This document discusses power losses in the power system. It begins by introducing power losses and their effects on the power system. It then classifies power losses into different categories including power station losses, transmission and distribution system losses, and non-technical losses. The document explains the causes and types of losses that occur in each category.
Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity
Principles of Cable Sizing; current carrying capacity, voltage drop, short circuit.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Exponential growth in the energy demand on account of rising population and economic growth,
increasing apprehensions of energy security coupled with climate change and global warming concerns are some
of the major drivers for pushing the renewable energy (RE) to the top of the energy portfolio. Among various
renewable energy resources, wind and solar PV systems are experiencing rapid growth since 2010. By the end of
2016, the world total capacity of wind power generation was 487 GW and that of solar PV was 303 GW,
aggregating to a penetration level of 4.0% and 1.5% respectively. Global renewable energy penetration till Dec.
2016, excluding conventional hydro share (of 16.6%) was only around 8.0%. However, many countries have set
target of 30% RE based electricity generation by 2030. India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of RE
power by 2022, with 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro.
Power generation from renewables often takes place through distributed generation (DG). These units, mostly
located in remote locations, are not centrally planned or dispatched, and are usually connected to distribution grids
at LV or MV levels. In few cases, large capacity RE generation are also connected to transmission networks. As a
result, the power generation structure is moving from the large, centralized plants to a mixed generation pool
consisting of traditional large plants and many smaller DG units. Most of the RE generators have electrical
characteristics that are different from the synchronous machines. Since a large group of DG technologies use
power electronics converters for grid connectivity, they introduce many technical issues related to the operation,
control and protection of the power system, impacting generators, transmission system and consumer devices.
This paper presents some of the technical issues and challenges that need to be addressed for the effective
grid integration of RE based power generators so that eventually, our reliance on polluting and expensive fossilbased
hydro-carbon driven power generation can be reduced substantially.
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Demand Side Management” means the actions of a Distribution Licensee, beyond the customer's meter, with the objective of altering the end-use of electricity
Principles of Cable Sizing; current carrying capacity, voltage drop, short circuit.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
Exponential growth in the energy demand on account of rising population and economic growth,
increasing apprehensions of energy security coupled with climate change and global warming concerns are some
of the major drivers for pushing the renewable energy (RE) to the top of the energy portfolio. Among various
renewable energy resources, wind and solar PV systems are experiencing rapid growth since 2010. By the end of
2016, the world total capacity of wind power generation was 487 GW and that of solar PV was 303 GW,
aggregating to a penetration level of 4.0% and 1.5% respectively. Global renewable energy penetration till Dec.
2016, excluding conventional hydro share (of 16.6%) was only around 8.0%. However, many countries have set
target of 30% RE based electricity generation by 2030. India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of RE
power by 2022, with 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro.
Power generation from renewables often takes place through distributed generation (DG). These units, mostly
located in remote locations, are not centrally planned or dispatched, and are usually connected to distribution grids
at LV or MV levels. In few cases, large capacity RE generation are also connected to transmission networks. As a
result, the power generation structure is moving from the large, centralized plants to a mixed generation pool
consisting of traditional large plants and many smaller DG units. Most of the RE generators have electrical
characteristics that are different from the synchronous machines. Since a large group of DG technologies use
power electronics converters for grid connectivity, they introduce many technical issues related to the operation,
control and protection of the power system, impacting generators, transmission system and consumer devices.
This paper presents some of the technical issues and challenges that need to be addressed for the effective
grid integration of RE based power generators so that eventually, our reliance on polluting and expensive fossilbased
hydro-carbon driven power generation can be reduced substantially.
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These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
What is a Smart Grid?
The Smart Grid Enables the ElectriNetSM
Local Energy Networks
Electric Transportation
Low-Carbon Central Generation
What Should Be the Attributes of the Smart Grid?
Why Do We Need a Smart Grid?
Is the Smart Grid a “Green Grid”?
Alternative Views of a Smart Grid
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
It is type of hybrid energy system consist of a photovoltaic array coupled with a wind turbine.This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output.Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Wind Turbine (WT) Hybrid System is the best way to utilize not just one local available RE resource but multiple renewable RE resources.
