This document analyzes the morphometric characteristics of four gullies in Katsina-Ala local government area of Benue State, Nigeria to assess the severity of erosion and economic losses. Field measurements of gully length, depth, width, slope and volume were taken. A total volume of 17,680.36 cubic meters of soil was lost across 737.01 square meters, equivalent to an estimated remediation cost of NGN 61.5 million. The study aims to increase awareness of gully formation in the area to prevent further losses to arable land and property.
This document summarizes a study of erosion control techniques used by homeowners along the Severn River. Through interviews and site observations, the study examined a variety of structural (e.g. bulkheads, revetments) and non-structural (e.g. vegetation) techniques used to stabilize slopes. The location of each technique was mapped using GIS to analyze how factors like slope, elevation, wind exposure, and soil type relate to erosion risks and choice of mitigation approach. The study found that steeper slopes facing areas with higher wind and wave exposure were more prone to erosion. Homeowners with more financial means could implement hybrid structural-nonstructural approaches most effectively.
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment.
This document describes numerical and analytical models used to study vertical solute transport processes in a domed peat bog in Switzerland. The models test the hypothesis that downward porewater flow from bog crests controls vertical solute distributions. The models show that before 7000 years ago, diffusion from underlying soils dominated solute transport. Between 7000-1250 years ago, both diffusion and downward advection influenced transport. After 1250 years ago, downward advection likely dominated as the bog dome grew and porewater flow patterns changed over time. Solute transport in peat bogs is controlled by both downward advection and upward diffusion, influenced by bog hydrology and stratigraphy.
Impacts of Changing land cover and Climate on Hokersar wetland in KashmirShakil Romshoo
The document discusses changes in land cover and climate impacts on the Hokersar wetland in the Indian Himalayas over several decades. Significant changes were observed in the wetland area, which shrank from 18.75 km2 in 1969 to 13 km2 in 2008, with water depth also reducing drastically. Marshy lands providing habitat for migratory birds declined from 16.3 km2 to 5.62 km2 during this period. Land cover in the surrounding catchment also changed substantially, with decreases in forest cover and water bodies, and increases in settlements. The wetland changes were found to correlate with land cover changes and variability in the catchment's hydrometeorological conditions. Urbanization, deforestation
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
This document provides an overview of landslides and geohazards. It defines landslides and describes different types such as rotational, translational, and flows. Causes of landslides like earthquakes, heavy rainfall, slope geometry, and erosion are discussed. The document outlines approaches for landslide hazard mapping including qualitative, quantitative, and statistical methods. Finally, it presents methods for landslide remediation like increasing slope stability through drainage improvements, retaining walls, reinforcement, and vegetation.
Watershed Characterization And Management Planning In Wular Catchment [www.wr...WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 . Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission
“To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer’s aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world
Subjects/Areas We Cover
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Geomorphological indicators of climate change zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
The document discusses various geomorphological indicators of climate change. It begins by introducing geomorphology and its subfields including climatic geomorphology, fluvial geomorphology, tropical geomorphology, periglacial geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, and coastal geomorphology. It then discusses specific geomorphological indicators of climate change such as lake growth at glacier margins as glaciers recede, increases in debris flows due to heavier rainfall, paraglacial adjustment of moraines as ice melts, increases in high altitude rock falls and avalanches, and ice falls and avalanches as glacial cover decreases. The document concludes by discussing indicators related to glacier change such as
This document summarizes a study of erosion control techniques used by homeowners along the Severn River. Through interviews and site observations, the study examined a variety of structural (e.g. bulkheads, revetments) and non-structural (e.g. vegetation) techniques used to stabilize slopes. The location of each technique was mapped using GIS to analyze how factors like slope, elevation, wind exposure, and soil type relate to erosion risks and choice of mitigation approach. The study found that steeper slopes facing areas with higher wind and wave exposure were more prone to erosion. Homeowners with more financial means could implement hybrid structural-nonstructural approaches most effectively.
This research makes use of the remote sensing, simulation modeling and field observations to assess the non-point source pollution load of a Himalayan lake from its catchment.
This document describes numerical and analytical models used to study vertical solute transport processes in a domed peat bog in Switzerland. The models test the hypothesis that downward porewater flow from bog crests controls vertical solute distributions. The models show that before 7000 years ago, diffusion from underlying soils dominated solute transport. Between 7000-1250 years ago, both diffusion and downward advection influenced transport. After 1250 years ago, downward advection likely dominated as the bog dome grew and porewater flow patterns changed over time. Solute transport in peat bogs is controlled by both downward advection and upward diffusion, influenced by bog hydrology and stratigraphy.
