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2. What constitutes a war crime?
Reference News:-
An International Criminal Court prosecutor has launched an investigation on the “situation in
Ukraine” following Russia’s invasion.
 There is a reasonable basis to believe that both alleged war crimes and crimes against
humanity have been committed in Ukraine since 2014.
What’s the issue?
ICC had received many queries “with respect to the crime of aggression” but could not exercise
“jurisdiction over this alleged crime” as neither Russia nor Ukraine were signatories to ICC’s
founding Rome Statute.
 But, now ICC believes that it has has jurisdiction because Ukraine had twice accepted the
court’s mandate, once in 2014 after Russia’s annexation of Crimea, and again in 2015, when
it recognised the court’s jurisdiction for “an indefinite duration”.
Has Russia committed war crimes in Ukraine?
 On the morning of February 28th, Russian Grad missiles rained death on the centre of
Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second largest city.
 Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukraine’s president, said the missiles were deliberately targeted at
civilians and described the attack as a war crime.
What is a war crime?
According to the United Nations, a war crime is a serious breach of international law committed
against civilians or “enemy combatants” during an international or domestic armed conflict.
In contrast with genocide and crimes against humanity, war crimes have to occur in the context of
armed conflict.
Geneva Conventions:
The meaning of war crimes was clarified in the four 1949 Geneva Conventions.
 Article 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention defines war crimes as “wilful killing, torture or
inhuman treatment, including wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or
health, unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a protected person
taking of hostages and extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by
military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly”.
ICC developments:
The Rome Statute of the ICC expanded the list of crimes that constitute war crimes. The statute,
for example, recognises forced pregnancy as a war crime.

3. Proportionality, distinction and precaution:
The three main pillars of humanitarian law are the principles of distinction, proportionality and
precaution. If any or all of these principles are violated, it could be found that a war crime has been
committed.
CAATSA waiver:
Reference News:-
With tensions escalating between Russia and the West over the Ukraine crisis, India, which has
major defence cooperation with Moscow and also with Kyiv, faces uncertainty over timely
deliveries in the near future in addition to the lingering threat of U.S. sanctions under CAATSA
(Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act) over the S-400 deal.
What’s the concern?
In the past, tensions between Russia and Ukraine had considerably delayed the modernisation of
the AN-32 transport fleet of the Indian Air Force (IAF).
 So, the latest concern is that this war could result in delays in deliveries from Russia both
due to their own domestic commitments as well the sanctions imposed by the West.
Overview of India – Russia military trade:
While Russia has been a traditional military supplier sharing platforms and technologies that others
wouldn’t, the cooperation has further deepened in recent years.
 For instance, with the $5.43bn deal S-400 air defence systems as well as other big ticket
deals, the defence trade between the two countries has crossed $15bn since 2018.
 Even today, over 60% of Indian military inventory is of Russian origin, especially with respect
to fighter jets, tanks, helicopters and submarines among others, while several major deals
are in the pipeline.
India had also signed a separate deal with Ukraine for eight Zorya-Mashproekt gas turbine engines
for the frigates.
 Ukraine is also upgrading over 100 An-32 transport aircraft of the IAF under a deal finalized
in 2009.
What is the S-400 air defence missile system? Why does India need it?
The S-400 Triumf is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by Russia.
 It is the most dangerous operationally deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR SAM) in the
world, considered much ahead of the US-developed Terminal High Altitude Area Defense
system (THAAD).

4. What is CAATSA, and how did the S-400 deal fall foul of this Act?
 Countering America’s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA)‘s core objective is to
counter Iran, Russia and North Korea through punitive measures.
 Enacted in 2017.
 Includes sanctions against countries that engage in significant transactions with Russia’s
defence and intelligence sectors.
What sanctions will be imposed?
1. prohibition on loans to the sanctioned person.
2. prohibition of Export-Import bank assistance for exports to sanctioned persons.
3. prohibition on procurement by United States Government to procure goods or services
from the sanctioned person.
4. denial of visas to persons closely associated with the sanctioned person.

5. Significance of the deal:
The S-400 decision is a very strong example of how advanced our defence and strategic
partnership is, and how strong Indian sovereignty is, to choose its international partners, especially
when it comes to issues of national interest and national security.
Artemis Program:
Reference News:-
NASA’s first crewed landing of the Artemis program on the moon is expected to take place in 2026.
Meanwhile, NASA will launch Artemis 1 in May 2022.
 Reasons for the delay: NASA said it needed time to develop and test the human landing
system and NASA’s next generation spacesuits.
What is Artemis?

