COMPUTER NETWORKING SUCH AS- DATA TRANSMISSION, OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER NETWORKING, TYPES OF NETWORK & TOPOLOGIES & PACKET TRANSMISSION INTERNET & INTRANET INCLUDED- INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF INTERNET ARCHITECTURE & FUNCTIONING OF INTERNET WEB PAGE, HTML BASIC SERVICES OVER INTERNET

1. R
NETWORKI
NG
&
INTERNET
N
INTRANET
PRESENTED BY
ARVIND KUMAR
ARYA
SOLANKI
(I.B.M) MBA (F.T) 1ST
SEMESTER
C.S.J.M UNIVERSITY,
KANPUR
Jitendra Kumar Sharma
Prashant Singh

2. CONTEN
T COMPUTER NETWORKING
I. DATA TRANSMISSION
II. OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER NETWORKING
III. TYPES OF NETWORK & TOPOLOGIES
IV. PACKET TRANSMISSION
INTERNET N INTRANET
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OVERVIEW OF INTERNET
III. ARCHITECTURE & FUNCTIONING OF INTERNET
IV. WEB PAGE, HTML
V. BASIC SERVICES OVER INTERNET

4. DATA
TRANSMISSION
Data transmission is the process of sending digital or
analog data over a communication medium to one or
more computing, network, communication or electronic
devices. It enables the transfer and communication of
devices in a point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and
multipoint-to-multipoint environment.
Data transmission is also known as digital
transmission or digital communications.

5. OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER
NETWORKING
A network is a group of interconnected computers. Computer network are
interconnection of many computer. They share resources such as electronic
mail, bulletin boards, and access to unique database. They can be thought of as
information highways for data.
Networks are changing the computing paradigm from “number
crunching” to communicating. They have spawned industries such as the online
industry, a collection of organization providing information and communication
services to remote customers via dial-up modems. In a computer network the
individuals station, called “nodes”, may be computers, terminals, or
communications units of various kinds.

6. TYPES OF NETWORK &
TOPOLOGIES
o (PAN) PERSONAL AREA
NETWORK
o (LAN) LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
o (MAN) METROPOLITAN
AREA NETWORK
o (WAN) WIDE AREA
NETWORK

7. • (PAN) PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
A PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN) IS THE
INTERCONNECTION OF INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY DEVICES WITHIN THE RANGE OF
AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON, TYPICALLY WITHIN A
RANGE OF 10 METERS ALSO SEE WIRELESS
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (WPAN) WHICH IS
VIRTUALLY A SYNONYM SINCE ALMOST ANY
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK WOULD NEED TO
FUNCTION WIRELESSLY. CONCEPTUALLY, THE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PAN AND A WIRELESS
LAN IS THAT THE FORMER TENDS TO BE
CENTERED AROUND ONE PERSON WHILE THE
LATTER IS A LOCAL AREA NETWORK LAN THAT IS
CONNECTED WITHOUT WIRES AND SERVING
MULTIPLE USERS.

8.  (LAN) LOCAL AREA
NETWORK
LOCALAREA NETWORK (LAN) ARE MOST OFTEN DESCRIBED
AS PRIVATELY OWNED NETWORK THAT OFFER RELIABLE
HIGH SPEED COMMUNICATION CHANNEL OPTIMAZED FOR
CONNECTING INFORMATION PROCESSING EQUIPMENT IN A
LIMITED GEOGRAPHICALAREA, NAMEL, AN OFFICE
BUILDING, COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS, OR CAMPUS.
LAN’S OFFERS RAW BANDWIDTH OF 1MBPS OR
100MBPS OR MORE, ALTHOUGH ACTUAL THROUGHPUT
OFTEN IS MUCH LOSS. LAN’S ARE LIMITED TO A MAXIMUM
DISTANCE OF ONLY A FEW MILES OR KILOMETERS,
ALTHOUGH THEY MAY BE EXTENDED THROUGH THE USE OF
BRIDGES, ROUTERS, AND OTHER DEVICES. DATAARE
TRANSMITTED IN PACKET FORMAT, WITH PACKET SIZES
RANGING UPTO 1500BYTES AND MORE. MOSTLY, DEVELOPES
LAN’S SPECIFICATIONS, ALTHOUGH ANSI AND OTHER
STANDARD BODIES ARE ALSO INVOLVED.

