This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the electronic transmission of textual, numeric, audio or video data over long distances. Computer networks allow data communication between computers. Different types of networks include local area networks (LANs) connecting computers in close proximity, wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs over large geographical areas, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) connecting LANs within cities. The largest computer network is the Internet, which connects networks worldwide through gateways. Networks can be organized in different topologies like star, ring or hybrid configurations. Network protocols like TCP/IP establish rules for communication between connected computers. Common network applications involve bulletin boards, information services,
A network adapter, also called a network interface card (NIC), enables a computer to connect to a network and transfer data. There are wired and wireless NICs. Wired NICs use cables while wireless NICs use radio waves. Modern laptops have both wired and wireless NICs. NIC speeds can be 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps or higher but the actual speed depends on the network switch speed.
Active Directory stores user credentials, permissions, and other resources on a centralized and protected location. It logs all user activity and assigns or denies permissions on the network. A domain is a basic building block of the Active Directory structure and clusters computers managed by domain controllers, which are standalone servers running Active Directory services. Multiple domains can exist within a forest, which is the top-level container for an Active Directory implementation and initially contains a single root domain.
The document provides information about web servers, database servers, and popular open source software used for each. It discusses what a web server and database server are, how they work, examples of common software like Apache and MySQL, and steps to install and configure Apache and MySQL on Ubuntu.
Networking devices are components that connect electronic devices and allow them to share resources over a network. Common networking devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and modems. A switch connects network segments and can perform error checking before forwarding data packets between devices on a local area network. A router connects two or more networks and reads address information in packets to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. Routers work at the network layer and contain routing tables to define the addresses of connected networks.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
A computer network connects multiple computers together allowing sharing of resources. There are two main types: local area networks (LANs) covering a small area like a school, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning large geographical areas like the internet. Network topologies determine how devices are physically connected - a bus network uses one cable, a ring network forms a continuous loop, and a star network connects each device to a central hub/switch. Networks provide advantages like shared printing and internet access but also have costs and potential single points of failure.
This document discusses data communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as the electronic transmission of textual, numeric, audio or video data over long distances. Computer networks allow data communication between computers. Different types of networks include local area networks (LANs) connecting computers in close proximity, wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs over large geographical areas, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) connecting LANs within cities. The largest computer network is the Internet, which connects networks worldwide through gateways. Networks can be organized in different topologies like star, ring or hybrid configurations. Network protocols like TCP/IP establish rules for communication between connected computers. Common network applications involve bulletin boards, information services,
A network adapter, also called a network interface card (NIC), enables a computer to connect to a network and transfer data. There are wired and wireless NICs. Wired NICs use cables while wireless NICs use radio waves. Modern laptops have both wired and wireless NICs. NIC speeds can be 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1000Mbps or higher but the actual speed depends on the network switch speed.
Active Directory stores user credentials, permissions, and other resources on a centralized and protected location. It logs all user activity and assigns or denies permissions on the network. A domain is a basic building block of the Active Directory structure and clusters computers managed by domain controllers, which are standalone servers running Active Directory services. Multiple domains can exist within a forest, which is the top-level container for an Active Directory implementation and initially contains a single root domain.
The document provides information about web servers, database servers, and popular open source software used for each. It discusses what a web server and database server are, how they work, examples of common software like Apache and MySQL, and steps to install and configure Apache and MySQL on Ubuntu.
Networking devices are components that connect electronic devices and allow them to share resources over a network. Common networking devices include network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and modems. A switch connects network segments and can perform error checking before forwarding data packets between devices on a local area network. A router connects two or more networks and reads address information in packets to determine the best path to forward packets between networks. Routers work at the network layer and contain routing tables to define the addresses of connected networks.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
A computer network connects multiple computers together allowing sharing of resources. There are two main types: local area networks (LANs) covering a small area like a school, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning large geographical areas like the internet. Network topologies determine how devices are physically connected - a bus network uses one cable, a ring network forms a continuous loop, and a star network connects each device to a central hub/switch. Networks provide advantages like shared printing and internet access but also have costs and potential single points of failure.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share files and resources. They include routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways, and network interface cards. Routers direct network traffic and route information between local area networks. Hubs connect devices physically but copy all data to every port. Switches intelligently send data only to the destination port, unlike hubs. Bridges connect networks using the same protocol, while gateways allow communication across different networks using protocols. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between a computer and the network.