Impacts of Changing land cover and Climate on Hokersar wetland in KashmirShakil Romshoo
The document discusses changes in land cover and climate impacts on the Hokersar wetland in the Indian Himalayas over several decades. Significant changes were observed in the wetland area, which shrank from 18.75 km2 in 1969 to 13 km2 in 2008, with water depth also reducing drastically. Marshy lands providing habitat for migratory birds declined from 16.3 km2 to 5.62 km2 during this period. Land cover in the surrounding catchment also changed substantially, with decreases in forest cover and water bodies, and increases in settlements. The wetland changes were found to correlate with land cover changes and variability in the catchment's hydrometeorological conditions. Urbanization, deforestation
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
This document provides an overview of landslides and geohazards. It defines landslides and describes different types such as rotational, translational, and flows. Causes of landslides like earthquakes, heavy rainfall, slope geometry, and erosion are discussed. The document outlines approaches for landslide hazard mapping including qualitative, quantitative, and statistical methods. Finally, it presents methods for landslide remediation like increasing slope stability through drainage improvements, retaining walls, reinforcement, and vegetation.
Watershed Characterization And Management Planning In Wular Catchment [www.wr...WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 . Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission
“To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer’s aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world
Subjects/Areas We Cover
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Geomorphological indicators of climate change zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
The document discusses various geomorphological indicators of climate change. It begins by introducing geomorphology and its subfields including climatic geomorphology, fluvial geomorphology, tropical geomorphology, periglacial geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology, and coastal geomorphology. It then discusses specific geomorphological indicators of climate change such as lake growth at glacier margins as glaciers recede, increases in debris flows due to heavier rainfall, paraglacial adjustment of moraines as ice melts, increases in high altitude rock falls and avalanches, and ice falls and avalanches as glacial cover decreases. The document concludes by discussing indicators related to glacier change such as
This document discusses watershed management and provides definitions and perspectives on watersheds. It describes the hydrologic cycle and the key processes involved, including precipitation, interception, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, and storage. It explains that a watershed management plan aims to protect watersheds, mitigate damage, restore degraded areas, and optimize water resources. The hydrograph is also discussed as an important tool for analyzing surface runoff and streamflow over time.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
This document provides information about landslides. It begins by defining landslides and describing common landslide types such as rotational, translational, rock fall, and debris flow. It then discusses the natural and human-induced causes of landslides including geological factors, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, deforestation, and construction activities. The document also examines the indicators, effects, and major landslide events in India. It concludes by outlining various landslide preparedness, mitigation, and safety measures.
This document discusses the application of remote sensing in geomorphology. Remote sensing involves acquiring information about the Earth's surface from a distance, using sensors on aerial platforms or satellites. It has several advantages for geomorphological mapping and analysis, including multi-temporal coverage to detect changes over time and multi-spectral data to better identify landforms. Both aerial photos and satellite imagery can be interpreted to extract geomorphological information and understand landform genesis and evolution. Formal training is required to properly interpret remote sensing data and relate image elements to landforms and geological processes.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
This document defines and classifies different types of landslides. It discusses landslides as earth movements that can be earth flows, debris slides, rock falls, etc. depending on speed and material. The document outlines various causes of landslides including weathering, erosion, earthquakes, construction and explains signs of landslide occurrence. Prevention methods are discussed including drainage control, vegetation planting, and engineering structures.
The document discusses the geological work of various geologic agents including wind, rivers, glaciers. It describes how each agent performs erosion, transportation and deposition. For wind, it outlines processes like deflation, abrasion and attrition in erosion and suspension and saltation in transportation. For rivers, it discusses hydraulic action, cavitation and abrasion in erosion and dissolved, suspended and bed loads in transportation, describing features like deltas. For glaciers, it notes plucking, abrasion and frost wedging in glacial erosion.
1) New satellite radar and GPS data show that land subsidence rates in Mexico City currently exceed 350 mm/yr, approaching the historical maximum rates from the mid-20th century that led to extensive infrastructure damage.
2) The locus of maximum subsidence has shifted from the old city center to areas further east.
3) Subsidence is primarily caused by compaction of Quaternary lacustrine clays and silts deposited in the former Lake Texcoco, as groundwater extraction continues to lower the water table.