9.  (MAN) METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK
A METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) IS ONE OF
A NUMBER OF TYPES OF NETWORK. A MAN IS A
RELATIVELY NEW CLASS OF NETWORK, IT SERVE A
ROLE SIMILAR TO AN ISP, BUT FOR CORPORATE
USERS WITH LARGE NUMDER LAN’S.
THE TERM IS APPLIED TO THE INTERCONNECTION OF
NETWORKS IN A CITY INTO A SINGLE LARGER
NETWORK (WHICH MAY THEN ALSO OFFER EFFICIENT
CONNECTION TO A WIDE AREA NETWORK). IT IS
ALSO USED TO MEAN THE INTERCONNECTION OF
SEVERAL LOCAL AREA NETWORKS BY BRIDGING
THEM WITH BACKBONE LINES.

10.  (WAN) WIDE AREA
NETWORK
A WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) IS A DATA COMMUNICATIONS
NETWORK THAT COVERS A RELATIVELY BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA
AND OFTEN USES TRANSMISSION FACILITIES PROVIDED BY
COMMON CARRIERS, SUCH AS TELEPHONES COMPANIES. (WAN)
TECHNOLOGIES GENERALLY FUNCTION AT THE LOWER THREE
LAYERS OF THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL: THE PHYSICAL LAYER, THE
DATA LINK LAYER, AND THE NETWORK LAYER.
IN AN ENTERPRISE, A WAN MAY CONSIST OF CONNECTIONS TO
A COMPANY'S HEADQUARTERS,
BRANCH OFFICES, COLOCATION FACILITIES, CLOUD SERVICES
AND OTHER FACILITIES. TYPICALLY, A ROUTER OR OTHER
MULTIFUNCTION DEVICE IS USED TO CONNECT A LAN TO A WAN.
ENTERPRISE WANS ALLOW USERS TO SHARE ACCESS TO
APPLICATIONS, SERVICES AND OTHER CENTRALLY LOCATED
RESOURCES.

11. TYPES OF NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES

12. • BUS
TOPOLOGYBUS TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE OF PHYSICAL NETWORK, A SINGLE
COAXIAL CABLE ACTS AS A BACKBONE TO LINK ALL THE DEVICES
IN THE NETWORK. THIS TOPOLOGY USES THE LEAST AMOUNT OF
CABLING AND IS THEREFORE THE LEAST EXPENSIVE AND THE
SIMPLEST TOPOLOGY FOR SMALL NETWORK. IN THIS TOPOLOGY,
A 50 OHMS TERMINATOR TERMINATES BOTH ENDS OF THE
NETWORK.
• RING TOPOLOGY: A TYPE OF PHYSICAL
NETWORK. IN THIS ALL THE COMPUTERS ARE CONNECTED
IN CLOSED LOOP. EACH COMPUTER OR DEVICES ON THE
RING TOPOLOGY NETWORK ACT AS A REPEATER. IT
TRANSMITS DATA BY PASSING A TOKEN AROUND THE
NETWORK. IF THE TOKEN IS FREE, COMPUTER WAITING TO
SEND DATA TAKEN IT, ATTACHES THE DATA AND THE
DESTINATION’S ADDRESS TO THE TOKEN, AND SEND IT.
WHEN THE TOKEN REACHES ITS DESTINATION COMPUTER,
THE DATA IS REMOVED. NOW, THE TOKEN IS FREE TO SEND
OTHER COMPUTER’S DATA. IN THIS TOPOLOGY, IF ONE
COMPUTER FAILS, THE ENTIRE NETWORK WILL GO DOWN.