Network attached storage (NAS) is a file storage device connected directly to a computer network that provides file-level access to stored data. NAS uses common network protocols like NFS to allow files to be accessed over the network. A NAS device contains disk storage and runs its own operating system to provide file storage functionality to clients. Benefits of NAS include easy sharing of files across a network and low cost to add additional storage capacity.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including definitions of common network types like LANs and WANs. It describes network topologies like bus, star, and ring configurations. Communication protocols and hardware like hubs, routers, and firewalls are defined. The roles of gateways and modems in transmitting data are also summarized.
Servers provide responses to client requests simultaneously. There are several types of servers including file servers, print servers, email servers, and database servers. File servers store and share files across a network. Print servers manage shared printers and print queues. Email servers function as virtual post offices, storing emails and implementing user rules. Database servers provide database services and functionality to other programs and computers.
Server computing involves physical computers that provide services to client computers connected to them, allowing clients to access information and resources. Servers can be hardware or software and manage network resources and service requests from clients. Common types of servers include web servers, application servers, real-time communication servers, FTP servers, name servers, database servers, game servers, media servers, and proxy servers. Servers are optimized for 24/7 operation, support multiple users and applications, and have features like multiple processors, RAM, storage, and network interfaces that make them more powerful than standard workstations.
The document provides an overview of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like computer network and network topology. It discusses why networks are needed, how they work, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It also covers topics like IP addressing, different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices, applications, and security concerns.
A computer network connects multiple computers together to share resources and information. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs) which connect computers in a small physical area like a home or office, wide area networks (WANs) which connect LANs across cities and countries, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) which connect networks across a larger region like a city. Common network topologies include star, ring, bus, and tree networks which determine how the connected computers communicate with each other.
A computer network connects multiple devices together to share resources. The main advantages of a network include resource sharing, reliable data storage through backups, and centralized storage of files. There are different types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Networks require transmission media like cables or wireless signals to connect devices and transfer data. Common network devices that help facilitate networking include network interface cards, hubs, switches, repeaters, and routers.
This ppt helps people who would like to present their industrial training presentation on Oracle 11g DBA.
This one includes all the operations that dba has to be perform and some other internal concepts of Oracle.
This document outlines the steps to configure a server and client computer on a network. It describes installing roles like Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, file services, and remote desktop on the server. It also covers configuring the client to join the domain, enable folder redirection via group policy, map a network drive, and test the connection between server and client using ping and remote desktop. The overall goal is to set up a basic client-server network environment.
This document discusses the key components of a network design process by drawing an analogy to building design. It states that a network design consists of describing the technology, topology, products, device configurations, services, vendors, locations, and general structure. It also includes network functions like security and management. Similarly, a building design needs to understand the purpose and layout, including how occupants will move and what resources they will need. The output of both processes are blueprints. A network design specifically produces blueprints, a component plan, vendor selection, equipment choice, service provider selection, and metrics. It takes architecture and analysis products as input to evaluate and produce these design outputs and layout the network.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. It allows sharing of resources like printers, files, data and information. There are three main types of networks - local area networks (LANs) within a small geographical area, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large areas like countries. Network architecture refers to the overall design of a computer network and describes how it is configured and what strategies are used. The two main architectures are client/server, where a server provides services to clients, and peer-to-peer where all computers have equal capabilities without a central server.