4) Spatial gradients in subsidence, rather than total amounts, are the key factor for assessing risk, as they produce large strain that damages infrastructure. Subsidence poses major constraints
This document discusses engineering geology, including its history, applications, and scope. It provides information on 5 group members and 3 topics related to engineering geology. The history section outlines important publications and programs from the 1880s to the 1920s. Applications of engineering geology are described in civil engineering, mining, petroleum engineering, and other disciplines. The scope of engineering geology includes residential/commercial developments, government/military installations, mining works, public works projects, flood control, understanding earth's structure and evolution, and assisting with civil engineering tasks like dam and foundation design.
Watershed management is the investigation of the applicable aspects of a watershed pointed at the reasonable dissemination of its assets and the methodology of making and executing arrangements . Green systems has different idea , way and Technology of Watershed Management In India .
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is a branch of physical geography that analyzes relief features at different dimensions and scales. Relief features are organized into three orders based on size: first order includes continents and ocean basins shaped by plate tectics; second order consists of structural landforms like mountains and plateaus formed by constructional forces; third order comprises micro-level erosional and depositional landforms developed on second order features by exogenic processes like rivers and glaciers. Process geomorphology examines specialized subfields defined by the dominant shaping process, such as fluvial, glacial, coastal and karst landforms.
Topographic attributes control groundwater flow and groundwaterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between topographic attributes and groundwater accumulation and salinity in the southwest part of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The study used digital elevation models and remote sensing data to calculate topographic attributes like slope, aspect, relief, and flow accumulation. It found that topographic attributes and hydrological elements are strongly controlled by geological fractures trending northwest and northeast. Areas with high flow accumulation and intersections of geological fractures had greater groundwater accumulation and higher salinity. The study concluded that topographic attributes can help predict sites of high groundwater accumulation and salinity in arid regions.
This document provides an introduction to the course GEE-221: Geomorphology-I. It defines geomorphology as the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It discusses the importance of geomorphology for understanding natural hazards, landforms, and landscapes. The document also outlines various geomorphic processes including weathering, erosion, deposition, mass movement, faulting, folding, volcanism, earthquakes, landslides, diastrophism and metamorphism. These processes are classified as terrestrial or extra-terrestrial, exogenetic or endogenetic. The key agents and products of geomorphic processes are also introduced.
This document discusses tropical climates and environments. It defines the tropics as the region around the Earth's equator bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. It describes the key characteristics of tropical climates, including high temperatures, rainfall patterns influenced by seasonal shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and distinct wet and dry seasons in some tropical climate types. The document also classifies and describes different tropical climate regions including rainforests, monsoons, and savannas, and discusses important climatic, environmental, geological, and biogeographical factors that influence tropical environments.
Climate Change an hazard zonation on the circum-arctic permafrost regionSimoneBoccuccia
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on permafrost regions and the associated hazards. It finds that warming is expected to be amplified in polar regions, causing thawing of permafrost and northward shift in its boundaries. As permafrost thaws, it can cause severe subsidence in ice-rich areas, damaging infrastructure. The document presents maps showing potential changes to permafrost distribution and increased thawing depth under climate change scenarios. Areas with extensive infrastructure development in ice-rich coastal regions and parts of Alaska, Canada, and Siberia are identified as facing the greatest hazards from thawing permafrost.
The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including:
1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations.
2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures.
3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes.
4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.
1. The document examines tropical hydrology and the need for further research on moisture cycling, catchment processes, and long-term data collection across the humid tropics.
2. It discusses the highly variable and intense nature of the tropical hydrological cycle compared to other regions, and how human activities are rapidly altering tropical landscapes and hydrology.
3. The research vision calls for integrated studies of water fluxes from subsurface to atmosphere across strong environmental gradients, as well as coordinated long-term monitoring networks to understand low-frequency dynamics in the context of a warming climate and continued land use change.
The document provides an overview of geology and its importance in civil engineering projects. It begins with definitions of geology and its main branches like physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. It then discusses the importance of engineering geology in construction projects, specifically in planning, designing, and executing projects. Key considerations include understanding rock properties, depth and structure, and identifying weak zones or groundwater levels. The document also summarizes different rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - and describes their formation processes. Volcanic eruption types like Hawaiian, Strombolian and Vulcanian are also defined based on the viscosity of the erupted lava and explosivity
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.pptAyele Akuma
This document provides an overview of the course "Soil-water-plant relationship and application in agricultural engineering projects" taught by Dr. J.K. Adewumi at the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB) in Nigeria. The course covers topics such as soil conservation principles, types and forms of soil erosion, erosion control methods, irrigation and drainage, and the universal soil loss equation. It also discusses factors that influence water and wind erosion, erosion measurement techniques, and wind erosion control methods. The course is compulsory for agriculture engineering students who must maintain minimum 75% attendance to be eligible to take the final exam.
