standards for V-belt and V-ribbed belt drives used in agricultural machinery. It provides specifications for belt dimensions, lengths, tolerances and measuring procedures. The standards are developed by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) and aim to promote uniformity and design of simple, economical belt drives. Measurement guidelines are given for determining a belt's effective length and ride when installed on pulleys. Standards are reviewed periodically and conformance is voluntary to contribute to safer, more effective belt drive systems.
Oldham Coupling Mechanism
An Oldham coupling is used to transmit power between two misaligned shafts. It has three discs - an input disc, output disc, and middle disc joined by perpendicular tongues and grooves. This allows the middle disc and connected shafts to rotate at the same speed while also accommodating lateral misalignment. On large compressors, the Oldham coupling transmits torque from the crankshaft to the lubrication pump.
Universal joint and intermittent motion mechanism
The document discusses universal joints and intermittent motion mechanisms. Universal joints, such as the Hooke or Cardan joint, allow rotating shafts to be linked together and have a long history dating back to ancient China. Intermittent motion mechanisms transform uniform rotational motion into progressive or alternating motion, as seen in devices like the Geneva wheel. Examples of where these mechanisms are used include film projectors, watches, pen plotters, and automated assembly lines.
Universal joints
A universal joint allows a rigid rod or shaft to transmit rotation even when the shaft is bent or offset at an angle. It consists of two hinges located close together that are oriented at 90 degrees to each other and connected by a cross shaft. Universal joints are used to transmit torque from one shaft to another that are offset from each other. They are made from heat treated alloy steels to withstand high loads and precision machining ensures optimal performance under severe conditions. Common types include single, double, and expandable universal joints available in diameters from 13 to 63 mm.
universal joint
A universal joint allows a rigid rod or shaft to transfer torque from one plane to another while retaining rotational energy. It uses four attachment points with needle bearings on each shaft end or yoke arm to create a flexible coupling. This allows torque to be transmitted across varying angles. While the input shaft may rotate at a constant speed, the output shaft speed varies. Universal joints have been used since ancient times and play a crucial role in modern machinery, with applications in vehicles, machinery, and more. They remain a cost-effective way to transmit torque over varying angles compared to other solutions.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL JOINT SHAFT FOR ROLLING MILLS
The properties of steels made by rolling of billets
are mainly dependent on the process of forming. The
performance of the rolling mill depends on the Universal
joint shaft through which the power is transmitted to the
rollers of a mill. This report mainly focuses on the
analysis of universal joint shaft for rolling mills because this
shaft is subjected to vibrations caused due to the jerk
produced during the passing of billet through the rollers.
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This document discusses various mechanical elements of CNC machines including the machine structure, guideways, ball screws, transmission elements, power chucks, auto tool changers, and auto pallet changers. It describes guideways as controlling the direction of movement and absorbing forces, and ball screws as converting rotational to linear motion using threaded shafts and ball bearings. It also mentions couplings, timing belts, pulleys, and gear boxes as torque transmitting elements in the force and motion pathways between drive motors and slides.
Universal joints
The universal joint allows the driveshaft to flex due to suspension movement while still transmitting torque at different angles. It comes in variable velocity and constant velocity types, with the most common being the cross type, ring type, and ball and turnion type variable velocity joints. The universal joint is constructed of a steel cross with needle bearings in caps on each end and a grease fitting for lubrication. One universal joint is attached to each end of the driveshaft and sometimes a third is used on heavy duty vehicles or older 4WD vehicles. Wear, lack of lubrication, and excessive wear can cause noises, vibration and breaking of the universal joint.
Unit 2b Power Transmission by Belts
This document discusses power transmission using belt drives. It begins by introducing belt drives as a system used to transmit power from one mechanical element to another. The main types of belt drives are then described, including flat belts, V-belts, and circular belts. Key terms used in belt drives like driver, driven, tight side, and slack side are also defined. The document then discusses factors for selecting a belt drive system and provides examples of belt drives in various machines. It also covers velocity ratio calculations, slippage calculations, and examples problems determining pulley sizes for required speeds.
“V - Belts” - Design of Machine Element
Introduction to V-Belts.
Construction of V-Belts.
Types of Standard Cross Section of V-Belts.
Designation of V-Belts.
Advantages of V-Belts & Limitation of V-Belts.
Application of V-Belts.
coupling
This document discusses different types of shaft couplings, including rigid couplings like sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings as well as flexible couplings like bushed pin, universal, and Oldham couplings. It describes the purpose of couplings in connecting shafts and allowing for misalignment while transmitting motion. Requirements for good shaft couplings include easy connection/disconnection, full power transmission without losses, holding shafts in alignment, and reducing shock loads. The document concludes with information on coupling maintenance through inspection and lubrication and potential failure modes from improper installation or operation beyond design capabilities.
