This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
COMPUTER NETWORKING SUCH AS- DATA TRANSMISSION,
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER NETWORKING,
TYPES OF NETWORK & TOPOLOGIES &
PACKET TRANSMISSION
INTERNET & INTRANET INCLUDED-
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF INTERNET
ARCHITECTURE & FUNCTIONING OF INTERNET
WEB PAGE, HTML
BASIC SERVICES OVER INTERNET
The document introduces computer networking concepts including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, classifications and topologies. It defines a network as connecting computers to share resources. Local area networks connect computers in a small area like a building, while wide area networks connect LANs across cities/countries. Key networking hardware includes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers and switches.
A network switch is a networking hardware device that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. It learns the MAC addresses of connected devices and forwards traffic only to the relevant ports, unlike a hub which floods traffic to all ports. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations which connect devices in different patterns and have advantages and disadvantages for scalability and fault tolerance.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
The document discusses various types of network hardware including bridges, hubs, switches, and routers. Bridges operate at the data link layer and forward packets based on physical addresses. Hubs simply repeat all signals received on one port to all other ports. Switches are smarter than hubs and only forward frames to the port associated with the destination address. Routers operate at the network layer and filter traffic based on logical IP addresses, allowing different network types to connect. Routing tables map destination networks to the next hop, whether a directly connected network or the address of the next downstream router.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses three main network topologies - bus, ring, and star - and compares their characteristics. The document was presented by Jyoti Tiwari for their MCA 1st semester class covering topics like the definition of computer networks, how they communicate digitally, examples of different network types classified by size and geographic reach, and distinguishing features of common network topologies.
Learning Outcomes
A Network of Networks
Internet
Define Computer Networks
Define Communication
State Importance of Computer network and communication
Network classification
Types of networks
Comparison of different networks
TCP/IP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Internet
A network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large no. of computer networks.
Since Internet is formed by the interconnection of no. of networks, sometimes its also called as network of networks
COMPUTER NETWORKING SUCH AS- DATA TRANSMISSION,
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER NETWORKING,
TYPES OF NETWORK & TOPOLOGIES &
PACKET TRANSMISSION
INTERNET & INTRANET INCLUDED-
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF INTERNET
ARCHITECTURE & FUNCTIONING OF INTERNET
WEB PAGE, HTML
BASIC SERVICES OVER INTERNET
The document introduces computer networking concepts including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, classifications and topologies. It defines a network as connecting computers to share resources. Local area networks connect computers in a small area like a building, while wide area networks connect LANs across cities/countries. Key networking hardware includes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers and switches.
A network switch is a networking hardware device that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. It learns the MAC addresses of connected devices and forwards traffic only to the relevant ports, unlike a hub which floods traffic to all ports. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations which connect devices in different patterns and have advantages and disadvantages for scalability and fault tolerance.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
The document discusses various types of network hardware including bridges, hubs, switches, and routers. Bridges operate at the data link layer and forward packets based on physical addresses. Hubs simply repeat all signals received on one port to all other ports. Switches are smarter than hubs and only forward frames to the port associated with the destination address. Routers operate at the network layer and filter traffic based on logical IP addresses, allowing different network types to connect. Routing tables map destination networks to the next hop, whether a directly connected network or the address of the next downstream router.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses three main network topologies - bus, ring, and star - and compares their characteristics. The document was presented by Jyoti Tiwari for their MCA 1st semester class covering topics like the definition of computer networks, how they communicate digitally, examples of different network types classified by size and geographic reach, and distinguishing features of common network topologies.
Learning Outcomes
A Network of Networks
Internet
Define Computer Networks
Define Communication
State Importance of Computer network and communication
Network classification
Types of networks
Comparison of different networks
TCP/IP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Internet
A network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large no. of computer networks.
Since Internet is formed by the interconnection of no. of networks, sometimes its also called as network of networks
This document defines and compares different types of computer network topologies. It begins by defining a computer network and its basic elements, including transmitters, receivers, hardware, communication software and protocols. It then discusses different network topologies - bus, star, ring, mesh and tree - outlining their key characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. A computer network allows interconnected computers to share resources and data, providing benefits like resource sharing, reliability, cost savings, scalability and increased productivity, but also poses risks like crashes and threats to data security and privacy.