Personal area networks (PANs) allow communication between devices within close proximity of an individual. There are two main types of PANs - wired and wireless. Wireless PANs (WPANs) use technologies like infrared, Bluetooth, and HomeRF to connect devices within 10 meters. Common WPAN devices include PDAs, phones, and laptops. WPANs offer advantages like easy setup and portability but have limitations such as low data rates and limited range compared to wireless local area networks. WPANs can be used in education for sharing files between devices and printing wirelessly. The future of WPANs involves using human body signals to transmit data between devices.
P2P networks allow computers to share resources without a centralized server by directly connecting peers in a decentralized manner. Peers act as both suppliers and consumers of resources with access rights governed by individual machine permissions. Popular examples of P2P systems include file sharing apps like Napster and BitTorrent as well as voice chat services like Skype. While P2P networks provide advantages like low costs and ease of use, they can also be less secure and introduce challenges in maintaining version control and duplicates.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks module. It begins by defining networks and listing the benefits of computer networks such as file sharing, sharing devices, sharing internet access, speed, cost, security, centralized software management, and electronic mail. It then identifies common network devices like hubs, network interface cards, routers, connectors, and modems. It also discusses different types of computer networks including local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). The document defines different network topologies such as star, ring, and bus networks. Finally, it covers current network technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The overall goal of the module is for students to understand computer networks at a basic
This document discusses network operating systems. It begins by defining key concepts like systems, networks, and operating systems. It then introduces network operating systems, which allow users to access remote resources by logging into other machines or transferring files between computers. Example features of network operating systems are described like security, directory services, and file/print sharing. Specific network operating systems are also outlined, such as Novell NetWare, Linux, and Windows XP. The document concludes by summarizing the differences between a regular operating system and a network operating system.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh; common network devices like switches, routers and hubs; and different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client-server models and peer-to-peer networks.
This document introduces computer networking concepts. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. Network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations for connecting devices either physically or logically. The document also discusses client-server models, peer-to-peer networking, intranets vs the Internet, and network hardware and software components.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share files and resources. They include routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways, and network interface cards. Routers direct network traffic and route information between local area networks. Hubs connect devices physically but copy all data to every port. Switches intelligently send data only to the destination port, unlike hubs. Bridges connect networks using the same protocol, while gateways allow communication across different networks using protocols. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between a computer and the network.
Network attached storage (NAS) is a file storage device connected directly to a computer network that provides file-level access to stored data. NAS uses common network protocols like NFS to allow files to be accessed over the network. A NAS device contains disk storage and runs its own operating system to provide file storage functionality to clients. Benefits of NAS include easy sharing of files across a network and low cost to add additional storage capacity.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals, including definitions of common network types like LANs and WANs. It describes network topologies like bus, star, and ring configurations. Communication protocols and hardware like hubs, routers, and firewalls are defined. The roles of gateways and modems in transmitting data are also summarized.
Servers provide responses to client requests simultaneously. There are several types of servers including file servers, print servers, email servers, and database servers. File servers store and share files across a network. Print servers manage shared printers and print queues. Email servers function as virtual post offices, storing emails and implementing user rules. Database servers provide database services and functionality to other programs and computers.
Server computing involves physical computers that provide services to client computers connected to them, allowing clients to access information and resources. Servers can be hardware or software and manage network resources and service requests from clients. Common types of servers include web servers, application servers, real-time communication servers, FTP servers, name servers, database servers, game servers, media servers, and proxy servers. Servers are optimized for 24/7 operation, support multiple users and applications, and have features like multiple processors, RAM, storage, and network interfaces that make them more powerful than standard workstations.
The document provides an overview of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like computer network and network topology. It discusses why networks are needed, how they work, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It also covers topics like IP addressing, different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices, applications, and security concerns.
A computer network connects multiple computers together to share resources and information. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs) which connect computers in a small physical area like a home or office, wide area networks (WANs) which connect LANs across cities and countries, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) which connect networks across a larger region like a city. Common network topologies include star, ring, bus, and tree networks which determine how the connected computers communicate with each other.