13. • STAR
TOPOLOGYSTAR TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE OF NETWORK, CURRENTLY IT IS MOST
POPULAR TOPOLOGY USED FOR NETWORK. IN STAR TOPOLOGY,
EACH COMPUTER IS CONNECTED TO A CENTRAL DEVICE, CALLED
HUB, THROUGH AN UNSHIELED TWISTED- PAIR (UTP) WIRE.
SIGNALS FROM THE SENDING COMPUTER TO GO TO THE HUB AND
THEN TRNSMITTED TO ALL THE COMPUTER IN A NETWORK. SINCE
EACH WORKSTATION HAS A SEPARATE CONNECTION TO THE HUB,
IT IS EASY TO TROUBLESHOOT.
• MESH TOPOLOGY
A MESH TOPOLOGY IS A TYPE OF PHYSICAL NEWTORK DESIGN
WHERE ALL THE DEVICES IN A NETWORK ARE CONNECTED TO
EACH OTHER WITH MANY REDUNDANT CONNECTION. IT PROVIDES
MULTIPLE PATH FOR THE DATA TRAVELLING ON THE NETWORK TO
REACH ITS DESTINATION. MESH TOPOLOGY ALSO PROVIDES
REDUNDANCY IN THE NETWORK. IT EMPLOYES THE FULL MESH
AND PARTIAL MESH METHOD TO CONNECT DEVICES. IN A FULL
MESH TOPOLOGY NETWORK, EACH COMPUTER IS CONNECTED TO
ALL THE OTHER COMPUTERS.

14. • TREE
TOPOLOGYTREE TOPOLOGY IS A NETWORK CONTAINING ZERO OR MORE
NODES THAT ARE LINKED TOGETHER IN A HIERARCHICAL
FASHION. THE MOST NODES IS CALLED THE ROOT. THE ROOT
MAY HAVE ZERO OR MORE CHILD NODES, CONNECTED BY EDGES
(LINKS); THE ROOT IS THE PARENT NODE TO ITS CHILDREN. EACH
CHILD NODE CAN IN TURN HAVE ZERO OR MORE CHILDREN OF
ITS OWN. NODES SHARING THE SAME PARENTS ARE CALLED
SIBLINGS.
• LINE TOPOLOGY
LINE TOPOLOGY IS A SOMEWHAT SIMILAR TOPOLOGICAL SPACE TO
THE REAL LINE, BUT IN A CERTAIN WAY "LONGER". IT BEHAVES
LOCALLY JUST LIKE THE REAL LINE, BUT HAS DIFFERENT LARGE-SCALE
PROPERTIES. THE LONG LINE IS OBTAINED BY PUTTING TOGETHER A
LONG RAY IN EACH DIRECTION. MORE RIGOROUSLY, IT CAN BE
DEFINED AS THE ORDER TOPOLOGY ON THE DISJOINT UNION OF THE
REVERSED OPEN LONG RAY (“REVERSED” MEANS THE ORDER IS
REVERSED) AND THE (NOT REVERSED) CLOSED LONG RAY, TOTALLY
ORDERED BY LETTING THE POINTS OF THE LATTER BE GREATER THAN
THE POINTS OF THE FORMER.

15. • FULLY CONNECTED
TOPOLOGY
FULLY CONNECTED TOPOLOGY IS AN INDICATION THAT ALL DATABASE
SERVERS ARE CONNECTED. FULLY CONNECTED TOPOLOGY IS COMMONLY
RECOGNIZED AS A FULLY CONNECTED NETWORK, IN WHICH EACH OF THE
NODES ARE CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER (AS DEPICTED I THE DIAGRAM
BELOW). THIS IMAGE DEPICTS FOUR COUNTRIES ARE COMPLETELY CONNECTED
TO EACH OTHER THERE IS S A FORMULA FOR DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF
CONNECTIONS WITHIN A NETWORK, WHICH IS AN ESSENTIAL COMPETENT OF
FULLY CONNECTED NETWORKS BECAUSE THE NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS
GROW QUADRATICALLY WITH THE NUMBER OF NODES.