6. Artemis stands for Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon’s
Interaction with the Sun.
 It is NASA’s next mission to the Moon.
Objective:
To measure what happens when the Sun’s radiation hits our rocky moon, where there is no
magnetic field to protect it.
Artemis was the twin sister of Apollo and goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology.
Significance of the mission:
With the Artemis program, NASA will land the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024.
Mission details:
1. NASA’s powerful new rocket, the Space Launch System (SLS), will send astronauts
aboard the Orion spacecraft nearly a quarter million miles from Earth to lunar orbit.
2. Astronauts will dock Orion at the Gateway and transfer to a human landing system for
expeditions to the surface of the Moon.
3. They will return to the orbital outpost to board Orion again before returning safely to Earth.
Artemis 1 vs. 2 vs. 3:
NASA will fly two missions around the Moon to test its deep space exploration systems.
 Artemis 1 is aiming to send an uncrewed spacecraft around the moon using a combination
of the never-flown Space Launch System rocket, along with the once-flown Orion
spacecraft.
 NASA hopes to extend the program with the moon-orbiting crewed Artemis 2 mission in
2024, then a landing on Artemis 3 in 2025, ahead of other crewed missions later in the
2020s.
Scientific objectives:
1. Find and use water and other critical resources needed for long-term exploration.
2. Investigate the Moon’s mysteries and learn more about our home planet and the universe.
3. Learn how to live and operate on the surface of another celestial body where astronauts are
just three days from home.
4. Prove the technologies we need before sending astronauts on missions to Mars, which can
take up to three years roundtrip.
Moon Exploration:
1. In 1959, the Soviet Union’s uncrewed Luna 1 and 2 became the first rover to visit the Moon.
2. Before the USA sent the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon, it sent three classes of robotic
missions between 1961 and 1968.
3. After July 1969, 12 American astronauts walked on the surface of the Moon until 1972.

7. 4. In the 1990s, the USA resumed lunar exploration with robotic missions Clementine and
Lunar Prospector.
5. In 2009, it began a new series of robotic lunar missions with the launch of the Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite
(LCROSS).
6. In 2011, NASA began the ARTEMIS.
7. In 2012, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft studied the Moon’s
gravity.
8. Apart from the USA, the European Space Agency, Japan, China, and India have sent missions
to explore the Moon. China landed two rovers on the surface, which includes the first-ever
landing on the Moon’s far side in 2019.
Russia-Ukraine crisis may worsen global chip shortage:
Reference News:-
Russia and Ukraine are important centres of the global semiconductor supply chain, providing rare
metals like palladium, and gases like neon, that are needed in the production of the silicon wafers
present in almost all modern devices and equipment.
 Amid the ongoing Russia-Ukraine crisis, it is expected that the situation may worsen
global chip shortage.
What’s the issue?
Just as Russia supplies the global
semiconductor industry with rare
metals, Ukraine supplies (speciality) gases
required by the chip-making
industry. Thus, there is potential to extend
the stress in the supply chain of
semiconductors, which are key to
manufacturing autos and other electronic
equipment in the Asia-Pacific region.
What are Semiconductor Chips?
Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors and
insulators. They can be pure elements, silicon or germanium or compounds; gallium, arsenide or
cadmium selenide.
Significance of Semiconductor Chips:
 They are the basic building blocks that serve as the heart and brain of all modern electronics
and information and communications technology products.

8.  They are now an integral part of contemporary automobiles, household gadgets and
essential medical devices such as ECG machines.
Recent Increase in Demand:
 The Covid-19 pandemic-driven push to take sizable parts of daily economic and essential
activity online, or at least digitally enable them.
 The pandemic and the subsequent lockdowns across the world also forced shut crucial chip-
making facilities in countries including Japan, South Korea, China and the US.
India’s Semiconductor Demand and Related Initiatives:
India currently imports all chips and the market is estimated to touch $100 billion by 2025 from
$24 billion now.
Efforts by the government to address the shortage:
 Earmarked Rs 76,000 crore for semiconductors and display manufacturing segment.
 Launched the PLI and other schemes to boost semiconductors.
 Released a vision document for the electronics sector which envisages that the domestic
electronic production has potential to reach around Rs 22 lakh crore by 2026.
 Launched the Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and
Semiconductors (SPECS) under which a budget outlay of Rs 3,285 crore is spread over a
period of eight years for manufacturing of electronics components and semiconductors.
Challenges ahead:
1. High Investments Required.
2. Minimal Fiscal Support from Government.
3. Lack of Fab Capacities.
4. Insufficient Grants under PLI Scheme.
5. Resource Inefficient Sector.
IPCC Report:
Reference News:-
The second part of the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report was released recently.
 This second part of the report is about climate change impacts, risks and vulnerabilities, and
adaptation options.
 The first part of the report was released in August last year. That one was centred around
the scientific basis of climate change.
What is the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)?
The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) is the sixth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical, and socio-
economic information concerning climate change.