The vital importance of this lesson is that it will allow you to acquire a basic level of appreciation and knowledge of the techniques used by the utility company to measure the amount of energy used within the household. After this presentation, you should be able to read your own meter to calculate your energy bill.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
Kenya’s main electricity producer walks us through their efforts in energy efficiency including their 2010 CFL program and other energy management projects.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
What is a Smart Grid?
The Smart Grid Enables the ElectriNetSM
Local Energy Networks
Electric Transportation
Low-Carbon Central Generation
What Should Be the Attributes of the Smart Grid?
Why Do We Need a Smart Grid?
Is the Smart Grid a “Green Grid”?
Alternative Views of a Smart Grid
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
It is type of hybrid energy system consist of a photovoltaic array coupled with a wind turbine.This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output.Solar Photovoltaic (PV) – Wind Turbine (WT) Hybrid System is the best way to utilize not just one local available RE resource but multiple renewable RE resources.
The vital importance of this lesson is that it will allow you to acquire a basic level of appreciation and knowledge of the techniques used by the utility company to measure the amount of energy used within the household. After this presentation, you should be able to read your own meter to calculate your energy bill.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
Kenya’s main electricity producer walks us through their efforts in energy efficiency including their 2010 CFL program and other energy management projects.
Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in NigeriaIJECEIAES
Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.
Power - Maximising efficiency; conserving resourcesgeoffrey-cip
CIP offers programmes to tackle the challenges in the power sector and create lasting dynamic solutions that can adapt to the rapid evolution of this sector
Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City » Chapter...Isam Shahrour
This lecture presents the Smart Electrical Grid Concept. It includes a presentation of the electrical distribution system, the Electrical Smart Grid and the implementation of this concept in the SunRise demonstrator “Smart and Sustainable City - Lille1 Campus – France”
An overview of Demand Side Management with a concept of demand and supply in Power Distribution with Demand Response and Energy Efficiency in adherence to Indian Installation Capacity
Community Microgrids: A resilient clean energy solution for citiesClean Coalition
From 2017 to 2018, the U.S. experienced 30 weather- and climate-related events that cost $1 billion or more and collectively caused damage totaling a record-breaking $404 billion, not including the loss of human life. The Clean Coalition is staging Community Microgrids to provide resilience in the face of these disasters. Municipalities and their constituents are interested in building resilient communities, and Community Microgrids provide a solution that combines solar generation with energy storage and other distributed energy resources (DER) to provide indefinite renewables-driven backup power for critical loads. Many public agencies are taking a serious look at solar+storage to offset increasing utility costs, and to help achieve their climate goals. Adding microgrid-specific equipment like switches and monitoring, communications, and control equipment allows critical facilities to island during grid outages, providing business continuity and resilience with renewables-driven backup power.
What’s new in the smart grid - Latest developments and trends and what it mea...Schneider Electric
First, a big picture view of global trends over the last two years, then an analysis as to what this means to Schneider Electric customers in different geographies of the world.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
5. .................................power trainer with a difference
• Explain the concept of
power loss and its effect as
it relates to power system
• Classify power losses and
identify the causes and
effects of each class
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course all the participant should be able to:
6. • What is Energy?
o Ubiquitous definition
• Is the ability to do work
• Classification of Energy
o Primary: obtained from nature
– Renewable Energies: Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal, Tidal, and
Biomass
– Fossil fuels: Crude oil, Natural Gas, and Coal
– Nuclear: Uranium, Plutonium etc.
o Secondary/Final: obtained by converting Primary Energy
– Steam
– Electricity
– Petroleum products: PMS, AGO, etc.