A computer network connects multiple devices together to share resources. The main advantages of a network include resource sharing, reliable data storage through backups, and centralized storage of files. There are different types of networks including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Networks require transmission media like cables or wireless signals to connect devices and transfer data. Common network devices that help facilitate networking include network interface cards, hubs, switches, repeaters, and routers.
This ppt helps people who would like to present their industrial training presentation on Oracle 11g DBA.
This one includes all the operations that dba has to be perform and some other internal concepts of Oracle.
This document outlines the steps to configure a server and client computer on a network. It describes installing roles like Active Directory, DNS, DHCP, file services, and remote desktop on the server. It also covers configuring the client to join the domain, enable folder redirection via group policy, map a network drive, and test the connection between server and client using ping and remote desktop. The overall goal is to set up a basic client-server network environment.
This document discusses the key components of a network design process by drawing an analogy to building design. It states that a network design consists of describing the technology, topology, products, device configurations, services, vendors, locations, and general structure. It also includes network functions like security and management. Similarly, a building design needs to understand the purpose and layout, including how occupants will move and what resources they will need. The output of both processes are blueprints. A network design specifically produces blueprints, a component plan, vendor selection, equipment choice, service provider selection, and metrics. It takes architecture and analysis products as input to evaluate and produce these design outputs and layout the network.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. It allows sharing of resources like printers, files, data and information. There are three main types of networks - local area networks (LANs) within a small geographical area, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large areas like countries. Network architecture refers to the overall design of a computer network and describes how it is configured and what strategies are used. The two main architectures are client/server, where a server provides services to clients, and peer-to-peer where all computers have equal capabilities without a central server.
Personal area networks (PANs) allow communication between devices within close proximity of an individual. There are two main types of PANs - wired and wireless. Wireless PANs (WPANs) use technologies like infrared, Bluetooth, and HomeRF to connect devices within 10 meters. Common WPAN devices include PDAs, phones, and laptops. WPANs offer advantages like easy setup and portability but have limitations such as low data rates and limited range compared to wireless local area networks. WPANs can be used in education for sharing files between devices and printing wirelessly. The future of WPANs involves using human body signals to transmit data between devices.
P2P networks allow computers to share resources without a centralized server by directly connecting peers in a decentralized manner. Peers act as both suppliers and consumers of resources with access rights governed by individual machine permissions. Popular examples of P2P systems include file sharing apps like Napster and BitTorrent as well as voice chat services like Skype. While P2P networks provide advantages like low costs and ease of use, they can also be less secure and introduce challenges in maintaining version control and duplicates.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and transmission. It defines data and describes how data is communicated from a source to a receiver. It explains the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Protocols are defined as sets of rules that govern communication and their functions like data sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, and security are described. The modes of data transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex - are defined. Serial and parallel transmission methods are also explained along with asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission types.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks module. It begins by defining networks and listing the benefits of computer networks such as file sharing, sharing devices, sharing internet access, speed, cost, security, centralized software management, and electronic mail. It then identifies common network devices like hubs, network interface cards, routers, connectors, and modems. It also discusses different types of computer networks including local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). The document defines different network topologies such as star, ring, and bus networks. Finally, it covers current network technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The overall goal of the module is for students to understand computer networks at a basic
This document discusses network operating systems. It begins by defining key concepts like systems, networks, and operating systems. It then introduces network operating systems, which allow users to access remote resources by logging into other machines or transferring files between computers. Example features of network operating systems are described like security, directory services, and file/print sharing. Specific network operating systems are also outlined, such as Novell NetWare, Linux, and Windows XP. The document concludes by summarizing the differences between a regular operating system and a network operating system.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh; common network devices like switches, routers and hubs; and different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses client-server models and peer-to-peer networks.
This document introduces computer networking concepts. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. Network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations for connecting devices either physically or logically. The document also discusses client-server models, peer-to-peer networking, intranets vs the Internet, and network hardware and software components.
