This presentation is containing the DSM (Demand Side Management) and the Line Losses in Electrical Distribution System.

2. DSM and Corrective Measures,
Technical and Non-Technical Losses in
Distribution System
By: Fareed Ahmed Shaikh (16EL-42)
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology,
Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan

3. Contents
• Introduction of Demand Side Management (DSM)
• Need of DSM
• Objective of DSM
1. Consumption Deviation
2. Tip Cut
3. Valleys Filling
• Why Promote DSM?
• What Drives DSM?

4. Contents
• Types of Measures
• Challenges of implementation of DSM
• Conclusion (DSM)
• Technical & Non-Technical Losses in Distribution
System
• Technical Losses
• Non-Technical Losses

5. Demand Side Management (DSM)
• Demand-side management (DSM) has been
traditionally seen as a means of reducing peak
electricity demand so that utilities can delay building
further capacity.
• In fact, by reducing the overall load on an electricity
network, DSM has various beneficial effects,
including mitigating electrical system emergencies,
reducing the number of blackouts and increasing
system reliability.

6. DSM
• Possible benefits can also include reducing dependency on
expensive imports of fuel, reducing energy prices, and
reducing harmful emissions to the environment. Finally, DSM
has a major role to play in deferring high investments in
generation,
• Transmission and distribution networks. Thus DSM applied to
electricity systems provides significant economic, reliability
and environmental benefits.

8. Need of DSM
• Usually, the goal of demand-side management is to encourage
the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move
the time of energy use to off-peak times such as night time and
weekends. Peak demand management does not necessarily
decrease total energy consumption, but could be expected to
reduce the need for investments in networks and/or power
plants for meeting peak demands.

9. Objective of DSM
• The DSM was defined by Clark W. Gelling's in the 1980s, as
the planning and implementation of the operator's activities,
designed to influence the use that the consumer makes the
electricity and to produce the effects on the operator's load
diagram. The objectives of the DSM, which influence
planning, can be divided into three distinct categories:
1. Strategic - guidelines for long-term planning including
improving financial flows, increasing incomes and improving
the relationship with consumers;

10. Continued
2 Operational - specific actions to reduce or postpone investment
in production capacity and network expansion, reduce the level of
production costs through more efficient use of installed capacity,
minimize the environmental impact or provide consumers with
cost control means;
3 Conditioning of the load diagram.

11. Consumption Deviation
• The peak load hours of deviation is usually obtained through
variable tariffs with the time of day, or by promotion of
thermal storage devices.

12. Tip Cut
• The reduction of the load during peak periods is usually
obtained by direct control of consumer loads or by tariff
stimuli.

13. Valleys Filling
• The increase of the load during periods of off-peak is obtained
by stimulating uses of electric energy during periods of off-
peak (e.g. charging of electric vehicles).

14. WHY PROMOTE DSM?
• Reductions in customer energy bills.
• Reductions in the need for new power plant, transmission
and distribution networks.
• Stimulation of economic development.
• Creation of long-term jobs due to new innovations and
technologies.
• Increases in the competitiveness of local enterprises;
• Reduction in air pollution.
• Reduced dependency on foreign energy sources.
• Reductions in peak power prices for electricity.

15. WHAT DRIVES DSM?
• The motivation behind the implementation of DSM is
obviously different for the various parties involved.
Thus for utility companies, the reduction or shift of a
customer's energy demand could mean avoiding or
delaying building additional generating capacity. In
some situations, this would avoid or defer energy
price increases that would otherwise be imposed on
customers to help finance new investments in system
capacity.

16. Continued
• For customers, DSM offers the opportunity to reduce
their energy bill through efficiency and conservation
measures. In the case of industrial customers, this
would translate to lower production costs and a more
competitive product.
• For domestic customers it means that they would save
money that could be spent on other household
commodities.