Classification of Networks
Major Types of Networks
Topologies of Network for Local Area Networks
P2P Networks
Client to Server Network
Mesh topology
star topology
bus topology
The document provides a history of computer networks from the 18th century to the present. It describes the development of the ARPANET in the late 1960s by the U.S. Defense Department to link research computers over telephone lines. The ARPANET helped develop the foundation for today's internet. The document also defines what a computer network is, provides examples of network hardware and software components, and gives goals and applications of computer networks.
The document presents information about computer networks. It defines a computer network as consisting of two or more linked computers that share resources and allow communication. The document discusses different types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN; networking devices like routers and hubs; models like client-server and peer-to-peer; and applications of networks like resource and information sharing and communication. It provides diagrams to illustrate LAN, MAN, and WAN configurations.
A computer network connects multiple devices using cables or wireless connections. There are several types of networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, and others. Networks can be configured in different topologies such as bus, star, or ring. Common transmission media for wired networks include twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cables. Computer networks provide benefits like sharing resources and connectivity but also have disadvantages such as cost and potential single point of failures.
A computer network allows devices to connect and exchange data either through cables or wirelessly. Network nodes include devices that originate, route, and terminate data transmission like servers, personal computers, and networking hardware. Different types of computer networks exist like personal area networks for communication among nearby devices, local area networks for connecting devices within a home or office, and wide area networks for linking local and metropolitan networks across broad areas.
Basic definition of computer Network which will brief about types of networks, topology and difference between OSI and TCP/IP.It also elaborate to guided and Unguided media.
The document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains the need for networking. It describes the components of a network including nodes, servers, network interface units. It covers the evolution of networks from ARPANET to the internet. It discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and their characteristics. It also covers topics like communication media, switching techniques, wireless networking and networking terms.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers, and disk drives. The main components of a network include sender and receiver hosts, communication interfaces like switches and routers, communication channels like cables, and communication software. Networks can be classified based on their size and scope as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs). Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
Computer networks allow computing devices to communicate and share resources. Connections are usually made via physical wires or cables, but some use wireless connections. The Internet is a global network made up of many smaller interconnected networks owned by various organizations. It uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to transfer data packets between networks via routers. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-friendly hostnames into IP addresses to route traffic across networks.
The document defines and describes several types of computer networks categorized by the land area they cover, including LAN, WAN, WLAN, PAN, SAN, GAN, MAN, CAN, DAN, and VPN. It provides details on each type of network, such as LANs connecting devices within a short distance, WANs covering large distances like the Internet, and VPNs using public networks to connect private networks remotely. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of networks generally before concluding on their importance in modern IT systems.
This document provides an overview of basic computer networks. It discusses bandwidth and connection types including LAN, WLAN, dial-up, broadband, and WAN. It describes hardware components like modems, routers, hubs, switches and how they connect individual devices into networks. Common network standards such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and protocols including TCP/IP are explained at a high level. Domain name system and its role in translating names to IP addresses is summarized. Finally, the document outlines policies and concludes with references for further reading.
Basics of Networks ,Advantages and Disadvantagessabari Giri
This document discusses computer networks and networking basics. It defines what a network is as a set of devices connected by communication links. The purpose of a network is to share resources between devices. Networks must meet criteria like performance, reliability, and scalability. Different types of network connections include point-to-point and multipoint. Local area networks cover small areas like homes or offices while wide area networks connect LANs over longer distances. Key network terms are also defined such as hosts, workstations, servers, and clients.
The document discusses different types of network topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star/tree, ring, and bus topologies. It provides details on the characteristics of each topology such as how the devices are connected, advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are also defined based on the size of the geographic area they cover.
The document defines and describes different types of computer networks:
- A computer network connects multiple computers through communication devices and transmission mediums to share resources and data.
- Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within a single room or building through cables, while wide area networks (WANs) span larger geographical areas using telephone lines or satellites.
- Personal area networks (PANs) connect devices within 10 meters of an individual. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) connect LANs within a city through higher-speed transmission than LANs.