6
UNDERSTANDING ENERGY, CLASSIFICATION & UNITS
7. • Units of Energy
o Electrical: Wh, kWh, MWh, GWh, TWh
o Mechanical: J, kJ, MJ, GJ, TJ
o Chemical: Cal, Btu,
7
Understanding Energy, Classification
& Units [2]
Figure 1: Shares of energy sources in total global primary energy supply in 2008 (492 EJ)
Source: IPCC, Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, 2012
8. • Underlying principle behind Energy conservation
o Law of Energy conservation:
• Energy can never be created nor destroyed but converted
from one form to another
8
Energy Conversion and Efficiency with
focus on the value chain of Electricity sector
Energy Input Equipment Useful Energy Output
Chemically bound energy in coal Steam boiler Steam
Electricity Electric Motor Mechanical shaft energy
Electricity Incandescent light bulb Visible light
Steam Steam Turbine Mechanical shaft energy
Low voltage electricity Step up transformer High voltage electricity
Mechanical shaft energy Water pump Flow work
Chemically bound energy in
diesel fuel
Diesel generator set Electricity
9. • Energy conversion process along the electricity value chain
9
Energy Conversion and Efficiency with focus on the value
chain of Electricity sector [2]
v
v
10. • Conversion losses & Efficiency
o Almost no energy conversion process is ideal or without loss
o Efficiency is a measure of the degree at which one form of energy is converted to another
o Two methods of calculating Efficiency
• Useful energy output vs energy input
• In terms of energy loses
10
Energy Conversion and Efficiency with focus on the value
chain of Electricity sector [3]
11. • Calculating energy efficiency savings
o Where
11
Energy Conversion and Efficiency with focus on the value
chain of Electricity sector [4]
18. ELECTRICITY BILLING COMPONENT
Bill element Tariff
A
Tariff
B
Tariff
C
Tarif
f
D
Tariff
E
Tariff
G
a Energy consumed √ √ √ √ √ √ Sales of energy usage
b Power (Max Demand) √ √ Charge for capacity
c Power factor √ √ √ √ Penalty for
poor efficiency
level of
electricity
usage
d Welding charge √ Charge for capacity
for customer who
does not pay for Max
demand
e Temporary supply √ Charge for supply
required for less than
6 months
19. The Loss Mitigation Paradox of the
African Power Sector
• Focus of loss mitigation across the Power sector globally & in Africa is on
Transmission & Distribution losses
• Very little attention is paid to losses in Power Generation globally for
obvious reasons. However, why should it be the same case in Africa, when:
o It could arguably be the 2nd biggest source of loss in the African power sector after
Distribution, depending on the fuel source, technology and level of maintenance
o The tariff for electrical power takes into account first, the cost of power production,
and its associated losses
o About 2/3rd of the total power generation in Africa are from thermal, powered by
fossil fuels (having huge potential of losses)
o The African Power market is yet to be competitive
o It is the beginning of losses in the value chain
19
20. The Loss Mitigation Paradox of the
African Power Sector [2]
20
ηgen
ηtrans
ηdist
Network Efficiency = ηtwrk = ηtrans × ηdist
22. Overview of NigerianElectricityIndustry
Generation. Nigeria has 12,522MW of installed
capacity, but due to maintenance, gas, water and
transmission constraints, an average of only 5000MW
of capacity is operational
Primary energy — gas. The majority (85%) of
installed capacity is fueled by gas. Availability of gas
molecules is low due to insufficient production, economic
disincentives, inadequate infrastructure and frequent
vandalism.
23. Overview of NigerianElectricityIndustry
Transmission. Nigeria’s transmission system has the
capacity to transmit ~6,894MVA but is disrupted by
system collapses and frequent forced outages. Currently,
transmission capacity is higher than operational
generation capacity, but transmission will rapidly become
a constraint due to increasing operational capacity
Distribution. Nigeria’s distribution companies suffer
significant losses, with ~46% of energy lost due to
technical, commercial and collection issues.
24. Overview of NigerianElectricityIndustry
Today,`(2017) ~95 million Nigerians (~55% of the population)
have no access to electricity and those who are connected
to the grid face extensive power interruptions. Systemic
issues affect all phases of the power value chain
(generation, gas supply, transmission and distribution)
forcing Nigerians to rely on self-generation. According to the
World Bank, an estimated 41% of Nigerian businesses
generate their own power supply to augment the national
grid supply.
At 126kWh per capita, Nigeria lags far behind other developing nations in
terms of grid-based electricity consumption. Based on the country’s GDP
and global trends, electricity consumption should be four to five times
higher than it is today.
27. POWER SYSTEM LOSSES
• Electric power is generated in power stations
and delivered through the transmission and
distribution systems to the customer.
• Energy losses can occur in each part of the
power system until reaching the customer’s
meter.
