This document provides an overview of satellite communications and orbital mechanics. It discusses the key forces that act on satellites in stable orbits, including centrifugal force and gravitational attraction. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are also summarized. The document outlines different types of satellite orbits, orbital parameters, and how to calculate look angles to track a satellite's position from an earth station. It describes the general architecture of satellite communication systems, including the space segment consisting of the satellite and ground control station, as well as different types of ground terminals.
Contact: Facebook URL: fb.com/sajidhasanrawnak
This Slides will answer the following Questions-
What is Orbit?
Different types of orbit used in Satellite System? Explain each of them in brief.
Familiarization of different orbital parameters defining the satellite orbit with detail description.
Basic principles of orbiting satellites - Kepler’s Laws
What is eccentricity? How it is characterized the shape of an orbit?
What is orbital period? Derivation of orbital period. Explain how eccentricity and flattening plays a vital role to visualized the shape of earth?
What is Injection Velocity? How it affects the Resulting Satellite Trajectories?
Conditions required to become a geostationary satellite?
Slant Range.
Line-of-sight distance between two satellites.
This notes helps one to acquire noteable knowledege in the field of satellite geodesy. It also includes the moevement of satellites in orbit, how they communicate with people on earth. This satellites communicate using GPS receivers which are placed on earth. Waves are sent and these waces contain data.
project related work hhhahahahhahhvsqaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaayhhsyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
Contact: Facebook URL: fb.com/sajidhasanrawnak
This Slides will answer the following Questions-
What is Orbit?
Different types of orbit used in Satellite System? Explain each of them in brief.
Familiarization of different orbital parameters defining the satellite orbit with detail description.
Basic principles of orbiting satellites - Kepler’s Laws
What is eccentricity? How it is characterized the shape of an orbit?
What is orbital period? Derivation of orbital period. Explain how eccentricity and flattening plays a vital role to visualized the shape of earth?
What is Injection Velocity? How it affects the Resulting Satellite Trajectories?
Conditions required to become a geostationary satellite?
Slant Range.
Line-of-sight distance between two satellites.
This notes helps one to acquire noteable knowledege in the field of satellite geodesy. It also includes the moevement of satellites in orbit, how they communicate with people on earth. This satellites communicate using GPS receivers which are placed on earth. Waves are sent and these waces contain data.
project related work hhhahahahhahhvsqaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaayhhsyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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3. ORBITAL MECHANICS
• According to Newton's law of motion F=ma.
– Where a = acceleration, F= force acting on the object and m= mass of the
object.
• (F=ma) states that the force acting on a body is equal to the mass of the body
multiplied by the resulting acceleration of the body.
• Thus, for a given force, the lighter the mass of the body, the higher the
acceleration will be.
• When in a stable orbit, there are two main forces acting on a satellite:
– a centrifugal force due to the kinetic energy of the satellite, which attempts
to fling the satellite into a higher orbit,
– a centripetal force due to gravitational attraction of the planet about which
the satellite is orbiting, which attempts to pull the satellite towards the
planet.
• If these two forces are equal the satellite remains in a stable orbit.
3
4. • The standard acceleration due to gravity at the earth
surface is 981 cm/s 2
.
• The value decreases with height above the earth’s
surface. The acceleration, a, due to gravity at a
distance r from the centre of the earth is
5. The general characteristics of satellite orbits
Competing forces act on the
satellite;
-gravity tends to pull the satellite in
towards the earth.
-orbital velocity tends to pull the
satellite away from the earth.
The gravitational force, Fin
, and the
angular velocity force, Fout
, can be
represented as
5
7. ❖ Kepler’s laws of planetary motion apply to any
two bodies in space that interact through
gravitation.
❖ The laws of motion are described through three
fundamental principles.
1- Kepler’s First Law, as it applies to artificial
satellite orbits, can be simply stated as follows:
‘the path followed by a satellite around the earth
will be an ellipse, with the center of mass of
earth as one of the two focii of the ellipse.’
Kepler’s laws
2- Kepler’s Second Law can likewise be simply
stated as follows: ‘for equal time intervals, the
satellite sweeps out equal areas in the orbital
plane.’
7
8. Kepler’s laws
3- Kepler’s Third Law is as follows: ‘the square of
the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the
cube of the mean distance between the two bodies
If the orbit is circular, then a=r
8
9. Ex: circular orbit
9
Calculate the radius of a circular orbit for
which the period is 1-day.
The mean motion, in rad/day, is:
10. Ex: Geostationary Orbit
❑ If the orbit radius is chosen so that the period of revolution of the satellite is exactly
set to the period of the earth’s rotation, one mean sidereal day, a unique satellite orbit
is defined.