- Networks are interconnected through internetworking, allowing communication across network boundaries through common protocols. Intranets privately connect an organization, while extranets restrictedly
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts. It begins by defining a computer network and describing the key benefits of communication and resource sharing. It then covers different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN, MAN, and SAN. Physical network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh are explained. Common network hardware such as cables, connectors, switches and routers are outlined. The document also discusses network devices, protocols, IP addressing and network topologies implemented at the School of Information Communications and Technology.
This document discusses computer networks and their components. It describes how George Stibitz created the first network in 1940 by connecting computers via teleprinter. The ARPANET, created in 1965, was one of the first wide area networks connecting multiple universities. The introduction of Ethernet in 1973 helped develop what later became the Internet. The document also defines different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks. It explains protocols like TCP, IP, DNS, and HTTP as well as network layers and encapsulation. Various network hardware such as gateways, routers, switches, and modems are also outlined.
The document introduces computer networking by defining what a network is and listing its main advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fundamental network classifications like LANs, WANs and MANs. It also covers intranets, the internet, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks and different network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh; common network devices like switches, routers and hubs; and different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client-server models and peer-to-peer networks.
This document defines and compares different types of computer network topologies. It begins by defining a computer network and its basic elements, including transmitters, receivers, hardware, communication software and protocols. It then discusses different network topologies - bus, star, ring, mesh and tree - outlining their key characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. A computer network allows interconnected computers to share resources and data, providing benefits like resource sharing, reliability, cost savings, scalability and increased productivity, but also poses risks like crashes and threats to data security and privacy.
Classification of Networks
Major Types of Networks
Topologies of Network for Local Area Networks
P2P Networks
Client to Server Network
Mesh topology
star topology
bus topology
The document provides a history of computer networks from the 18th century to the present. It describes the development of the ARPANET in the late 1960s by the U.S. Defense Department to link research computers over telephone lines. The ARPANET helped develop the foundation for today's internet. The document also defines what a computer network is, provides examples of network hardware and software components, and gives goals and applications of computer networks.
The document presents information about computer networks. It defines a computer network as consisting of two or more linked computers that share resources and allow communication. The document discusses different types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN; networking devices like routers and hubs; models like client-server and peer-to-peer; and applications of networks like resource and information sharing and communication. It provides diagrams to illustrate LAN, MAN, and WAN configurations.
A computer network connects multiple devices using cables or wireless connections. There are several types of networks including LAN, WAN, MAN, and others. Networks can be configured in different topologies such as bus, star, or ring. Common transmission media for wired networks include twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cables. Computer networks provide benefits like sharing resources and connectivity but also have disadvantages such as cost and potential single point of failures.
A computer network allows devices to connect and exchange data either through cables or wirelessly. Network nodes include devices that originate, route, and terminate data transmission like servers, personal computers, and networking hardware. Different types of computer networks exist like personal area networks for communication among nearby devices, local area networks for connecting devices within a home or office, and wide area networks for linking local and metropolitan networks across broad areas.
Basic definition of computer Network which will brief about types of networks, topology and difference between OSI and TCP/IP.It also elaborate to guided and Unguided media.
The document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains the need for networking. It describes the components of a network including nodes, servers, network interface units. It covers the evolution of networks from ARPANET to the internet. It discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and their characteristics. It also covers topics like communication media, switching techniques, wireless networking and networking terms.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers, and disk drives. The main components of a network include sender and receiver hosts, communication interfaces like switches and routers, communication channels like cables, and communication software. Networks can be classified based on their size and scope as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs). Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
Computer networks allow computing devices to communicate and share resources. Connections are usually made via physical wires or cables, but some use wireless connections. The Internet is a global network made up of many smaller interconnected networks owned by various organizations. It uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to transfer data packets between networks via routers. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-friendly hostnames into IP addresses to route traffic across networks.
The document defines and describes several types of computer networks categorized by the land area they cover, including LAN, WAN, WLAN, PAN, SAN, GAN, MAN, CAN, DAN, and VPN. It provides details on each type of network, such as LANs connecting devices within a short distance, WANs covering large distances like the Internet, and VPNs using public networks to connect private networks remotely. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of networks generally before concluding on their importance in modern IT systems.
