This document discusses satellite orbits and mechanics. It describes the components of satellites, including subsystems for telemetry, power, attitude control, and communications. There are three main types of orbits - equatorial, inclined, and polar. The speed and radius of a satellite's orbit are determined by gravitational forces. There is an equation that relates the orbital period to the radius. A geosynchronous orbit allows a satellite to orbit at the same rate as the Earth's rotation, remaining fixed over one position.

1. COMT 391 1
Satellite Basics
COMT 391 Wireless

2. COMT 391 2
Satellite Components
• Satellite Subsystems
– Telemetry, Tracking, and Control
– Electrical Power and Thermal Control
– Attitude Control
– Communications Subsystem

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Satellite Orbits
• Equatorial
• Inclined
• Polar

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Orbital Mechanics
Without
Force
Gravity
Effect of
Gravity

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Here’s the Math…
• Gravity depends on the mass of the
earth, the mass of the satellite, and the
distance between the center of the earth
and the satellite
• For a satellite traveling in a circle, the
speed of the satellite and the radius of
the circle determine the force (of
gravity) needed to maintain the orbit

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But…
• The radius of the orbit is also the
distance from the center of the earth.
• For each orbit the amount of gravity
available is therefore fixed
• That in turn means that the speed at
which the satellite travels is determined
by the orbit

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Let’s look in a Physics Book…
• From what we have deduced so far,
there has to be an equation that relates
the orbit and the speed of the satellite:
T = 2π
r3
4 ⋅1014
T is the time for one full revolution around the orbit, in seconds
r is the radius of the orbit, in meters, including the radius of the
earth (6.38x106
m).

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The Most Common Example
• “Height” of the orbit = 22,300 mile
• That is 36,000km = 3.6x107
m
• The radius of the orbit is
3.6x107
m + 6.38x106
m = 4.2x107
m
• Put that into the formula and …

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The Geosynchronous Orbit
• The answer is T = 86,000 sec (rounded)
• 86,000 sec = 1,433 min = 24hours
(rounded)
• The satellite needs 1 day to complete an
orbit
• Since the earth turns once per day, the
satellite moves with the surface of the
earth.

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Assignment
• How long does a Low Earth Orbit
Satellite need for one orbit at a height of
200miles = 322km = 3.22x105
m
• Do this:
– Add the radius of the earth, 6.38x106
m
– Compute T from the formula
– Change T to minutes or hours
T = 2π
r3
4 ⋅1014

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GEO Coverage
• Altitude is about 6 times the earth’s
radius
• Three satellite can cover the surface of
the earth

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Orbit Examples
• Geostationary
– Equatorial and Geosynchronous
• Inclined Geosynchonous
– Satellite moves north/south relative to the
earth station
• Polar LEO
– Satellite group covers the entire earth

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LEOS Coverage
• Altitude is 1/6 of the earth’s radius

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Communication Frequencies
• Uplink (Earth to Satellite)
– C Band: around 6 GHz
– Ku Band: around 14 GHz
– Ka Band: around 30 GHz
• Downlink (Satellite to Earth)
– C Band: around 4 GHz
– Ku Band: around 12 GHz
– Ka Band: around 20 GHz