• Power system energy losses are divided into
categories based on where the losses
happen and the cause of power losses, as
indicated below:
28. LOSSES cont.
• Power station losses – energy consumed by the equipment
in support of power generation, it is also called power
station auxiliary load or power station own usage.
• Power System losses – losses incurred by moving power
through the transmission and distribution systems, including
transformers, over-head line conductors, aerial cables or
underground cables, and low voltage (LV) secondary service
wires.
29. POWER STATON LOSSES
• Losses are
dissipated as
heat, during the
operation of a
large generator.
The various parts
that produces
such heat are
shown in the pie-
chart.
29
31. LOSSES cont.
• For Transmission and Distribution, there
are no station losses since they do not
own any power plant. This could happen
where there is Distributed generation
• Power system losses occur in the
Transmission and Distribution chain.
• Losses in the system losses category
consist of both
• Technical and Non-technical losses
33. LOSSES cont.
• In electricity supply to final consumers, losses refer to the amounts of
electricity injected into the transmission and distribution grids that are
not paid for by users.
• Total losses have two components: technical and non-technical.
• Technical losses occur naturally and consist mainly of power dissipation in
electricity system components such as transmission and distribution lines,
transformers, and measurement systems.
• Non-technical losses are caused by actions external to the power system
and consist primarily of electricity theft, non-payment by customers, and
errors in accounting and record-keeping.
• These three categories of losses are respectively sometimes referred to as
commercial, non-payment (collection), and administrative losses.
34. LOSSES cont.
• Metering and billing for electricity actually consumed
by users is integral to commercial management of an
electricity utility.
• Another critical task is collection of the billed amounts.
• Effective performance in both functions is critical to
ensure the financial viability of the company.
• From the operational point of view, metering-billing
and collection are separate functions and they require
specific management approaches.
35. TECHNICAL LOSSES
• Optimization of technical losses in electricity transmission and
distribution grids is an engineering issue, involving classic tools of
power systems planning and modelling.
• The driving criterion is minimization of the net present value
(sum of costs over the economic life of the system discounted at
a representative rate of return for the business) of the total
investment cost of the transmission and distribution system plus
the total cost of technical losses.
• Technical losses are valued at generation costs.
36. Technical losses
Line Losses Transformer Losses
•Resistive losses •Core losses
•Unbalanced loading •Hysteresis Loss
•Mismatch on conductor sizes •Eddy Current Loss
•Winding losses
•Leakage Flux
37. TECHNICAL LOSSES cont.
• Technical losses represent an economic loss for the country, and
its optimization should be performed from a country’s
perspective, regardless of the institutional organization of the
sector and ownership of operating electricity utilities.
• Although each case has its specific characteristics, depending on
the current and future values of generation costs, some general
comments can be made.
• Energy experts agree that, in the next two decades, global prices
of primary energy resources (oil and other fossil fuels) will be
rising in real terms.
38. TECHNICAL LOSSES cont.
• In its World Energy Outlook 2008, the International Energy Agency forecasts
world oil prices rebounding to about US$130 (2007 U.S. dollars) per barrel in
2030.
• Other forecasts differ in absolute values, but not in the upward tendency of
energy prices.
• On the investment side, prices of equipment in the electricity sector (generation,
transmission and distribution) steadily rose this decade until the global financial
crisis that began in the 3rd quarter of 2008.
• Against these price trends, the total costs of technical losses tend to exceed
investment costs of transmission and distribution equipment required to reduce
them to their optimum value, more so where a significant portion of generation is
based on fossil fuels.
• This tendency is accentuated if environmental costs of power generation (harmful
local pollutants as well as greenhouse gas emissions) and increasing difficulties in
achieving social acceptance of new power plant construction (regardless of fuel
type and technology) are taken into account.
40. Where Technical Losses Occur
40
Substation
Transformer
Gen
16/330KV 330/132KV 132/33KV 33/11KV 11/0.415KV
Generation Transmission
System
Distribution Systems
Power Systems in Nigeria
Feeders and
Laterals
Service
Transformer
240V
Utilization
Voltage
Secondary
System
Service
Drops
240V
Consumers
41. NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES
• Non-technical losses represent an avoidable financial loss for the utility.