16. INTERNET &
INTRANET

17. INTERNET OVERVIEW
Internet is a ‘network of network’. It is a network of network,
an information superhighway and electronic web that connect
people and business that have accessibility to network. It is a
huge repository (collection) of information on every possible &
imaginable topic. It is fully scalable and doesn’t determined
user profile.
Network are an interconnection of two or more autonomous
computers such that they can share resources and information
and when this happens on large scale or we can say globally is
known as internet.

18. Functioning

19. ARCHITECTURE OF THE
INTERNET
A large variety of computer exist today- large mainframes and small pc’s, slow
and fast, general purpose and special purpose, window system and Unix system-
the internet connect them all.
A computers is connected to the internet at the two levels- hardware &
software. The hardware includes network interface, modems, and cables to hook
the computers physically on the internet. The software (also called protocols) is
required to make the communication between the computers understandable and
meaningful.
A computer or a computer network is attached with a modem (short
for modulator- demodulator) that convert the digital data coming from computer
into analog voice form. This converted voice from is transmitted to the local
internet service provider through links where a modem converts it back into
digital form. Through a series of IP’s this data can move across the internet to the
desired location.

20. FUNCTIONING OF
INTERNET
The single most important fact to understand about the internet is the
that it can potentially link the computer to any other computer. Anyone
with access to the internet can exchange text, data files, and programs with
any other users. For all practical purpose, almost everything that happens
across the internet is a variation of one of these activities. The internet
itself in the pipelines that carries data between computers.
Most computers are not connected directly to the
internet. Rather, they are connected to similar network that connects to
the internet backbone through gateways. This is the fact why the internet
is sometimes described as “a network of network”.

21. WWW(WORLD WIDE WEB)
THE WWW STANDS FOR WORLD WIDE WEB – BUT HAVE
YOU EVER THOUGHT, WHAT IS THE WORLD WIDE WEB?
THE WORLD WIDE WEB IS NOT THE INTERNET. I
REPEAT THE WORLD WIDE WEB IS NOT THE INTERNET.
THE INTERNET IS A GLOBAL NETWORK OF COMPUTERS
WHEREAS THE WORLD WIDE WEB IS AN APPLICATION
THAT RUNS ON THE INTERNET. IT WAS CREATED IN
1989 BY SIR TIM BERNERS-LEE, THE INTERNET
ALREADY EXISTED THEN.

22. FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL):
THE FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) IS THE STANDARD NETWORK PROTOCOL
USED FOR THE TRANSFER OF COMPUTER FILES BETWEEN A CLIENT AND SERVER
ON A COMPUTER NETWORK. FTP IS BUILT ON A CLIENT-SERVER MODEL
ARCHITECTURE AND USES SEPARATE CONTROL AND DATA CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN THE CLIENT AND THE SERVER.
GOPHER:
GOPHER IS AN APPLICATION-LAYER PROTOCOL THAT PROVIDES THE ABILITY TO
EXTRACT AND VIEW WEB DOCUMENTS STORED ON REMOTE WEB SERVERS.
GOPHER WAS CONCEIVED IN 1991 AS ONE OF THE INTERNET’S FIRST DATA/FILE
ACCESS PROTOCOLS TO RUN ON TOP OF A TCP/IP NETWORK. IT WAS DEVELOPED
AT UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA AND IS NAMED AFTER THE SCHOOL'S MASCOT.