This document provides an overview of basic computer networks. It discusses bandwidth and connection types including LAN, WLAN, dial-up, broadband, and WAN. It describes hardware components like modems, routers, hubs, switches and how they connect individual devices into networks. Common network standards such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and protocols including TCP/IP are explained at a high level. Domain name system and its role in translating names to IP addresses is summarized. Finally, the document outlines policies and concludes with references for further reading.
Basics of Networks ,Advantages and Disadvantagessabari Giri
This document discusses computer networks and networking basics. It defines what a network is as a set of devices connected by communication links. The purpose of a network is to share resources between devices. Networks must meet criteria like performance, reliability, and scalability. Different types of network connections include point-to-point and multipoint. Local area networks cover small areas like homes or offices while wide area networks connect LANs over longer distances. Key network terms are also defined such as hosts, workstations, servers, and clients.
The document discusses different types of network topologies including point-to-point, multipoint, mesh, star/tree, ring, and bus topologies. It provides details on the characteristics of each topology such as how the devices are connected, advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs) are also defined based on the size of the geographic area they cover.
The document defines and describes different types of computer networks:
- A computer network connects multiple computers through communication devices and transmission mediums to share resources and data.
- Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within a single room or building through cables, while wide area networks (WANs) span larger geographical areas using telephone lines or satellites.
- Personal area networks (PANs) connect devices within 10 meters of an individual. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) connect LANs within a city through higher-speed transmission than LANs.
- Networks are interconnected through internetworking, allowing communication across network boundaries through common protocols. Intranets privately connect an organization, while extranets restrictedly
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts. It begins by defining a computer network and describing the key benefits of communication and resource sharing. It then covers different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN, MAN, and SAN. Physical network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh are explained. Common network hardware such as cables, connectors, switches and routers are outlined. The document also discusses network devices, protocols, IP addressing and network topologies implemented at the School of Information Communications and Technology.
This document discusses computer networks and their components. It describes how George Stibitz created the first network in 1940 by connecting computers via teleprinter. The ARPANET, created in 1965, was one of the first wide area networks connecting multiple universities. The introduction of Ethernet in 1973 helped develop what later became the Internet. The document also defines different types of networks including personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks. It explains protocols like TCP, IP, DNS, and HTTP as well as network layers and encapsulation. Various network hardware such as gateways, routers, switches, and modems are also outlined.
The document introduces computer networking by defining what a network is and listing its main advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fundamental network classifications like LANs, WANs and MANs. It also covers intranets, the internet, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks and different network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh; common network devices like switches, routers and hubs; and different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client-server models and peer-to-peer networks.
This document introduces computer networking concepts. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. Network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations for connecting devices either physically or logically. The document also discusses client-server models, peer-to-peer networking, intranets vs the Internet, and network hardware and software components.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines what a network is and discusses the purpose of sharing resources between connected computers. It describes different network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh and explains common network hardware like switches, routers, hubs and network interface cards. The document also distinguishes between local, wide and metropolitan area networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The document also discusses network hardware and software components like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges and routers. Finally, it distinguishes between intranets, which are private networks within an organization, and the public Internet.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It defines a network as two or more connected computers that can share resources. It discusses network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. It also covers network hardware and software components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and routers. The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is important. It also covers network classifications including LAN, WAN, MAN, peer-to-peer, client-server, and intranet/internet. Additionally, it describes common network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
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A computer network allows two or more computers to connect and share resources like files, printers, and disk drives. A network can be a local area network (LAN) connecting computers in a small area like a home or office, a wide area network (WAN) connecting computers across large distances, or a metropolitan area network (MAN) connecting computers in a city. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh, with star being popular for its ease of installation and fault tolerance. Networks can be configured as client-server with centralized servers providing services, or peer-to-peer with equal computers sharing resources directly.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including different network topologies, types of networks, and common networking devices. It discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Topologies covered include ring, bus, star, mesh, and tree. Wide area networks and local area networks are defined. Common networking devices like repeaters, bridges, routers, switches, and network interface cards are also explained.