• Although it is clear that the amounts of electricity involved in non-
technical losses are being consumed by users that do not pay for them,
experience shows that a significant percentage of those amounts (in
some cases more than 50 percent) becomes reduced demand when
those users have to pay for that electricity, because they adjust their
consumption to their ability to pay for electricity services.
• That reduction in demand has exactly the same effect as a reduction in
technical losses: less electricity needs to be generated.
• Thus, from the country’s perspective, reductions in non-technical losses
are also positive.
42. NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES cont.
• From a social point of view, non-technical losses have several perverse effects.
• Customers being billed for accurately measured consumption and regularly
paying their bills are subsidizing those users who do not pay for electricity
consumption.
• There is a wide range of situations creating non-technical losses.
• A classic case is a theft of electricity through an illegal connection to the grid or
tampering of a consumption meter.
• But examples also include unmetered consumption by utility customers who
are not accurately metered for a variety of reasons. In all the cases some level
of poor management of the utility in execution of its operations is present.
43. NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES cont.
• Electricity theft is de facto subsidization of those who steal by
customers regularly paying bills according to their
consumption.
• The same usually applies in the case of unmetered customers,
unless this situation is explicitly and transparently defined by
the competent authorities and reflected in the legal and
regulatory framework of the sector—
• In some countries some categories of consumers (e.g.,
agriculture users in India and Bangladesh) are unmetered and
pay a fixed amount for electricity irrespective of the amounts
consumed, which means in practice that they are subsidized by
consumers in other categories, tax payers, or both.
44. NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES cont.
• Depending on the financial situation of the power sector,
the savings from reductions in non-technical losses could be
channelled to;
• a) reduce tax-payers subsidies or tariffs paid by customers,
• b) achieve an average tariff level allowing recovery of costs
reflecting efficient sustainable performance (critical to
assure service quality),
• c) subsidize consumption of selected categories of socially
sensitive existing users, or
• d) extend access to electricity supply to currently un-served
population (in general the poorest and socially
unprotected).
45. Main reasons for non-technical
losses
• 1. Power theft
• Theft of power is energy delivered to customers
that is not measured by the energy meter for
the customer.
• Customer tempers the meter by mechanical
jerks, placement of powerful magnets or
disturbing the disc rotation with foreign
matters, stopping the meters by remote control.
46. Reasons for Non-technical
losses
• 2. Metering inaccuracies
• Losses due to metering inaccuracies are defined as the difference
between the amount of energy actually delivered through the
meters and the amount registered by the meters.
• All energy meters have some level of error which requires that
standards be established. Measurement Canada, formerly
Industry Canada, is responsible for regulating energy meter
accuracy.
• Statutory requirements are for meters to be within an accuracy
range of +2.5% and – 3.5%. Old technology meters normally
started life with negligible errors, but as their mechanisms aged
they slowed down resulting in under-recording. Modern
electronic meters do not under-record with age in this way.
• Consequently, with the introduction of electronic meters, there
should have been a progressive reduction in meter errors.
Increasing the rate of replacement of mechanical meters should
accelerate this process
47. Reasons for Non-technical
losses
• 3. Unmetered losses for very small load
• Unmetered losses are situations where the energy
usage is estimated instead of measured with an
energy meter. This happens when the loads are very
small and energy meter installation is economically
impractical.
• Examples of this are street lights and cable television
amplifiers.
48. Reasons for Non-technical
losses
• 4. Unmetered supply
• Unmetered supply to agricultural pumps is one of the major
reasons for commercial losses. In most states, the agricultural
tariff is based on the unit horsepower (H.P.) of the motors. Such
power loads get sanctioned at the low load declarations.
• Once the connections are released, the consumers increasing
their connected loads, without obtaining necessary sanction, for
increased loading, from the utility. Further estimation of the
energy consumed in unmetered supply has a great bearing on the
estimation of T&D losses on account of inherent errors in
estimation.
• Most of the utilities deliberately overestimate the unmetered
consumption to get higher subsidy from the State Govt. and also
project reduction in losses. In other words higher the estimates of
the unmetered consumption, lesser the T&D loss figure and vice
versa.
• Moreover the correct estimation of unmetered consumption by
the agricultural sector greatly depends upon the cropping pattern,
ground water level, seasonal variation, hours of operation etc.