9.  This report evaluates the physical science of climate change – looking at the past, present,
and future climate.
 It reveals how human-caused emissions are altering our planet and what that means for our
collective future.
The Assessment Reports, the first of which had come out in 1990, are the most comprehensive
evaluations of the state of the earth’s climate.
 So far five reports have been released (1990, 1995, 2001, 2007 and 2015).
Highlights of the report:
 The latest report has, for the first time, made an assessment of regional and sectoral
impacts of climate change.
 It has included risks to, and vulnerabilities of, mega-cities around the world. For example, it
has said Mumbai is at high risk of sea-level rise and flooding, while Ahmedabad faces serious
danger of heat-waves.
Impact on health:
For the first time, the IPCC report has looked at the health impacts of climate change.
 It has found that climate change is increasing vector-borne and water-borne diseases such
as malaria or dengue, particularly in sub-tropical regions of Asia.
 It has also said deaths related to circulatory, respiratory, diabetic and infectious diseases, as
well as infant mortality, are likely to increase with a rise in temperature.
 Increasing frequency of extreme weather events like heat waves, flooding and drought, and
even air pollution was contributing to under-nutrition, allergic diseases and even mental
disorders.
India specific study:
The report identifies India as one of the vulnerable hotspots, with several regions and important
cities facing very high risk of climate disasters such as flooding, sea-level rise and heat-
waves. Mumbai is at high risk of sea-level rise and flooding.
Ahmedabad faces serious danger of heat-waves.
 Several cities, including Chennai, Bhubaneshwar, Patna and Lucknow, are approaching
dangerous levels of heat and humidity.
 Infrastructure, including transportation, water, and sanitation and energy systems has been
compromised by extreme and slow-onset events, with resulting economic losses,
disruptions of services and impacts to well- being.
 Urban India is at greater risk than other areas with a projected population of 877 million by
2050, nearly double of 480 million in 2020.
 At present, wet-bulb temperatures in India rarely exceed 31 degrees C, with most of the
country experiencing maximum wet-bulb temperatures of 25-30 degrees C, according to
IPCC.

10. Significance of IPCC Reports:
IPCC reports form the scientific basis on which countries across the world build their policy
responses to climate change.
 These reports, on their own, are not policy prescriptive: They do not tell countries or
governments what to do. They are only meant to present factual situations with as much
scientific evidence as is possible.
 And yet, these can be of immense help in formulating the action plans to deal with climate
change.
 These reports also form the basis for international climate change negotiations that decide
on the responses at the global level. It is these negotiations that have produced the Paris
Agreement, and previously the Kyoto Protocol.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
 It is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations responsible for advancing knowledge
on human-induced climate change.
 It was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
 Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland.
 Function: To provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate
change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.
India-Russia Military Relations
Reference News:-
The evacuation of thousands of Indian
students in Ukraine (Operation
Ganga) is the most immediate impact
of Russia’s war over Ukraine on India.
However, the Russia-Ukraine
conflict will have long-term implications
too.
 For example, negotiating its
relationships with the United
States and other Western
nations on one side, and the historically deep and strategic ties with Russia on the other.
 This will most significantly have an impact on the decades-old defence trade between India
and Russia.