The document introduces computer networking by defining what a network is and listing its main advantages and disadvantages. It then discusses fundamental network classifications like LANs, WANs and MANs. It also covers intranets, the internet, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks and different network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document introduces computer networking concepts including definitions, advantages, disadvantages, classifications and topologies. It defines a network as connecting computers to share resources. Local area networks connect computers in a small area like a building, while wide area networks connect LANs across cities/countries. Key networking hardware includes network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers and switches.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking, including definitions of networking concepts and an overview of network topologies. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and disk drives. There are different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, each with their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, ease of installation and reconfiguration, and fault tolerance. The document also discusses network hardware, software, client/server models, and the roles of local, wide, and metropolitan area networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. It also defines common networking hardware like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges, routers, and switches and explains their basic functions. Finally, it introduces the concepts of local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs).
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines what a network is and discusses the purpose of sharing resources between connected computers. It describes different network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh and explains common network hardware like switches, routers, hubs and network interface cards. The document also distinguishes between local, wide and metropolitan area networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking. It defines a network as two or more connected computers that can share resources. It discusses network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. It also covers network hardware and software components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and routers. The document provides an overview of networking fundamentals.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains that networks allow computers to share resources like files, printers, and storage. It then covers network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh and describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. The document also discusses network hardware and software components like network interface cards, repeaters, hubs, bridges and routers. Finally, it distinguishes between intranets, which are private networks within an organization, and the public Internet.
This document provides information about computer networking including definitions, components, types, and concepts. It defines a computer network as two or more connected computers that allow people to share files, printers, and other resources. There are two main types of networks based on architecture: client-server networks with a dedicated server and peer-to-peer networks without hierarchy. Other key topics covered include network topologies (bus, star, ring, etc.), transmission media (guided, unguided), protocols, and modes of communication (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex).
This document provides an introduction to computer networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses why networking is important. It also covers network classifications including LAN, WAN, MAN, peer-to-peer, client-server, and intranet/internet. Additionally, it describes common network topologies such as bus, star, ring, and mesh and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including different network topologies, types of networks, and common networking devices. It discusses peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Topologies covered include ring, bus, star, mesh, and tree. Wide area networks and local area networks are defined. Common networking devices like repeaters, bridges, routers, switches, and network interface cards are also explained.
1. The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including network topologies, hardware, and protocols. It defines local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It also discusses network interfaces, switches, hubs, bridges, and routers.
2. The different network topologies - bus, star, ring, and mesh - are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. Star and bus are most common due to being cheap and easy to install while providing fault tolerance.
3. Switches are more intelligent than hubs and allow each connected device to achieve full bandwidth, while hubs share bandwidth between all devices.
This document discusses data networking and communications. It defines telecommunications as technologies that allow information to be distributed at a distance with little delay. Computer networks like LANs, MANs, and WANs interconnect devices. LANs are small networks within a building or area, while WANs connect over large distances like between cities. The document also describes different network topologies (bus, ring, star), transmission mediums (coaxial cable, twisted pair, fiber optic), and network devices (hubs, routers, bridges, switches).
This document provides information on different types of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus area networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), home area networks (HANs), intranets, and extranets. It also covers topics like server-based networks, client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks, topologies (such as star, mesh, bus, ring, and tree), protocols (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI), network media (twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, wireless), and network devices (hubs, switches, bridges, routers,
Lecture 1_Introduction to Networking_1.pptflyinimohamed
This document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals. It defines what a network is, discusses different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid, and describes the roles of clients and servers. The key types of networks covered are local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Advantages and disadvantages of different network classifications and topologies are also summarized.
