The document discusses reducing maternal deaths by addressing the three delays that prevent women from receiving timely emergency obstetric care: delay in deciding to seek care, reaching care, and receiving care. Interventions like skilled birth attendance, emergency obstetric care in well-equipped facilities, and improving access through community education and mobilization have been shown to significantly reduce maternal and newborn mortality when comprehensively implemented. A multi-pronged approach is needed that addresses both supply of and demand for quality maternal healthcare services.
Maternal and Neonatal morbidity and MortalityBPKIHS
It deals with:
Introduction
International Perspectives
National Status
Complication during Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum period including Neonatal Problems
Causes of Maternal and neonatal mortality
Framework of determinants of maternal mortality
Three delay model
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH, national scheme, RCH, Maternal health, neonate, maternal and child health, Family planning program, Child survival & safe motherhood program, Components of RCH , Adolescent health care and family life education,
Maternal and Neonatal morbidity and MortalityBPKIHS
It deals with:
Introduction
International Perspectives
National Status
Complication during Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum period including Neonatal Problems
Causes of Maternal and neonatal mortality
Framework of determinants of maternal mortality
Three delay model
REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH, national scheme, RCH, Maternal health, neonate, maternal and child health, Family planning program, Child survival & safe motherhood program, Components of RCH , Adolescent health care and family life education,
The maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age. It captures the likelihood of both becoming pregnant and dying during pregnancy (including deaths up to six weeks after delivery).
An initiative of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare to leverage information technology for ensuring delivery of full spectrum of healthcare and immunization services to pregnant women and children up to 5 years of age.
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
The maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age. It captures the likelihood of both becoming pregnant and dying during pregnancy (including deaths up to six weeks after delivery).
An initiative of Ministry of Health & Family Welfare to leverage information technology for ensuring delivery of full spectrum of healthcare and immunization services to pregnant women and children up to 5 years of age.
Launched by the ministry of health & family welfare, government of India, under the national health mission.
It envisages Child Health Screening and Early Intervention Services
Should Traditional Birth Attendants Conduct Deliveries?nyayahealth
Talk given by Nyaya member Dr. Sheela Maru at Boston Medical Center's Obstetrics-Gynecology Resident Grand Rounds in February, 16, 2011. She discusses her experiences with traditional bith attendants in rural Kutch, Gujarat, some of the evidence for their roles in safe deliveries, and the implications for global policy in places like Kutch and Achham.
Maternal Health Care Utilization and Subsequent Contraceptive UseMEASURE Evaluation
Findings from research conducted using secondary data from Kenya and Zambia to determine if there is a causal relationship between maternal health care utlization and susequent contraceptive use.
Project Postnatal: Increasing access to life saving postnatal care in HaitiAdmin-MFH
Only 1% of mothers and infants were receiving critical postnatal care at Hospital Ste. Therese in Haiti prior to the launch of the Postnatal Care Program by Midwives For Haiti. See the astonishing results and how your support will save more lives.
Family planning is one that allows families to decide both the number of children they want to have and the time they decide to have them; This is done through the use of birth control, and is currently considered as a right.
The birth control used to effectively achieve family planning will depend on the time interval between pregnancies and the number of children, for example: a woman decides to have her first child within two years, so she decides to take care of herself Using a hormonal birth control; When it is about to fulfill that time, suspends the use of the contraceptive, and obtains the conception. Your second child, you want to have it within 3 years, and for that, the subdermal implant is placed. When conceiving his second child, I decide to have the tubal ligation done, which is a permanent method of contraception.
Health Problems & Health Needs of Mothers and ChildrenDrTundeAjibola
This lecture comes under the purview of Maternal & Child Health and focus on the health problems and needs of both mothers and children. It is an overview.
Delay in decision to seek care, Delay in reaching care, Delay in receiving care,these three phases of delay rarely operate in isolation, and delay leading to maternal death is often multifactorial. Indeed the factors are likely to be interactive and multiplicative. Thus barriers and poor care encountered at Phase 2 and 3 feed back into subsequent decision-making at Phase 1. Interventions to reduce maternal mortality must address each of the Three Delays in order to have the greatest effect.