❑ In addition, if the orbit is circular (eccentricity=0), and the orbit is in the equatorial
plane (inclination angle=0◦), the satellite will appear to hover motionless above the
earth at the Sub satellite point above the equator. This important special orbit is the
geostationary earth orbit (GEO).
where T=1 mean sidereal day=86 164.09 s 10
11. Geostationary Orbit
where T=1 mean sidereal day=86 164.09 s
The geostationary height (altitude
above the earth’s surface), hS
, is then
where rE
= equatorial earth radius =6378 km.
The value of hS
is often rounded to
36 000 km for use in orbital calculations.
11
14. • The inclination angle θ;
– Is the angle between the orbital plane
and the earth’s equatorial plane.
• A satellite that is in an orbit with some
inclination angle is in an inclined orbit.
• A satellite that is in an orbit in the
equatorial plane (inclination angle = 0⁰) is
in an equatorial orbit.
• A satellite that has an inclination angle 0f
90⁰ is in an polar orbit.
• The orbit may be elliptical or circular,
depend on the orbital velocity and the
direction of motion imparted to the
satellite on insertion into orbit
14
Orbital Parameters
15. ❑ An orbit in which the satellite moves in
the same direction as the earth’s
rotation is called a prograde orbit.
❑ The inclination angle of a prograde orbit
is between 0◦ and 90◦.
❑ A satellite in a retrograde orbit moves in
a direction opposite (counter to) the
earth’s rotation, with an inclination
angle between 90◦ and 180◦.
15
Orbital Parameters
16. ❑Most satellites are launched in a
prograde orbit, because the earth’s
rotational velocity enhances the
satellite’s orbital velocity, reducing
the amount of energy required to
launch and place the satellite in
orbit.
16
Orbital Parameters
17. ❑ Orbital elements defines the set of
parameters needed to uniquely
specify the location of an orbiting
satellite.
❑ The minimum number of parameters
required is six:
• Eccentricity;
• Semi-Major Axis;
• Time of Perigee;(Mean anomaly (M0
)
• Right Ascension of Ascending Node;
• Inclination Angle;
• Argument of Perigee.
17
Orbital Parameters
19. LOOK ANGLE DETERMINATION
• Calculated by considering the elliptical orbit
• These angles change in order to track the satellite (in
NGEO orbits)
20. Sub satellite point
• The following information is
needed to determine the look
angles of geostationary orbit
– Earth Station Latitude
– Earth Station Longitude
– Sub-Satellite Point’s
Longitude
– ES: Position of Earth Station
– SS: Sub-Satellite Point
– S: Satellite
– Range from ES to S
– Angle to be determined
23. Azimuth Angle Calculation for GEO Satellites
• Geo
– SUB-SATELLITE POINT
• Equatorial plane, Latitude Ls = 0
• Longitude ls
– EARTH STATION LOCATION
• Latitude Le
• Longitude le
28. Step 2) Determine the earth radius at the
earth station, R, for the calculation of the
range
28
Satellite &Earth-Station Location
Step 1) Determine the differential longitude, B ,
32. Elements of Satellite Communications Systems
General architecture of Satellite Communication
The satellite communications portion is
broken down into two areas or
segments: the space segment and the
ground (or earth) segment.
33. Space Segment
• The space segment includes the satellite (or satellites) in orbit in the system, and the
ground station that provides the operational control of the satellite(s) in orbit.
• The ground station is variously referred to as the Tracking, Telemetry, Command
(TT&C) or the
• Tracking, Telemetry, Command and Monitoring (TTC&M) station.
• The TTC&M station provides essential spacecraft management and control functions
to keep the satellite operating safely in orbit.
• The TTC&M links between the spacecraft and the ground are usually separate from
the user communications links.
• TTC&M links may operate in the same frequency bands or in other bands.
• TTC&M is most often accomplished through a separate earth terminal facility
specifically designed for the complex operations required to maintain a spacecraft in
orbit.
34. Satellite Control Centre function
• Tracking of the satellite
• Receiving data
• Eclipse management of satellite
• Commanding the Satellite for station keeping.
• Determining Orbital parameters from Tracking and Ranging
data
• Switching ON/OFF of different subsystems as per the
operational requirements
35. Ground segment
• The ground segment terminals consist of three basic
types:
– fixed (in-place) terminals;
– transportable terminals;
– mobile terminals.
36. • Fixed terminals are designed to access the satellite
while fixed in-place on the ground
– Examples : small terminals used in private
networks (VSATs), or terminals mounted on
residence buildings used to receive broadcast
satellite signals.
37. • Transportable terminals are
designed to be movable,
but once on location
remain fixed during
transmissions to the
satellite.
– Examples : satellite news
gathering (SGN) trucks,
which move to locations,
stop in place, and then
deploy an antenna to
establish links to the
satellite.
38. • Mobile terminals are designed
to communicate with the
satellite while in motion.
– They are further defined as
land mobile, aeronautical
mobile, or maritime
mobile, depending on their
locations on or near the
earth surface.
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