A computer network connects independent computers that communicate over a shared network medium. The basic components of a network include at least two computers (servers or clients), networking interface cards, a connection medium like cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including LANs, WANs, intranets, and the Internet. The OSI model defines seven layers of network functionality from the physical layer up to the application layer. TCP/IP is an open networking model used on the Internet with layers including physical, internet, and transport layers.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
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1. Introduction To Computer Network
A Presentation On
“ Computer Networks ”
Presented By…
Mr. Milind N. Prajapat
Institute
G.H. Raisoni Polytechnic, Jalgaon
3. Introduction To Computer Network
Objective:
To be acquainted with:
The definitions of networking
Network topology
Network peripherals, hardware and software
4. Introduction to computer networking
Objective:
To be acquainted with:
The definitions of networking
Network topology
Network peripherals, hardware and software
5. Definitions
1.1 Network Definition
A network can be defined as two or more
computers connected together in such a way
that they can share resources.
The purpose of a network is to share
resources.
6. Definitions (cont..)
A resource may be:
A file
A folder
A printer
A disk drive
Or just about anything else that exists on
a computer.
7. Definitions (cont..)
A network is simply a collection of computers or
other hardware devices that are connected
together, either physically or logically, using
special hardware and software, to allow them to
exchange information and cooperate. Networking
is the term that describes the processes involved
in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing
and otherwise working with networks and network
technologies.
8. Advantages of networking
Connectivity and Communication
Data Sharing
Hardware Sharing
Internet Access
Internet Access Sharing
Data Security and Management
Performance Enhancement and Balancing
Entertainment
9. The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking
Network Hardware, Software and Setup
Costs
Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
Undesirable Sharing
Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
Data Security Concerns
10. Fundamental Network Classifications
Local Area Networks (LANs):
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a
home, office, or group of buildings
Wide Area Networks (WANs):
Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network
whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Or, less
formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links
The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and
computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
o A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer
resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area
network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term is
applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may
then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also used to mean the
interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter
usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.
14. Intranet and Internet Specifications
Intranet: An intranet is a private network that is contained within
an enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area
networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols and
in general looks like a private version of the Internet. With
tunneling, companies can send private messages through the
public network, using the public network with special
encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect
one part of their intranet to another.
Internet: is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network
of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and
sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).
15. Client and Server computer role in
networking
Server computer is a core component of the network,
providing a link to the resources necessary to perform
any task.
A server computer provides a link to the resources
necessary to perform any task.
The link it provides could be to a resource existing on
the server itself or a resource on a client computer.
Client computers normally request and receive
information over the network client. Client computers
also depends primarily on the central server for
processing activities
16. Peer-to peer network
A peer-to-peer network is a network where the
computers act as both workstations and servers.
great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks.
In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every
computer is an equal, a peer in the network.
Each machine can have resources that are shared
with any other machine.
There is no assigned role for any particular device,
and each of the devices usually runs similar software.
Any device can and will send requests to any other.
18. Client/Server Networking
In this design, a small number of
computers are designated as centralized
servers and given the task of providing
services to a larger number of user
machines called clients
20. Network topology
A topology is a way of “laying out” the
network. Topologies can be either
physical or logical.
Physical topologies describe how the
cables are run.
Logical topologies describe how the
network messages travel
21. Network topology (cont.)
Bus (can be both logical and physical)
Star (physical only)
Ring (can be both logical and physical)
Mesh (can be both logical and physical)
22. Network topology (cont.)
Bus
A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a
single cable that runs to every workstation
This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but
also covers the shortest amount of distance.
Each computer shares the same data and address
path. With a logical bus topology, messages pass
through the trunk, and each workstation checks to see
if the message is addressed to itself. If the address of
the message matches the workstation’s address, the
network adapter copies the message to the card’s on-
board memory.
23. Network topology (cont.)
it is difficult to add a workstation
have to completely reroute the cable and
possibly run two additional lengths of it.
if any one of the cables breaks, the
entire network is disrupted. Therefore, it
is very expensive to maintain.
25. Network topology (cont.)
Star Topology
A physical star topology branches each network
device off a central device called a hub, making it very
easy to add a new workstation.
Also, if any workstation goes down it does not affect
the entire network. (But, as you might expect, if the
central device goes down, the entire network goes
down.)