The role of surveying and mapping in erosion management and control case of o...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses the role of surveying and mapping in managing and controlling erosion, using a case study of erosion sites in Onitsha, Nigeria.
2) Field surveys were conducted using GPS and total stations to collect topographic data on the erosion sites. Remote sensing data was also used.
3) The data was processed using GIS and CAD software to produce maps showing details of the erosion sites and catchment areas, which were used to analyze watersheds and design erosion control structures.
This document discusses watershed management and provides definitions and perspectives on watersheds. It describes the hydrologic cycle and the key processes involved, including precipitation, interception, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, runoff, and storage. It explains that a watershed management plan aims to protect watersheds, mitigate damage, restore degraded areas, and optimize water resources. The hydrograph is also discussed as an important tool for analyzing surface runoff and streamflow over time.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
This document provides information about landslides. It begins by defining landslides and describing common landslide types such as rotational, translational, rock fall, and debris flow. It then discusses the natural and human-induced causes of landslides including geological factors, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, deforestation, and construction activities. The document also examines the indicators, effects, and major landslide events in India. It concludes by outlining various landslide preparedness, mitigation, and safety measures.
This document discusses the application of remote sensing in geomorphology. Remote sensing involves acquiring information about the Earth's surface from a distance, using sensors on aerial platforms or satellites. It has several advantages for geomorphological mapping and analysis, including multi-temporal coverage to detect changes over time and multi-spectral data to better identify landforms. Both aerial photos and satellite imagery can be interpreted to extract geomorphological information and understand landform genesis and evolution. Formal training is required to properly interpret remote sensing data and relate image elements to landforms and geological processes.
Geomorphological evolution of teknaf peninsulaNishat Falgunee
The document discusses the geomorphological evolution of Teknaf Peninsula in Bangladesh. It analyzes evidence from lithological sequences, geomorphic features, bathymetric changes, vegetation patterns and human activities to understand the various processes that have shaped the peninsula. It finds that tectonic, fluvial, oceanographic and human processes have all contributed to changes in the peninsula over time. Specifically, it notes that sedimentation from the Nafa River and tidal action filled what was once a separate Shahpuri Island. However, the area is now undergoing significant changes from both accretion and erosion as well as human intervention, with the rate of erosion exceeding accretion.
This document defines and classifies different types of landslides. It discusses landslides as earth movements that can be earth flows, debris slides, rock falls, etc. depending on speed and material. The document outlines various causes of landslides including weathering, erosion, earthquakes, construction and explains signs of landslide occurrence. Prevention methods are discussed including drainage control, vegetation planting, and engineering structures.
The document discusses the geological work of various geologic agents including wind, rivers, glaciers. It describes how each agent performs erosion, transportation and deposition. For wind, it outlines processes like deflation, abrasion and attrition in erosion and suspension and saltation in transportation. For rivers, it discusses hydraulic action, cavitation and abrasion in erosion and dissolved, suspended and bed loads in transportation, describing features like deltas. For glaciers, it notes plucking, abrasion and frost wedging in glacial erosion.
1) New satellite radar and GPS data show that land subsidence rates in Mexico City currently exceed 350 mm/yr, approaching the historical maximum rates from the mid-20th century that led to extensive infrastructure damage.
2) The locus of maximum subsidence has shifted from the old city center to areas further east.
3) Subsidence is primarily caused by compaction of Quaternary lacustrine clays and silts deposited in the former Lake Texcoco, as groundwater extraction continues to lower the water table.
4) Spatial gradients in subsidence, rather than total amounts, are the key factor for assessing risk, as they produce large strain that damages infrastructure. Subsidence poses major constraints
This document discusses engineering geology, including its history, applications, and scope. It provides information on 5 group members and 3 topics related to engineering geology. The history section outlines important publications and programs from the 1880s to the 1920s. Applications of engineering geology are described in civil engineering, mining, petroleum engineering, and other disciplines. The scope of engineering geology includes residential/commercial developments, government/military installations, mining works, public works projects, flood control, understanding earth's structure and evolution, and assisting with civil engineering tasks like dam and foundation design.
Watershed management is the investigation of the applicable aspects of a watershed pointed at the reasonable dissemination of its assets and the methodology of making and executing arrangements . Green systems has different idea , way and Technology of Watershed Management In India .
Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It is a branch of physical geography that analyzes relief features at different dimensions and scales. Relief features are organized into three orders based on size: first order includes continents and ocean basins shaped by plate tectics; second order consists of structural landforms like mountains and plateaus formed by constructional forces; third order comprises micro-level erosional and depositional landforms developed on second order features by exogenic processes like rivers and glaciers. Process geomorphology examines specialized subfields defined by the dominant shaping process, such as fluvial, glacial, coastal and karst landforms.
Topographic attributes control groundwater flow and groundwaterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between topographic attributes and groundwater accumulation and salinity in the southwest part of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The study used digital elevation models and remote sensing data to calculate topographic attributes like slope, aspect, relief, and flow accumulation. It found that topographic attributes and hydrological elements are strongly controlled by geological fractures trending northwest and northeast. Areas with high flow accumulation and intersections of geological fractures had greater groundwater accumulation and higher salinity. The study concluded that topographic attributes can help predict sites of high groundwater accumulation and salinity in arid regions.
This document provides an introduction to the course GEE-221: Geomorphology-I. It defines geomorphology as the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It discusses the importance of geomorphology for understanding natural hazards, landforms, and landscapes. The document also outlines various geomorphic processes including weathering, erosion, deposition, mass movement, faulting, folding, volcanism, earthquakes, landslides, diastrophism and metamorphism. These processes are classified as terrestrial or extra-terrestrial, exogenetic or endogenetic. The key agents and products of geomorphic processes are also introduced.
This document discusses tropical climates and environments. It defines the tropics as the region around the Earth's equator bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. It describes the key characteristics of tropical climates, including high temperatures, rainfall patterns influenced by seasonal shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and distinct wet and dry seasons in some tropical climate types. The document also classifies and describes different tropical climate regions including rainforests, monsoons, and savannas, and discusses important climatic, environmental, geological, and biogeographical factors that influence tropical environments.
Climate Change an hazard zonation on the circum-arctic permafrost regionSimoneBoccuccia
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on permafrost regions and the associated hazards. It finds that warming is expected to be amplified in polar regions, causing thawing of permafrost and northward shift in its boundaries. As permafrost thaws, it can cause severe subsidence in ice-rich areas, damaging infrastructure. The document presents maps showing potential changes to permafrost distribution and increased thawing depth under climate change scenarios. Areas with extensive infrastructure development in ice-rich coastal regions and parts of Alaska, Canada, and Siberia are identified as facing the greatest hazards from thawing permafrost.
The document provides information on various topics in engineering geology including:
1. Definitions of engineering geology, geology, and their importance in civil engineering projects like understanding construction materials, groundwater, and foundations.
2. Branches of geology like physical geology, petrology, structural geology, and their focus on natural earth processes, rock origins and structures.
3. Key geological concepts like weathering, rock excavation methods, faults, folds, strike and dip, and seismic waves from earthquakes.
4. The importance of understanding local geology for planning major engineering works.
1. The document examines tropical hydrology and the need for further research on moisture cycling, catchment processes, and long-term data collection across the humid tropics.
2. It discusses the highly variable and intense nature of the tropical hydrological cycle compared to other regions, and how human activities are rapidly altering tropical landscapes and hydrology.
3. The research vision calls for integrated studies of water fluxes from subsurface to atmosphere across strong environmental gradients, as well as coordinated long-term monitoring networks to understand low-frequency dynamics in the context of a warming climate and continued land use change.
The document provides an overview of geology and its importance in civil engineering projects. It begins with definitions of geology and its main branches like physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, and historical geology. It then discusses the importance of engineering geology in construction projects, specifically in planning, designing, and executing projects. Key considerations include understanding rock properties, depth and structure, and identifying weak zones or groundwater levels. The document also summarizes different rock types - igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic - and describes their formation processes. Volcanic eruption types like Hawaiian, Strombolian and Vulcanian are also defined based on the viscosity of the erupted lava and explosivity
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.pptAyele Akuma
This document provides an overview of the course "Soil-water-plant relationship and application in agricultural engineering projects" taught by Dr. J.K. Adewumi at the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB) in Nigeria. The course covers topics such as soil conservation principles, types and forms of soil erosion, erosion control methods, irrigation and drainage, and the universal soil loss equation. It also discusses factors that influence water and wind erosion, erosion measurement techniques, and wind erosion control methods. The course is compulsory for agriculture engineering students who must maintain minimum 75% attendance to be eligible to take the final exam.