Gear
Gears are used to transmit power between two shafts. Spur gears have parallel teeth and are used to connect parallel shafts. Helical gears have teeth inclined to the axis which increases load capacity and reduces noise compared to spur gears. Bevel gears are used for intersecting shafts with teeth formed along truncated cones. Worm gears consist of a worm and wheel used to connect non-parallel, non-intersecting shafts and can provide high speed ratios up to 300:1. Different gear materials, manufacturing methods, and potential failure modes are discussed.
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2. Key types of kinematic pairs are described based on their relative motion, including revolute pairs which allow rotation, prismatic pairs which allow linear translation, cylindrical pairs which allow both rotation and translation, and spherical pairs which allow three degrees of freedom.
3. The document also compares the differences between mechanisms, machines, and structures. Mechanisms modify and transmit motion between moving parts, machines transform energy and do work, and structures transmit forces without internal motion between
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- 1. ME‐205 : Element of machine dynamics and design Dr. Muhammad Wasif Assistant Professor – I.M.D. Ph.D. (CAD/CAM – Canada), M.Engg. (Mfg. Engg. – NEDUET), B.E. (Mech. Engg. – NED UET). Member ASME and PEC Room : 1st on LHS of main corridor, ground floor – IM Building Machine dynamics : V‐Belts 1
- 2. Dr. Muhammad Wasif Qualifications B.E. ‐ Mech. Engg. NED UET 2000‐2003 M. Engg. ‐ Mfg. Engg. NED UET 2005‐2007 Ph.D. (CAD/CAM) CU, Canada 2009‐2013 A New Approach to CNC Programming for Accurate Multi‐axis Face‐ Milling of Hypoid Gears Experiance Hinopak Motors Ltd. Prod. Exec. 2004‐2005 NED UET (IMD) Lecturer 2006‐2007 NED UET (IMD) Director PDC 2006‐2007 NED UET (IMD) Asst. Prof. 2007‐2013 2ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 3. Belt Drives – Review • In power transmissions, use of belts, simplify the machine design and reduce the cost. • Is far more economical than buying a motor to run at the speed required by the driven equipment. • Due to flexibility, it can absorb a good amount of shock and vibration. • It can take care of some degree of misalignment between the driven and the driver machines and long distance power transmission. 3ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 4. V‐Belts : Advantages • Transmit greater amount of power with higher velocity ratio. • Usually made of cotton, ryon or nylon impregnated with rubber. • A single V‐belts is less efficient than a flat belt due to the wedging action b/w belt and pulley (high friction), but multiple v‐belts can be used to transmit higher power. • V‐belts are longer in life due to seamless design (no joint). • V‐belts are used for short center distance, i.e. compactness. • V‐belts are manufactured in standard lengths. • The groove angle of a sheave is made somewhat smaller than the belt‐ section angle. This causes the belt to wedge itself into the groove, thus increasing friction. 4ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 5. V‐Belts : Limitations • V‐belts cannot be used with large center distance. • V‐belt’s pulleys are complicated in design and hence expensive. • Not suitable for constant speed applications due to creep. • Less durable than the flat belts. • Speed limit of v‐belt drives are between 5 to 50m/s due to the design of groove in pulley. 5ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 7. V‐Belts • Pitch length is defined as the circumferential length of the belt at the pitch width of the belt (width at the neutral axis). • The value of pitch width remains same for any type of the belt. (S.I.) 7
- 8. Applications: 1. Motor pumps (suction pumps) 2. Car air conditioner 3. Threshers/Crushing machines 4. Lathe machine spindle 8ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 9. V‐Belts • Non standard pitch length and center distances can be calculated using; • Relation between T1 and T2 is 2.3 / 9ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 11. Timing Belts • It is made of rubberized fabric coated with a nylon fabric, and has steel wire within to take the tension load. • It has teeth that fit into grooves cut on the periphery of the pulleys • No slip and negligible stretch. • Can be used with wide variety of speed. • Higher efficiency (97‐99%) • Five standard types are available according to the applications. 11ME‐205, Elements of Machine design and dynamics, conducted by Dr. Muhammad Wasif (Asst. Professor ‐ IMD, NEDUET)
- 12. Refernces 12 • R.S. Khurmi, G.K. Gupta, 2005, A text book of machine design, New Dehli‐ India, EURASIA PUBLISHING HOUSE. • R. G. Budynass, J.K. Nisbett, 2005, Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Deisgn, New York –USA, McGraw Hill. • R. L. Mott, 2004, Machine Elements in Mechanical Design, USA, Pearson Prentice‐ Hall. • R. L. Norton, 1996, Machine design an integrated approach, NJ USA, Prentice‐Hall. • B. J. Hamrock, B. O. Jacobson, S. R. Schmid, 1999, Fundamental of Machine Elements, New York –USA, McGraw‐Hill. • U. C. Jinbal, 2010, Machine Design, India, Pearson . • R. O. Parmley, 2005, Machine devices and components, USA, McGraw‐Hill.