Some types of Ethernet and ARCNet use a physical
star topology. Figure 8.7 gives an example of the
organization of the star network.
26. Network topology (cont.)
Star topologies are easy to install. A
cable is run from each workstation to the
hub. The hub is placed in a central
location in the office.
Star topologies are more expensive to
install than bus networks, because there
are several more cables that need to be
installed, plus the cost of the hubs that
are needed.
28. Network topology (cont.)
Ring
Each computer connects to two other
computers, joining them in a circle creating a
unidirectional path where messages move
workstation to workstation.
Each entity participating in the ring reads a
message, then regenerates it and hands it to
its neighbor on a different network cable.
29. Network topology (cont.)
The ring makes it difficult to add new
computers.
Unlike a star topology network, the ring
topology network will go down if one
entity is removed from the ring.
Physical ring topology systems don’t
exist much anymore, mainly because the
hardware involved was fairly expensive
and the fault tolerance was very low.
31. Network topology (cont.)
Mesh
The mesh topology is the simplest logical topology in terms of
data flow, but it is the most complex in terms of physical design.
In this physical topology, each device is connected to every other
device
This topology is rarely found in LANs, mainly because of the
complexity of the cabling.
If there are x computers, there will be (x × (x–1)) ÷ 2 cables in the
network. For example, if you have five computers in a mesh
network, it will use 5 × (5 – 1) ÷ 2, which equals 10 cables. This
complexity is compounded when you add another workstation.
For example, your five-computer, 10-cable network will jump to
15 cables just by adding one more computer. Imagine how the
person doing the cabling would feel if you told them you had to
cable 50 computers in a mesh network—they’d have to come up
with 50 × (50 – 1) ÷ 2 = 1225 cables!
32. Network topology (cont.)
Because of its design, the physical mesh topology is very
expensive to install and maintain.
Cables must be run from each device to every other device. The
advantage you gain from it is its high fault tolerance.
With a logical mesh topology, however, there will always be a
way of getting the data from source to destination.
It may not be able to take the direct route, but it can take an
alternate, indirect route. It is for this reason that the mesh
topology is still found in WANs to connect multiple sites across
WAN links. It uses devices called routers to search multiple
routes through the mesh and determine the best path.
However, the mesh topology does become inefficient with five or
more entities.
34. Network topology (cont.)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies
Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure.
Break in bus disables
entire network.
Star Cheap. Easy to install.
Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
More expensive than bus.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult.
Very expensive.
Mesh Simplest. Most fault tolerant. Reconfiguration extremely difficult.
Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
36. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
NIC provides the physical interface between computer and
cabling.
It prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data. It can
also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU to
understand.
The following factors should be taken into consideration when
choosing a NIC:
1. - Preparing data
2. - Sending and controlling data
3. - Configuration
4. - Drivers
5. - Compatibility
6. - Performance
37. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Preparing Data
In the computer, data moves along buses in parallel,
as on a four-lane interstate highway. But on a network
cable, data travels in a single stream, as on a one lane
highway. This difference can cause problems
transmitting and receiving data, because the paths
traveled are not the same.
It is the NIC’s job to translate the data from the
computer into signals that can flow easily along the
cable.
It does this by translating digital signals into electrical
signals (and in the case of fiber-optic NICs, to optical
signals).
38. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Sending and Controlling Data
For two computers to send and receive data, the cards must
agree on several things. These include the following:
- The maximum size of the data frames
- The amount of data sent before giving
confirmation
- The time needed between transmissions
- The amount of time needed to wait before sending
confirmation
- The amount of data a card can hold
- The speed at which data transmits
In order to successfully send data on the network, you need to
make sure the network cards are of the same type and they are
connected to the same piece of cable.
39. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Configuration
The NIC’s configuration includes things like a
manufacturer’s hardware address, IRQ
address, Base I/O port address, and base
memory address. Some may also use DMA
channels to offer better performance.