11. What is the History of India-Russia Defence Ties?
 India was reliant, almost solely on the British, and other Western nations for its arms
imports immediately after Independence.
 However, this dependence weaned, and by the 1970s India was importing several weapons
systems from the USSR (now Russia), making it the country’s largest defence importer for
decades.
 Russia has provided some of the most sensitive and important weapons platforms that India
has required from time to time including nuclear submarines, aircraft carriers, tanks, guns,
fighter jets, and missiles.
o According to one estimate, the share of Russian-origin weapons and platforms
across Indian armed forces is as high as 85%.
 Russia is the second-largest arms exporter in the world, following only the United States.
 For Russia, India is the largest importer, and for India, Russia is the largest exporter when it
comes to arms transfer.
o Between 2000 and 2020, Russia accounted for 66.5% of India’s arms imports.
 Russia’s share in Indian arms imports was down to about 50% between 2016 and 2020, but
it still remained the largest single importer.
What Defence Equipment does India procure From Russia?
 Submarines: The first submarine India ever got was also Soviet.
o The first Foxtrot Class submarine bought from the USSR entered Indian service in
1967 as INS Kalvari.
o Of the total 16 conventional diesel-electric submarines with the Indian Navy, eight
are Kilo class, of Soviet origins.
o India has one indigenously manufactured nuclear ballistic submarine (INS
Arihant) commissioned, of the four that are being built. However, a lot of the
technology is based on Russian platforms.
 Frigates & Guided-missile Destroyers: Four of the Navy’s 10 guided-missile destroyers
are Russian Kashin class, and 6 of its 17 frigates are Russian Talwar class.
 Aircraft Carrier: The only aircraft carrier in service with India, INS Vikramaditya is a Soviet-
made Kiev-class vessel that came into service for the Indian Navy in 2013.
 Missile Program: India’s missile programme has been developed with significant help from
Russia or the Soviets earlier.
o The BrahMos missile, which India will begin exporting soon, has been developed
jointly with Russia.
 Fighter Aircraft: Russia has also been one of main exporters of fighter aircraft to India,
including hundreds of Sukhoi and MiG jets. All six of the service’s air tankers are Russian-
made Il-78s.

12.  Arms and Ammunitions: According to the International Institute of Strategic Studies
(IISS), India’s present military arsenal is heavily stocked with Russian-made or Russian-
designed equipment.
 Tanks: Indian Army’s main battle tank force is composed predominantly of Russian T-72M1
(66%) and T-90S (30%).
 Favourable Russian Military Exports to India: Much of Russia’s influence in India comes
through its willingness to provide weapons systems and technologies that no other country
will export to India.
o The US only provides non-lethal defence technology like C-130j Super Hercules, C-13
Globemaster, P-8i Poseidon etc.
o While Russia provides high-end technology like Brahmos supersonic missile, S-400
anti-missile system.
o Russia also continues to offer advanced weapons platforms at relatively attractive
rates.
What can be the Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on Military Supplies?
 At the moment there are two major defence deals between India and Russia that might be
jeopardised by the current crisis.
 S-400 Triumf air-defence system Deal:
o The deal has been under the threat of American sanctions, even as the US had not
decided on it yet.
o However, the fresh round of sanctions on Russia could jeopardise this deal.
 Joint Submarine Development: Russia has also pitched to make six Air Independent
Propulsion (AIP-powered) conventional submarines for the Navy under the P75-I
project, along with four other international bidders.
o India is also in talks with Russia to lease two nuclear-ballistic submarines, Chakra 3
and Chakra 4, the first of which is expected to be delivered by 2025.
What are India’s Plans to Diversify Arms Import Diversification?
 Over the last few years, there has been a conscious effort to expand the weapons platform
bases to not only other countries but also domestically as well.
 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) noted in its international arms
transfer trends report last year that between 2011–15 and 2016–20 arms imports by India
decreased by 33%.
 In 2011–15 the USA was the second-largest arms supplier to India, but in 2016–20 India’s
arms imports from the USA were 46% lower than in the previous five-year period, making
the USA the fourth-largest supplier to India in 2016–20.
 France and Israel were the second and third largest arms suppliers to India in 2016–20.

13. Way Forward
 As India perceives increasing threats from Pakistan and China and as its ambitious plans to
produce its own major arms have been significantly delayed, it is planning large-scale
programmes for arms imports.
 India’s outstanding deliveries of combat aircraft, air defence systems, ships and
submarines, India’s arms imports are expected to increase over the coming five years.
 Therefore, it is important for India to diversify its base, to not become too reliant on any
single nation, as it can become a leverage that can be exploited by that nation.
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
Reference News:-
India and France shall conclude a deal soon for the joint development of a 125KN engine for the
indigenous fifth generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) under development.
 The collaboration is between the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
and French engine maker Safran.
About Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
 The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is an Indian programme to develop fifth
generation fighter aircraft for the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.
 It will also include sixth generation niche technologies.
 The aircraft, along with its naval variant, is intended to provide the bulk of the manned
tactical airpower over the coming decades.
 AMCA would be the third supersonic jet of Indian origin after the HAL Marut and HAL Tejas.