23. IPADDRESS:
An IP (internet protocol) is a number that identifies a device (E.g., The network interface card inside a
computer) uniquely on the internet.
An IP address is usually written as four decimal number separated by the dots (periods). Each decimal number
can range between 0 and 255 (inclusive) .
so the lowest possible IP address is 0.0.0.0. And the highest is 255.255.255.255.
For example:- 192.9.200.161.
CLASS OF IP ADDRESS:
Divided into five group as showing in following figure:

24. DOMAIN NAME:
A domain name is your website name. A domain name is the address where internet users
can access your website. A domain name is used for finding and identifying computers on
the internet. Computers use IP addresses, which are a series of number. However, it is
difficult for humans to remember strings of numbers. Because of this, domain names were
developed and used to identify entities on the internet rather than using IP addresses.
A domain name can be any combination of letters and numbers, and it
can be used in combination of the various domain name extensions, such as .Com, .NET and
more.

25. WEB BROWSER:
A web browser is a software application that people use in order to
view web pages on the internet. It can be used to upload or download
files on FTP servers.
Example: Mozilla Firefox,
Internet Explorer,
Google Chrome and
Safari etc.

26. SEARCH ENGINE
A SEARCH ENGINE IS A WEB-BASED TOOL THAT ENABLES USERS TO LOCATE
INFORMATION ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB. POPULAR EXAMPLES OF SEARCH
ENGINES ARE GOOGLE, YAHOO!, AND MSN SEARCH. SEARCH ENGINES UTILIZE
AUTOMATED SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS (REFERRED TO AS ROBOTS, BOTS, OR
SPIDERS) THAT TRAVEL ALONG THE WEB, FOLLOWING LINKS FROM PAGE TO
PAGE, SITE TO SITE. THE INFORMATION GATHERED BY THE SPIDERS IS USED
TO CREATE A SEARCHABLE INDEX OF THE WEB.

27. E-MAIL
Email is short form of 'electronic mail' similar to
a letter, it is sent via the internet to a recipient. An
email address is required to receive email, and
that address is unique to the user. Some people
use internet-based applications and some use
programs on their computer to access and store
emails.

28. INTRANET
An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprises. It may
consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in
the wide area network. Typically, an intranet includes connections through one
or more gateway computers to the outside internet. The main purpose of an
intranet is to share company information and computing resources among
employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and for
teleconferences.

29. WEB PAGE
A web page or web page is a document commonly written
in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) that is accessible through the
Internet or other network using an Internet browser. A web page is
accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics,
and hyperlinks to other web pages and files.

30. HTML -An
Introduction
of web page
programming

31. INTRODUCTION TO
HTML
 WITH A HTML WE CAN CREATE OUR OWN WEBSITES
 HTML STANDS FOR- HYPER TEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE.
 HTML DERIVED FROM A LANGUAGE SGML (STANDARD GRAPHICS
MARKUP LANGUAGE.
 HTML IS NOT A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE, IT IS A MARKUP LANGUAGE.
 A MARK UP LANGUAGE IS A SET UP MARKUP TAGS.
 HTML USES MARKUP TAGS TO DESCRIBE WEB PAGES
 HTML DOCUMENTS CONTAINS HTML TAGS AND PLAIN TEXT

32. HTML ELEMENTS AND TAGS
• A tag is always enclosed in angle bracket
<>like <HTML>
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like
<HTML> and </HTML> i.e.
Start tag = <HTML>
End tag =</HTML>
• Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags

33. HOW TO START
Write html code in notepad.
• Save the file with (.Html)/(.Htm) extension.
• View the page in any web browser viz. INTERNET
EXPLORER, NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR etc.
• The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or
Firefox) is to read html documents and display them as
web pages

34. CODE WITH
HTML
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
MY FIRST PAGE
</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
GLOBAL INFORMANTION CHANNEL
</BODY>
</HTML>

35. EXPLAIN THESE TAGS
• <HTML> - Describe HTML web page that is to be viewed by a web
browser.
• <HEAD> - This defines the header section of the page.
• <TITLE> - This shows a caption in the title bar of the page.
• <BODY> - This tag show contents of the web page will be displayed

36. TEXT FORMATTING TAGS
Heading Element:-
• There are six heading elements
(<H1>,<H2>,<H3>,<H4>, <H5>,<H6>).
• All the six heading elements are container tag and
requires a closing tag.
• <h1> will print the largest heading.
• <h6> will print the smallest heading.