The role of surveying and mapping in erosion management and control case of o...Alexander Decker
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Assesment of the morphometry of gullies in kastina ala, nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
41
Assesment of the Morphometry of Gullies in Kastina-Ala, Nigeria
Enokela O.S1*
, Iorkyar, T. T2
. Kwadzah T.K3
.
1,2,3, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering,
University of Agriculture Makurdi-Nigeria. *(enokladish@yahoo.com)
Abstract:
The analysis of morphometry characteristics of four gullies in Katsina-Ala local government area of Benue State
was carried out to assess the severity and economic losses associated with it. Field inspection at various sites and
reduced level against various chainages at the identified gully sites were carried out in attempt to define the
initial and final geometry of the gully sites. The mophometric characteristics of length, depth width, slope and
shape were evaluated on site by geophysical survey of dumpy and physical measurement. Mathematical model
of simpson’s rule was used in quantifying the volume of earth lost to gullies. From the analysis of mophometry
of these gullies, the total volume of earth lost is standing at 17,680.36m3
covering 737.01m2
of urban land area.
The estimated cost of recovering this area by earth filling is put at N61,500.000.00 which will be an economic
set back to the inhabitant of the old urban centre.
Key words: Kastina-Ala, Gullies, Mophometry, Severity, Remediation
Introduction
Gully erosion causes severe damages to Agriculture and constructed sites such as bridges, roads and settlements
(Poesen,2003). Gully erosion is one of the most important forms of water erosion that reduces the economic life
of reservoirs and land productivity due to high level of soil loss and land dissecting. The relationship between
gully and some controlling factors such as soil characteristics, rainfall intensity, land use and slope gradient are
of importance in predicting gully initiation and development of gully morphology. Studying gully channels
under forest canopy has now been made more feasible using LiDAR data (James at al. 2007). Significant
advances in the detection of in-filled gullies on top of tertiary landscapes in Belgium were recently made by
Saey et al. (2008) using electromagnetic induction sensors. However the geomorphometric properties of each
gully including length, width, depth and volume can be measured using Geographical Information System (GIS)
or by physical measurement, the correlation between the volume of gully erosion and width/depth and length
/depth determines the understanding of gully evolution process.
Land use for urbanization involving road bridges construction diverting of surface water are most important
human factors in gully initiation Nysene et al (2002). The initiation of gully by flowing water has been a
problem since man began to put land into use especially in rural urban migration with the abuse of urban
development laws (Jacob et al 2012). Gully remains a problem in the United State of America, in many tropical
and semi tropical areas and is increasingly recognized as a hazard in temperate countries including Great Britain,
Belgium, Iran, Germany, China, India, the western USA, Central USSR, and the Mediterranean Land. Many
lives and properties are been damaged in such areas, due to the removal of vegetation cover for cropping,
grazing or urbanization (Morgan, 1988).
Gully erosion has ever been with man but was seriously felt in Nigeria in the 19th
century. The severity of
erosion varies in time and space. The sediment production resulting from an individual climate event depends to
a large extent on the local topography, soil and use conditions so that these factors cause regional variation in
erosion.
Human impact such as urban development and fadama activities at the major river bank was recognized as the
dominant process in gully initiation in Katsina Ala and has affected to a great extent the socio-economic
activities of the people living in Kastina-Ala. A large volume of arable urban land has been lost to gullies as a
result of these activites. This study will help to great extent in defining the mophometry of identified gullies
thereby creating awareness that will help in preventing further gully formation and control in Katsina-Ala.
1. The Gully
For comparism, it may be mentioned that there is difference between normal i.e. geological erosion (refers to as
natural erosion), and accelerated erosion, yet only accelerated erosion is being considered as soil erosion proper.
Natural erosion is caused by abnormal drought, avalanches, plant diseases, pest etc. the task of soil conservation
schemes is to reduce accelerated erosion to the normal or geological level.
According to the Soil Science Society of America (1997), erosion is characterized by numerous and randomly
occurring small channels of only several centimetres in depth. It can follow tillage marks, or they may develop
much like a drainage network of rivers in a large basin (Foster, 1986).
Channels formed by concentrated flow of water, removing upland soil and parent material and of a size to large
to be obliterated by normal tillage operations are referred to as gullies. Bank gullies form where a concentrated
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
42
flow zone, crosses and erodes an earth bank, e.g. a terrace, a river bank (Poesen, 1993; Poesen and Hooke, 1997).