49. Reasons for Non-technical
losses
• 5. Error in Meter Reading
• Proper calibrated meter should be used to
measure electrical energy.
• Defective energy meter should be replaced
immediately.
• The reason for defective meter are burning of
meters, burn out terminal box of meter due to
heavy load, improper C.T.ratio and reducing the
recording, improper testing and calibration of
meters.
50. Reasons for Non-technical
losses
• 6. Billing problems
• Faulty and untimely serving bill should be main part of
non-technical Losses.
• Normal complain regarding billing are not receipt of bill;
• late receipt of bill,
• receiving wrong bill,
• wrong meter reading,
• wrong tariff,
• wrong calculations.
52. UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM LOSSES
• In the context of power system planning and project
engineering, economic aspects must be considered,
compared and assessed for different alternatives and
scenarios, such as the losses resulting from system
operation.
• There are two major types of losses in distribution
systems namely:
• Energy losses (Station and Non-Technical)
• Power losses (Technical, System Losses)
54. Technical Losses across some African Countries
54
Source: Mr Chris of Worldbank group – ctrimble@worldbank.org; via ESI Africa’s Webinar
Average Technical losses
for 39 out of 54 Countries
in Africa surveyed is
23.36%
55. Non-Technical Losses across some African Countries
55Source: Mr Chris of World bank group – ctrimble@worldbank.org; via ESI Africa’s Webinar
Average Collection losses for
38 out of 54 Countries in Africa
surveyed is 88.36%
57. REFERENCES
• A TURNAROUND STORY! ON THE AGGREGATE TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL (AT&C) LOSS REDUCTION FROM 53% TO 15% IN
DELHI AREA ACHIEVED IN 8 YEARS BY NDPL (NORTH DELHI POWER LIMITED) By Ajai Nirula .
• Reducing Technical and Non-Technical losses in the Power sector Background Paper for the World Bank Group Energy Sector Strategy,
July 2009
• Non-Technical losses – How do other countries tackle the problem? 22nd AMEU Technical Convention
• Management of electricity distribution network losses by Sohn Assiciates/Imperial college, London, February, 2014.
• Distribution network losses and reduction opportunities from UK DNO’s perspective, 23rd International Conference on Electricity
Distribution Lyon, 15-18 June 2015
• Power Loss Reduction on Primary Distribution Networks by Tap changing, Adejumobi I A and Adebisi O I of Electrical
engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, February, 2012.
• Reduction of power loss of Distribution system by Distribution Network Management, Sarang Pande and Dr. J G Ghodekar of
Department of Electrical Engineering, K.K. Wagh Institute of Engineering & Research, Nashik, India INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARYSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING,VOL.3,NO.11,NOVEMBER 2012
• Evaluation of electric energy losses in Southern Governorates of Jordan Distribution Electric System, by Oda Refou, Qais
Alsafasfeh and Mohammed Al-sound of Electrical engineering Department, Tafila Technical University. International Journal of Energy
Engineering 2015, 5(2): 25-33
• http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/total-losses-in-power-distribution-and-transmission-lines-1 and http://electrical-
engineering-portal.com/total-losses-in-power-distribution-and-transmission-lines-2.
• Final report on Power Loss Reduction Technologies of 3 EDCs in Nigeria by DNVKEMA, June, 2013.
• Equipment and systems for outage and emergency management presentation @ Power Africa conference in Nigeria,
October, 2013.
• Reliability Improvement of Distribution System presentation by Prof.Engr. Fertunato C. Lynes, Vice president of Manila
Electric Company, Philliphines @Power Africa Conference, October, 2013.
• NAPTIN Manual on Maintenance of Transformer and SwitchGear, developed in 2016 by Engr A. A. Gwaram and sponsored by
GIZ.
• IEC document “Efficient Electrical Energy Transmission and Distribution” (2007)
• http://blog.schneider-electric.com/energy-management-energy-efficiency/2013/03/25/how-big-are-power-line-losses/
• NAPTIN presentations on Power loss reduction technologies training by DNVKEMA GERS consultant.
• Introduction to Distribution Automation and Impact of Distribution automation presentations by Dr Gers Juan, in NAPTIN
Power loss reduction programme, 2013.
• http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/total-losses-in-power-distribution-and-transmission-lines-1