Lecture 1_Introduction to Networking_1.pptflyinimohamed
This document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals. It defines what a network is, discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid, and describes the roles of clients and servers. The key types of networks covered are local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Advantages and disadvantages of different network classifications and topologies are also summarized.
The document provides an introduction to computer networking, including definitions of networking concepts like network topology. It defines different types of network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes their advantages and disadvantages. The key components covered are local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts including:
1. Definitions of networking including that a network allows computers to share resources through physical or logical connections using hardware and software.
2. Network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh configurations and their advantages and disadvantages in terms of connectivity, cost, and fault tolerance.
3. Roles of client and server computers and peer-to-peer networks in sharing resources over the network.
This document defines and describes various types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses key characteristics that define networks such as topology, protocol, architecture, and media. Specific network types covered include Ethernet, switched Ethernet, and the Internet. The document also defines common networking terms like routing, bridging, segmentation, and protocols.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and describes different types of networks including LANs, WANs, MANs, PANs, VPNs, CANs, and GANs. It also discusses common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and star bus. Finally, it covers basic network hardware components such as network interface cards, hubs, bridges, switches, and routers.
1. The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network topologies, hardware, and protocols. It defines local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses network interfaces, switches, hubs, bridges, and routers.
2. The different network topologies - bus, star, ring, and mesh - are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. Star and bus are most common due to being cheap and easy to install while providing fault tolerance.
3. Switches are more intelligent than hubs and allow each connected device to achieve full bandwidth, while hubs share bandwidth between all devices.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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1. Introduction to computer networking
Objective:
To be acquainted with:
The definitions of networking
Network topology
Network peripherals, hardware and software
2. Definitions
1.1 Network Definition
A network can be defined as two or more
computers connected together in such a way
that they can share resources.
The purpose of a network is to share
resources.
3. Definitions (cont..)
A resource may be:
A file
A folder
A printer
A disk drive
Or just about anything else that exists on
a computer.
4. Definitions (cont..)
A network is simply a collection of computers or
other hardware devices that are connected
together, either physically or logically, using
special hardware and software, to allow them to
exchange information and cooperate. Networking
is the term that describes the processes involved
in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing
and otherwise working with networks and network
technologies.
5. Advantages of networking
Connectivity and Communication
Data Sharing
Hardware Sharing
Internet Access
Internet Access Sharing
Data Security and Management
Performance Enhancement and Balancing
Entertainment
6. The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking
Network Hardware, Software and Setup
Costs
Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
Undesirable Sharing
Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
Data Security Concerns
7. Fundamental Network Classifications
Local Area Networks (LANs):
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a
home, office, or group of buildings
Wide Area Networks (WANs):
Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any
network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links
The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and
computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
o A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area
network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is
applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may
then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the
interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The
latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.
11. Intranet and Internet Specifications
Intranet: An intranet is a private network that is contained within
an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area
networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols and
in general looks like a private version of the Internet. With
tunneling, companies can send private messages through the
public network, using the public network with special
encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect
one part of their intranet to another.
Internet: is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network
of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and
sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).
12. Client and Server computer role in
networking
Server computer is a core component of the network,
providing a link to the resources necessary to perform
any task.
A server computer provides a link to the resources
necessary to perform any task.
The link it provides could be to a resource existing on
the server itself or a resource on a client computer.
Client computers normally request and receive
information over the network client. Client computers
also depends primarily on the central server for
processing activities
13. Peer-to peer network
A peer-to-peer network is a network where the
computers act as both workstations and servers.
great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks.
In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every
computer is an equal, a peer in the network.
Each machine can have resources that are shared
with any other machine.
There is no assigned role for any particular device,
and each of the devices usually runs similar software.
Any device can and will send requests to any other.
15. Client/Server Networking
In this design, a small number of
computers are designated as centralized
servers and given the task of providing
services to a larger number of user
machines called clients
17. Network topology
A topology is a way of “laying out” the
network. Topologies can be either
physical or logical.
Physical topologies describe how the
cables are run.