Bank gullies may develop upslope by head-cut migration. Gully erosion was first comprehensively discussed by
Foster (1986). The introduction of ephemeral gullies as a separate erosion class resulted from the fact that in the
1980's soil conservationists in the US became progressively aware that if only rills and classical gullies are
considered in soil erosion assessments, an important erosion area and source of sediment within fields is being
overlooked (Foster, 1986). The topography of most fields causes runoff to collect and concentrate in a few major
natural waterways before leaving the fields. Poesen (1995) added to the view of Foster (1986) that ephemeral
gullies may also form where overland flow concentrates along (or in) linear landscape elements (e.g. drill lines,
plough furrows, parcel borders, access roads).
1.1. Gullies are characterized by:
FAO cooperate document respository identify gullies with the following characteristics; Independent Gully Unit,
Gully Catchment Area, gully basin, gully edge, gully zone, gully units. Many researchers gave basic definitions
to these characteristics. The catchments is an area affected by erosive processes physically interrelated with one
another but independent from any other gully erosion process outside the catchment gully unit. It is grouping of
several gully units having a geographical and anthropoid consideration.
The gully basin is the drainage basin or catchment of an independent gully unit. it is the part of a gully
catchment which is actually affected by active or stabilized erosive processes, it could be upstream or
downstream. The erosion zone is bounded by a gully edge and the gully stable zone. The edge is the border of
the erosion zone generally marked by sharp slope increase.
Each gully zone has a stable section which is the bottom and the side slope of this section is not likely to become
any lower from considerable length of time.
1.2. Gully Control system
Control measures can be classified according to the function they are intended to perform. These include
Reclaimative measures and Preventive measures. Reclaimative measures are aimed at reclaiming areas that are
actually affected by erosion (process) phenomena. While preventive is the initiation of new erosion processes in
areas prone to or susceptible to erosion. In the reclamation, the control works include those in the gully
catchment and those in the erosion zone.
The key objective is to achieve total rather that partial control. In order words, there are no half measures in
gully control. Gully control measures should consider applying techniques that increases the resistance of the
soil and reduce the erosion potential of runoff. Measures must consist of simple but effective technology and
erosion should be well integrated. Control measures can be summarized thus:
- Runoff measurement in the gully catchment or upstream catchment.
- Installation of measures to reduce the erosion potential of runoff by reducing the flood velocity or
volume.
- Adapting measures to increase the soil resistance to erosion.
When designing strategies in control of gully erosion, it is not possible to treat all gullies in the same way. In did
the danger of so doing is inherent in the failure to take account of whether surface or sub surface erosion is the
major cause. Difference between gullies becomes even more marked when networked rather than individual
channels being considered. Three types of networks are recognized as axial, dipitates and frontal and the three
are related by difference and soil effects on the process of gully formation. Axial gully which consist of
individual gullies with single head cuts are retreats in slope by surface erosion which occurs in gravely deposits
(Pelacini et al 2009). Dipitate gully, where retreat occurs in several head cuts extending in the direction of
tributary, depression is characteristics of clayey loams. Frontal gully is associated with gapping and found
particularly on loamy sands with columnar structure. This later type generally starts from river banks where
pipes have their outlets and collapse ensure.
1.3. Gully Morphometry
Gully morphometrics are the physical features of gully. Ebisemiju (1988); and Ebisemiju and Ado (1989)
analyzed the morphology of 46 gullies in a laterite terrain, examined the nature of the interrelationships of the
parameters, and related observed gully form or processes and controlling factors, he focused his attention to
gully morphometric properties such as length, shoulder width, depth, slope etc. His study was conducted on
laterite soil with poor structural conditions at the soil surface, high rainfall intensity, low infiltration rates, high
runoff and the bunchy habit of the grass growth.
The result of the Pearson’s product moment correlation analysis indicates that most of the gully morphometric
proportions are strongly interrelated. This finding is important as it indicates that equilibrium conditions
between the form elements of fluvial system that were established even at the youthful and early mature stages
of their development. It also suggested that there is considerably redundancy in the morphometric parameters of
gullies as widely reported for drainage basins. These means that it is possible to reduce the parameters to a small
sub set that adequately simulate gully morphology. There are, however, some variable which have extremely
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
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43
low correlations with most of the morphometrics properties. These are bed width, the ratio of the side slope to
the bed slope, and gully length (Hamilton, 1977).
2. Study Area
Katsina-Ala lies between latitude 7O
03`00``N and longitude 9o
25`00`E and 126km away from Makurdi the state
capital in the eastern part of Benue state Nigeria. It falls within the Koppen's AW (wet and dry) climatic system.