Improve quality and increase access to family planning and maternal health care services
Educate couples to ensure they have the best chance for a wanted and safe pregnancy
Safe motherhood is one of the important components of Reproductive Health. It means ensuring that all women receive the care they need, to be safe and healthy throughout pregnancy and childbirth. It is the ability of a mother to have safe & healthy pregnancy & child birth.
I am a student who graduated with bachelor of science in midwifery from Lira University and a master degree in microbiology from Kampala International University
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. What Is Maternal Death? The death of a woman while she is pregnant … From any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy World Health Organization (WHO) within 42 days of the termination of the pregnancy… … or…
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6. India & WB- Neonatal Mortality Source-SRS Annual Report 2009 INDICATOR INDIA WEST BENGAL Infant Mortality Rate 50 33 Neonatal Mortality Rate 34 25 Early Neonatal Mortality Rate 27 19 Perinatal Mortality Rate 35 30 Under-5 Mortality Rate 64 40
7. What Do Women Die Of? They Die of Obstetric Complications that Need Not Be Fatal
8. Causes of Maternal Death Infection 14.9% Hemorrhage 24.8% Indirect causes 19.8% Other direct causes 7.9% Unsafe abortion 12.9% Obstructed labor 6.9% Eclampsia 12.9%
9. WHERE DO WOMEN DIE TODAY? 99% of Maternal Deaths Today Occur in Africa, Asia and Latin America
10. Most Obstetric Complications Occur Suddenly If women do not receive medical treatment on time, they will probably suffer disability… Or Die Without Warning
23. Maternal Mortality: UK 1840 – 1960 Improvements in nutrition, sanitation Antibiotics, banked blood, surgical improvements Antenatal care
24. Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 live births % Skilled Attendant at Delivery Source : Safe Motherhood Initiative website and Maternal Mortality in 1995: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA 2001. Relationship between Skilled Attendant at Delivery and MMR for countries with MMR<500
25. Source : Safe Motherhood Initiative website and Maternal Mortality in 1995: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA 2001. Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 live births % Skilled Attendant at Delivery Relationship between Skilled Attendant at Delivery and MMR for countries with MMR>500
26. Good Quality Maternity Services Will Save the Lives of Newborns AbouZahr and Wardlaw 2001.
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29. How Can We Improve Access to EmOC? By making sure health facilities provide the services needed to save women’s lives. Eight key functions “signal” a facility’s ability to provide EmOC
EmOC Learning Resource Package For each woman who dies during pregnancy, 30 women suffer complications. Initiatives should include: Family planning Management of complications of abortion Management of complications of pregnancy and childbirth
EmOC Learning Resource Package
EmOC Learning Resource Package Review of the past interventions: Traditional birth attendants and antenatal care still play a role, but the role needs clarification.
EmOC Learning Resource Package Wide use of antenatal care in UK, US and Australia. Still, maternal mortality in US was 700/100.000 in 1940s.
EmOC Learning Resource Package Risk screening is another intervention that has been used. It is problematic because only about 10 – 15% of women who are thought to be “at risk” for a complication actually go on to have a problem. And most women who do develop complications have no risk factors. If “risk factors” are ruled out, the patient and provider develop a false sense of security, and are then not prepared when complications arise. All women, therefore, should be considered at risk.
EmOC Learning Resource Package
EmOC Learning Resource Package Midwifery skills: Provision of emergency obstetric care. Untrained birth attendants are unable to provide emergency obstetric care.
EmOC Learning Resource Package
EmOC Learning Resource Package Other interventions can make a difference, but not as substantial as skilled providers. For example, in this graph, the implementation of antenatal care did not reduce maternal mortality in the UK. Improvements came only with skilled providers who could provide surgical intervention if needed, and who had access to and could use appropriate antibiotics and blood products. Nevertheless, antenatal care remains an important intervention in maternal care because it provides an opportunity to detect problems and to be prepared to handle them.
EmOC Learning Resource Package A skilled provider should have a good range of skills, be able to identify problems, recognize complications early, be able to perform essential basic interventions and make referrals to appropriate levels of care when necessary.