Logical topologies describe how the
network messages travel
18. Network topology (cont.)
Bus (can be both logical and physical)
Star (physical only)
Ring (can be both logical and physical)
Mesh (can be both logical and physical)
19. Network topology (cont.)
Bus
A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a
single cable that runs to every workstation
This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but
also covers the shortest amount of distance.
Each computer shares the same data and address
path. With a logical bus topology, messages pass
through the trunk, and each workstation checks to see
if the message is addressed to itself. If the address of
the message matches the workstation’s address, the
network adapter copies the message to the card’s on-
board memory.
20. Network topology (cont.)
it is difficult to add a workstation
have to completely reroute the cable and
possibly run two additional lengths of it.
if any one of the cables breaks, the
entire network is disrupted. Therefore, it
is very expensive to maintain.
22. Network topology (cont.)
Star Topology
A physical star topology branches each network
device off a central device called a hub, making it very
easy to add a new workstation.
Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect
the entire network. (But, as you might expect, if the
central device goes down, the entire network goes
down.)
Some types of Ethernet and ARCNet use a physical
star topology. Figure 8.7 gives an example of the
organization of the star network.
23. Network topology (cont.)
Star topologies are easy to install. A
cable is run from each workstation to the
hub. The hub is placed in a central
location in the office.
Star topologies are more expensive to
install than bus networks, because there
are several more cables that need to be
installed, plus the cost of the hubs that
are needed.
25. Network topology (cont.)
Ring
Each computer connects to two other
computers, joining them in a circle creating a
unidirectional path where messages move
workstation to workstation.
Each entity participating in the ring reads a
message, then regenerates it and hands it to
its neighbor on a different network cable.
26. Network topology (cont.)
The ring makes it difficult to add new
computers.
Unlike a star topology network, the ring
topology network will go down if one
entity is removed from the ring.
Physical ring topology systems don’t
exist much anymore, mainly because the
hardware involved was fairly expensive
and the fault tolerance was very low.
28. Network topology (cont.)
Mesh
The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in terms of
data flow, but it is the most complex in terms of physical design.
In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other
device
This topology is rarely found in LANs, mainly because of the
complexity of the cabling.
If there are x computers, there will be (x × (x–1)) ÷ 2 cables in the
network. For example, if you have five computers in a mesh
network, it will use 5 × (5 – 1) ÷ 2, which equals 10 cables. This
complexity is compounded when you add another workstation.
For example, your five-computer, 10-cable network will jump to
15 cables just by adding one more computer. Imagine how the
person doing the cabling would feel if you told them you had to
cable 50 computers in a mesh network—they’d have to come up
with 50 × (50 – 1) ÷ 2 = 1225 cables!
29. Network topology (cont.)
Because of its design, the physical mesh topology is very
expensive to install and maintain.
Cables must be run from each device to every other device. The
advantage you gain from it is its high fault tolerance.
With a logical mesh topology, however, there will always be a
way of getting the data from source to destination.
It may not be able to take the direct route, but it can take an
alternate, indirect route. It is for this reason that the mesh
topology is still found in WANs to connect multiple sites across
WAN links. It uses devices called routers to search multiple
routes through the mesh and determine the best path.
However, the mesh topology does become inefficient with five or
more entities.
31. Network topology (cont.)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies
Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.
Break in bus disables
entire network.
Star Cheap. Easy to install.
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
More expensive than bus.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.
Very expensive.
Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.
Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
33. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
NIC provides the physical interface between computer and
cabling.
It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can
also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to
understand.
The following factors should be taken into consideration when
choosing a NIC:
1. - Preparing data
2. - Sending and controlling data
3. - Configuration
4. - Drivers
5. - Compatibility
6. - Performance
34. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Preparing Data
In the computer, data moves along buses in parallel,
as on a four-lane interstate highway. But on a network
cable, data travels in a single stream, as on a one lane
highway. This difference can cause problems
transmitting and receiving data, because the paths
traveled are not the same.
It is the NIC’s job to translate the data from the
computer into signals that can flow easily along the
cable.
It does this by translating digital signals into electrical
signals (and in the case of fiber-optic NICs, to optical
signals).
35. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Sending and Controlling Data
For two computers to send and receive data, the cards must
agree on several things. These include the following:
- The maximum size of the data frames
- The amount of data sent before giving
confirmation
- The time needed between transmissions
- The amount of time needed to wait before sending
confirmation
- The amount of data a card can hold
- The speed at which data transmits
In order to successfully send data on the network, you need to
make sure the network cards are of the same type and they are
connected to the same piece of cable.
36. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Configuration
The NIC’s configuration includes things like a
manufacturer’s hardware address, IRQ
address, Base I/O port address, and base
memory address. Some may also use DMA
channels to offer better performance.
Each card must have a unique hardware
address. If two cards have the same hardware
addresses, neither one of them will be able to
communicate.
37. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Drivers
For the computer to use the network
interface card, it is very important to
install the proper device drivers.
These drivers communicate directly with
the network redirector and adapter. They
operate in the Media Access Control
sublayer of the Data Link layer of the
OSI model.
38. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Compatibility
When choosing a NIC, use one that fits
the bus type of your PC. If you have
more than one type of bus in your PC
(for example, a combination ISA/PCI),
use an NIC that fits into the fastest type
(the PCI, in this case).
This is especially important in servers,
as the NIC can very quickly become a
bottleneck if this guideline isn’t followed.
39. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Performance
The most important goal of the network
adapter card is to optimize network
performance and minimize the amount
of time needed to transfer data packets
across the network.
There are several ways of doing this,
including assigning a DMA channel, use
of a shared memory adapter, and
deciding to allow bus mastering.
40. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Repeaters
Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling system
to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by amplifying the
network voltages so they travel farther.
Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such, are
very inexpensive.
Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between
similar network segments.
For example, we can extend an Ethernet 10Base2 network to 400
meters with a repeater. But can’t connect an Ethernet and Token
Ring network together with one.
The main disadvantage to repeaters is that they just amplify
signals. These signals not only include the network signals, but
any noise on the wire as well.
Eventually, if you use enough repeaters, you could possibly
drown out the signal with the amplified noise. For this reason,
repeaters are used only as a temporary fix.
42. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Hubs
Hubs are devices used to link several computers
together.
They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and
copy it to the other ports (a process that is also called
broadcasting).
There are two types of hubs: active and passive.
Passive hubs simply connect all ports together
electrically and are usually not powered.
Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up
the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.
In the category of active hubs, there is also a class
called “intelligent” hubs, which are hubs that can be
remotely managed on the network.
44. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Bridges
They join similar topologies and are used to divide network
segments.
For example, with 200 people on one Ethernet segment, the
performance will be mediocre, because of the design of Ethernet
and the number of workstations that are fighting to transmit. If you
divide the segment into two segments of 100 workstations each,
the traffic will be much lower on either side and performance will
increase.
If it is aware of the destination address, it is able to forward
packets; otherwise a bridge will forward the packets to all
segments. They are more intelligent than repeaters but are
unable to move data across multiple networks simultaneously.
Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.
The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect
dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path selection. For
that function, you would need a router.
46. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Routers
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple
network types and determine the best path for sending data.
The advantage of using a router over a bridge is that routers can
determine the best path that data can take to get to its
destination.
Like bridges, they can segment large networks and can filter out
noise.
However, they are slower than bridges because they are more
intelligent devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing
packet-forwarding delays. Because of this intelligence, they are
also more expensive.
Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers
used.
48. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network
segments.
Low-end network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch
contains more "intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a network hub.
Network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it
appropriately.
By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a
network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better
performance than a hub.
A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the nodes connected to
a hub share the bandwidth among themselves, while a device connected to a
switch port has the full bandwidth all to itself.
For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a hub on a 10-Mbps network,
then each node may only get a portion of the 10 Mbps if other nodes on the hub
want to communicate as well. .
But with a switch, each node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.
50. LAB1
Connect 2 buildings 3 storey high with a distance of
500m between each building.
Each floor is occupied by the Finance Department,
Administration Department and Computing
Department.
Your report should have the following items. Anything
extra is encouraged.
a. Introduction
b. Network Diagrams
c. Devices that will be used.
You are required to use MS Visio to draw the Network
Diagrams.