37. HEADING TAG
CODE
<html>
<head>
<title> IBM Kanpur </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> this is my h1 heading </h1>
<h2> this is my h2 heading </h2>
<h3> this is my h3 heading </h3>
<h4> this is my h4 heading </h4>
<h5> this is my h5 heading </h5>
<h6> this is my h6 heading </h6>
</body>
</html>

38. BACKGROUND & TEXT COLOR
TAG
<html>
<head>
<body bgcolor="red">
<h1 align="centre">Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur </h1>
<h2 align="centre">Institute Of Business Management </h2>
<h3 align="centre"> Kalyanpur,Kanpur</h3>
</head>
</body>
</html>

39. IMAGE CODING & ITS RESULT
<html>
<body>
<img src="vc_ku.jpg" width="270" hight="280">
<img src="http://examswatch.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/csjm-
kanpur.jpg" width="270" hight="280">
</body>
</html>

40. HTML LIST TAG
Lists provide methods to show item or element
sequences in document content. There are three
main types of lists:-
-Unordered lists:-unordered lists are bulleted.
- Ordered lists:- Ordered lists are numbered.
- Definition lists:- Used to create a definition list

41. LIST TAGS
<LI> is an empty tag, it is used for representing the list
items
<OL> Ordered list
<UL> Unordered list
<DL> Defines a definition list
<DT> Defines a term (an item) in a definition list
<DD>Defines a description of a term in a definition list

42. UNORDERED LIST
• TYPE attribute to the <UL> tag to show different bullets like:
–Disc
–Circle
–Square
<ul Type =“disc”>…..</ul>
• The attribute TYPE can also be used with <LI> element.

43. UNORDERED LIST CODE AND ITS RESULT
• <html>
• <body>
• <h4>Disc bullets list:</h4>
• <ul type="disc"> <li>Arun</li>
• <li>Ankit</li> <li>Arvind</li>
• <li>Prashant</li></ul>
• <h4>Circle bullets list:</h4>
• <ul type="circle"> <li>Arun</li>
• <li>Ankit</li> <li>Arvind</li>
• <li>Prashant</li></ul>
• <h4>Square bullets list:</h4>
• <ul type="square"> <li>Arun</li>
• <li>Ankit</li> <li>Arind</li>
• <li>Prashant</li></ul> </body></html>

44. ORDERED LIST
• The TYPE attribute has the following value like:
–TYPE = "1" (Arabic numbers)
–TYPE = "a" (Lowercase alphanumeric)
–TYPE = "A" (Uppercase alphanumeric)
–TYPE = "i" (Lowercase Roman numbers)
–TYPE = "I" (Uppercase Roman numbers)

45. CODE & RESULT OF ORDERED LIST
<html>
<body>
<h4>Numbered list:</h4>
<ol> <li>Arun</li>
<li>Arvind</li>
<li>Ankit</li>
<li>Prashant</li>
</ol> <h4>Letters list:</h4>
<ol type="A"> <li>Arun</li>
<li>Arvind</li>
<li>Ankit</li>
<li>Prashant</li></ol>
<h4>Roman numbers list:</h4>
<ol type="I"> <li>Arun</li>
<li>Arvind</li>
<li>Ankit</li>
<li>Prashant</li></ol>
</body>
</html>

46. FRAME CODING AND ITS RESULT
<html>
<head>
<frameset rows="25%,5%,75%">
<frame src="frame1.html">
<frame src="2ndrow.html">
<frameset cols="20%,80%">
<frame src="img.html">
<frame src="article.html">
</frameset>
</frameset>