Each card must have a unique hardware
address. If two cards have the same hardware
addresses, neither one of them will be able to
communicate.
40. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Drivers
For the computer to use the network
interface card, it is very important to
install the proper device drivers.
These drivers communicate directly with
the network redirector and adapter. They
operate in the Media Access Control
sublayer of the Data Link layer of the
OSI model.
41. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Compatibility
When choosing a NIC, use one that fits
the bus type of your PC. If you have
more than one type of bus in your PC
(for example, a combination ISA/PCI),
use an NIC that fits into the fastest type
(the PCI, in this case).
This is especially important in servers, as
the NIC can very quickly become a
bottleneck if this guideline isn’t followed.
42. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Performance
The most important goal of the network
adapter card is to optimize network
performance and minimize the amount of
time needed to transfer data packets
across the network.
There are several ways of doing this,
including assigning a DMA channel, use
of a shared memory adapter, and
deciding to allow bus mastering.
43. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Repeaters
Repeaters are very simple devices. They allow a cabling system
to extend beyond its maximum allowed length by amplifying the
network voltages so they travel farther.
Repeaters are nothing more than amplifiers and, as such, are
very inexpensive.
Repeaters can only be used to regenerate signals between
similar network segments.
For example, we can extend an Ethernet 10Base2 network to 400
meters with a repeater. But can’t connect an Ethernet and Token
Ring network together with one.
The main disadvantage to repeaters is that they just amplify
signals. These signals not only include the network signals, but
any noise on the wire as well.
Eventually, if you use enough repeaters, you could possibly
drown out the signal with the amplified noise. For this reason,
repeaters are used only as a temporary fix.
45. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Hubs
Hubs are devices used to link several computers
together.
They repeat any signal that comes in on one port and
copy it to the other ports (a process that is also called
broadcasting).
There are two types of hubs: active and passive.
Passive hubs simply connect all ports together
electrically and are usually not powered.
Active hubs use electronics to amplify and clean up
the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.
In the category of active hubs, there is also a class
called “intelligent” hubs, which are hubs that can be
remotely managed on the network.
47. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Bridges
They join similar topologies and are used to divide network
segments.
For example, with 200 people on one Ethernet segment, the
performance will be mediocre, because of the design of Ethernet
and the number of workstations that are fighting to transmit. If you
divide the segment into two segments of 100 workstations each,
the traffic will be much lower on either side and performance will
increase.
If it is aware of the destination address, it is able to forward
packets; otherwise a bridge will forward the packets to all
segments. They are more intelligent than repeaters but are
unable to move data across multiple networks simultaneously.
Unlike repeaters, bridges can filter out noise.
The main disadvantage to bridges is that they can’t connect
dissimilar network types or perform intelligent path selection. For
that function, you would need a router.
49. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Routers
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple
network types and determine the best path for sending data.
The advantage of using a router over a bridge is that routers can
determine the best path that data can take to get to its
destination.
Like bridges, they can segment large networks and can filter out
noise.
However, they are slower than bridges because they are more
intelligent devices; as such, they analyze every packet, causing
packet-forwarding delays. Because of this intelligence, they are
also more expensive.
Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
Typically, when a WAN is set up, there will be at least two routers
used.
51. Hardware, Software and Networks Peripherals (cont.)
Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network
segments.
Low-end network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch
contains more "intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a network hub.
Network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it
appropriately.
By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a
network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better
performance than a hub.
A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all the nodes connected to
a hub share the bandwidth among themselves, while a device connected to a
switch port has the full bandwidth all to itself.
For example, if 10 nodes are communicating using a hub on a 10-Mbps network,
then each node may only get a portion of the 10 Mbps if other nodes on the hub
want to communicate as well. .
But with a switch, each node could possibly communicate at the full 10 Mbps.
53. Conclusion
Here we studied about “ What is
Computer Network.
Also, we studied about “The
classification of n/w, the n/w topolgies
and networking devices.