The wet and dry seasons begin following the northward passage and southward retreat of the inter-tropical
convergence zone (ITCZ) over the area in late March and October respectively (Dam 2012). Temperatures are
mostly high throughout the year with average range between 23 o
C – 28 o
C with the peak of 38 o
C. The coolest
part of the season is during harmattan period between December and January. The dominant soil of the study
area is hydromorphic soil (Alluvial or fadama soils). The major drainage channel of the study area is the River
Katsina-Ala (Kenting Earth Science Limited, 1981). The geo-political entity called Katsina-Ala came into being
in 1970 along two others from the then Tiv native authority with Headquarters at Katsina-Ala. It has since
undergone a series of political restructuring.
Katsina-Ala Local Government area is predominantly inhabited by Tiv people with scores of other ethnic group
like Hausa and Etulos who formed in big settlement at the Eastern bank of River Katsina-Ala (Fig 1). It has a
population of about 258,473 persons.
3. Methodology
The following gullies sites were identified at Katsina-Ala by field inspection Fig 2 and 3).
1. Gully sites behind Victory Bible Church
2. Hausa Quarters Gully
3. Gully site adjacent to the College of Education Katsina-Ala main gate.
4. Gully site behind JurraDako Hospital
The shapes and sizes (that is the orientation) of the gully areas before the ripple effect by the excess direct runoff
were evaluated by comparing the area with an adjacent study area after taking the reduced levels. These initial
geometry details of the area were necessary guide to how the soil was before any ripple effect was encountered.
The gully morphometrics were measured using a geophysical survey of dumpy level. The morphometrics were
measured at varying intervals and the values recorded (table 1).
The final geometry of the areas was also observed properly and consecutively for the rainfall periods by reduced
level at intervals. Reduce level are the depths from the ground level taking from the leveling staff in meters to
determine the degree of gully caused by precipitation. The geometry of the area were observed for the whole
period of wet season and two months after wet season to examine soil deformations as a result of rainfall that
has weaken the strata of the soil profile.
4. Result and Discussion
The values of the reduced levels for different gully sites at varying changes were presented in table 1. Direct
runoff that emanates excessively deforms the soil as gully in areas where there are no definite drains. The losses
of earth crust due to the effect of excess direct runoff were taken as the reduced level at varying ordinates (table
2).
Fig 4 give the physical interpretation of gully formation by reduced level at the respective gully sites.
4.1. Volume of Earth Loss to erosion
Areas of earth lost for each gully site were obtained by application of simpson’s rule (John, 2003). Each
ordinate is used once and only once and the greater the number of strips the more accurate it becomes for the
area of gully.
Area of Gully,
=
Where S =
F + L = Sum of the first and last ordinates.
4E = 4 x the sum of the Even numbered ordinates
2R = 2 x the sum of the remaining odd – numbered ordinates.
The Gully function is used for evaluating the size of strips.
Volume (Vg) = Area (Ag) x depth (Dg)
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
45
Table. 1 Chainage/reduce level at gully sites
Reduce Level on site
Chainage(m) 1 2 3 4
00 105.55 40.70 35.6 -
05 94.22 - - -
10 92.10 18.5 20.5 -
15 104.44 - 35.6 -
25 79.8 - - 1.04
30 - - 30.8 -
35 - 40.8 22.4 3.9
45 - 20.4 33.7 -
80 - 39.4 - 17.4
90 - - - 12.8
110 - - - 8.40
Table. 2. Ordinate/distance from gully sites
Ordinate Site Length (m)
1 2 3 4
1 96.1 18.4 0.2 3.9
2 94.22 12.8 0.52 9.4
3 90.00 12.4 0.70 16.9
4 91.00 15.1 0.32 17.4
5 98.3 22.6 0.2 17.8
6 100.0 13.3 1.19 15.8
7 100.2 12.8 10.89 14.9
8 87.4 21.5 14.89 11.1
9 75.7 - 18.48 7.5
10 - - 13.40 8.4
11 - - 9.87 -
Table3 : Results of Area and Volume of earth lost in the four Locations.
Site Ag(m2
) Dg(m) Vg(m3
)
1 583.36 25.57 1488.04
2 75.08 20.40 1531.53
3 44.49 15.10 671.80
4 34.08 17.40 593.99
Total 737.01 74.47 17680.35
Fig.1: Map of Katsina-Ala local government area showing township gully areas.
6. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.8, 2013
46
Fig 2. Gully site 1. Fig 3: Gully site 4.
Fig.4. Gully geometry
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