19. TYPES OF DSM MEASURES
• Energy reduction programs
• Load management programs
1. Load levelling;
2. Load control;
3. Tariff incentives and penalties

20. Continued
• Load growth and conservation programs
• Load growth programs are implemented with the intention of
improving customer productivity and environmental
compliance while increasing the sale of kW for the utilities.
• This increases the market share of the utility and enables an
ability to fill valleys and increase peaks

21. TYPES OF DSM MEASURES
• Strategic load growth
• Strategic load conservation

22. CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING DSM
PROGRAMMES
• In developing countries there is generally a low
awareness of energy efficiency and DSM programs,
and therefore marketing is necessary to promote
these.
• In the service area of a utility company, the sectors
and end-users that can benefit from DSM need to be
identified, customized programs developed (and their
cost effectiveness evaluated) and then a plan to
market and implement the programs needs to be
prepared.

23. CONCLUSION (DSM)
• DSM in its various forms is an important tool for enabling a
more efficient use of the energy resources available to a
country. For example, DSM applied to electricity systems can:
• Mitigate electrical system emergencies,
• Minimize blackouts and increase system reliability,
• Reduce dependency on expensive imports (in some
countries),
• Reduce energy prices,

24. Continued
• Provide relief to the power grid and generation
plants,
• Defer investments in generation, transmission and
distribution networks and contribute to lower
environmental emissions.
• Similar benefits can be achieved from DSM when
applied to the use of other types of energy. Thus DSM
can offer significant economic and environmental
benefits.

25. Technical & Non-Technical Losses
in Distribution System
• We know that there are certain losses which affect the
economy of the power system. It is a well known fact that all
energy supplied to a distribution utility does not reach the end
consumer.
• A substantial amount of energy is lost in the distribution
system by way of Technical and Non Technical losses.
• The distribution system accounts for highest technical and non
technical losses in the power sector.

26. Continued
• The term “distribution losses” refers to the difference between
the amount of energy delivered to the distribution system and
the amount of energy customers is billed. Distribution line
losses are comprised of two types:
1. Technical losses,
2. Non-Technical losses.

27. Technical Losses
• Technical losses in power system are caused by the physical
properties of the components of the power system.
• The most obvious example is the power dissipated in
transmission lines and transformers due to internal electrical
resistance.

28. Continued
• Technical losses are naturally occurring losses (caused by
action internal to the power system) and consist mainly of
power dissipation in electrical system component such as
transmission lines, power transformers, measurement system,
etc.
• Technical losses are possible to compute and control, provided
the power system in question consists of known quantities of
loads.

29. Technical losses are due to
• Current flowing in the electrical network and generate the
following types of losses:
(i) Copper losses those are due to I2R losses that are inherent in
all inductors because of the finite resistance of conductors
(ii) Dielectric losses that are losses that result from the heating
effect on the dielectric material between conductors
(iii) Induction and radiation losses that are produced by the
electromagnetic fields surrounding conductors.

30. Continued
• Technical losses are possible to compute and control, provided
the power system in question consists of known quantities of
loads. The following are the causes of technical losses:
(i) Harmonics distortion
(ii) Improper earthing at consumer end
(iii) Long single phase lines
(iv) Unbalanced loading
(v) Losses due to overloading and low voltage
(vi) Losses due to poor standard of equipment.

31. Non-Technical Losses
• Non-Technical losses, on the other hand, are caused by
actions external to the power system or are caused by loads
and condition that the Technical losses computation failed
to take into account.
• Non- Technical losses are more difficult to measure because
these losses are often unaccounted for by the system
operators and thus have no recorded information.
• Non-technical losses (NTL), on the other hand, occur as a
result of theft, metering inaccuracies and unmetered
energy.

32. Continued
• Theft of power is energy delivered to customers that
is not measured by the energy meter for the customer.
• This can happen as a result of meter tampering or by
bypassing the meter.
• Losses due to metering inaccuracies are defined as
the difference between the amount of energy actually
delivered through the meters and the amount
registered by the meters.

34. Why they occur?
(i) Tampering with meters to ensure the meter recorded a lower
consumption reading
(ii) Errors in technical losses computation
(iii) Tapping (hooking) on LT lines
(iv) Arranging false readings by bribing meter readers
(v) Stealing by bypassing the meter or otherwise making illegal
connections
(vi) By just ignoring unpaid bills
(vii)Faulty energy meters or un-metered supply
(viii) Errors and delay in meter reading and billing
(ix) Non-payment by customers.

36. Thank you for attention and your’
queries/questions are welcomed?