The document discusses biomaterials and their applications in dentistry and medicine. It provides examples of common biomaterials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers used in applications like dental implants, joint replacements, and vascular grafts. Dental materials are categorized as preventive, restorative, or auxiliary. Impression materials are discussed, including their properties and types like elastic and non-elastic materials.

1. Biomaterial refers to any non-vital material
intended to interact with biological system
within or on the human body.
Dental materials inserted into the oral cavity
therefore belongs into the group of
biomaterials.
Biocompatibility of Dental materials – Schmalz & Bindslev .

2.  Biomechanics is the study of the structure
and function of biological systems such
as humans, animals, plants, organs,
and cells by means of the methods of
mechanics.
The relationship between the biologic
behaviour of oral structures and the physical
influence of a dental restoration.
GPT, 2008

3.  Joint replacements
 Bone plates
 Bone cement
 Artificial ligaments and tendons
 Dental implants for tooth fixation
 Blood vessel prostheses
 Heart valves
 Skin repair devices
 Cochlear replacements
 Contact lenses
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

4. 1) Intra-Ocular lens
Basic Materials : PMMA ( acrylic ) ,
Silicone
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

5. 2) Artificial hip joints
Basic materials : Stainless steel ,
Titanium and its alloy ,& UHMWPE
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

6. 3) Substitute heart valve
4) Indian chitra heart valve
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

7. 5) Vascular graft
Basic materials : Polyurethane ,
Teflon & Dacron
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

8.  Some commonly used biomaterials
 1. Silicone rubber
 2. Dacron
 3. Cellulose
 4. Poly( methyl methacrylate )
 5. Polyurethanes
 6. Hydrogels
 7. Stainless steel
 8. titanium
 9. Alumina
 10. Hydroxyapatite
 11. Collagen (reprocessed)
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

9. Applications
• Catheters, tubing
• Vascular grafts
• Dialysis membrane
• Intraocular lenses, bone cement
• catheters, Pacemaker leads
• Ophthalmological devices, Drug delivery
• Orthopaedic devices, stents
• Orthopaedic & Dental devices
• Ophthalmologic applications, wound
dressings
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

10. Three types
 Preventive materials.
 Restorative materials.
 Auxiliary materials.
Dental Materials - Anusavice

11. Preventive materials
 Compomer
 Hybrid ionomer
 Glass ionomer cement
 zinc silicophosphate cement
Dental Materials - Anusavice

12. Restorative materials:
 Cement
 Bases
 Amalgams
 Resin-based composites
 Compomers
 Hybrid ionomers,
 Cast metals,
 Metal-ceramics
 Ceramics
 Denture polymers.
Dental Materials - Anusavice

13.  Auxiliary dental materials are substances that
are used in the process of fabricating dental
prostheses.
e.g. acid etching solutions ,impression
materials, casting investments, gypsum cast
and model materials, dental waxes, acrylic
resins etc.
Dental Materials - Anusavice

14. Tribology is the “science and technology of
interacting surfaces in relative motion” and
encompasses the study of friction, wear and
lubrication. By extension biotribology is
usually defined as the tribological
phenomena occurring in either the human
body or in animals.
Biotribology J. Paulo DavimJ.

15.  Biocompatibility (biomedical therapy): Ability
of a material to perform with
an appropriate host response in a specific
application.
 Biocompatibility: Ability to be in contact with
a living system without producing
an adverse effect.
GPT 2005

16.  Implant : To graft or insert a material such
as an alloplastic substance, an encapsulated
drug, or tissue into the body of a recipient.
GPT 2005
 Material used for fabrication of implant are
characterized into
 >Chemical point : metals and ceramic.
 > Biological point : biodynamic materials :
biotolorent , bioinhert, and bioactive.
Biomaterial for dental implant : An overview

17. Metals and alloys
 Titanium
 Titanium alloy
>Ti-6Al-V
>Ti-30Pd
 Cobalt-chromium-Molybdenum alloy
 Iron-Chromium-Nickel based alloy
 Alloys of gold , platinum , & palladium
Biomaterial for dental implant : An overview

18. Ceramic :
 Bioactive ceramic
Bioglass , Glass ceramic
 Bioresorble ceramic
Calcium phosphate
 Bioinhert ceramic
Alumina , Zirconia and carbon
Biomaterial for dental implant : An overview

19. Polymers
 Polytetrafluroethylene ( PTFE)
 Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)
 Polymethylmethacrylate ( PMMA)
Biomaterial for dental implant : An overview

20. 1. The material must be biocompatible
 Nontoxic, nonirritating
 Nonallergenic, noncarcinogenic
 Chemically minimally degradable or its degradation
process are biocompatible
2. Should possess appropriate optimal physical
property
 Adequate mechanical properties such as hardness,
elasticity, and strength.
 Adequate wear resistance.
Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patient

21.  Adequate thermal coefficient of expansion and
conductivity properties.
 Adequate esthetic properties.
 Ease of cleansing.
 Relative ease of fabrication and manipulation.
 Readily available and economical to use.
 Allow for easy and inexpensive maintenance
such as repair and addition.
Prosthodontic treatment for edentulous patient

22. 1. They should have low enough viscosity to adapt
to the oral tissue, yet viscous enough to be
contained in the impression tray.
2. The materials should have adequate wettability
of the oral tissue to allow for the accurate
adaptation and capturing of the oral structure
and tissues.
3. Material must have pleasant taste and odor.
4. In mouth the material should set into a rubbery
or rigid solid in reasonable amount of time.
5. Upon removal from the mouth, the set
impression should show adequate elastic
recovery with no permanent deformation.

23. 6. The material must have adequate strength to
avoid tear or breakage upon removal from
the mouth.
7. The material must be dimensionally stable
after setting and until pouring of the cast.
8. The impression can remain dimensionally
stable to be repoured after removal from the
cast.
9. The material must be compatible with the
cast material.
10. The material must be biocompatible ,
nontoxic, and without irritant constituents.

24. 11. The material must be of a colour and opacity
that allow for proper evaluation of the
impression by the dentist.
12. The material could be readily disinfected
without significant loss of accuracy or loss of
mechanical properties.
13. The materials must have adequate shelf life
for storage.
14. The materials associated processing time
and equipments should be cost-effective.

25.  Non-elastic
 Elastic
◦ Aqueous hydrocolloids
 Agar
 Alginate
◦ Non-aqueous elastomers
 Polysulfide
 Silicones
 Condensation
 Addition
 Polyether

26.  Diagnostic casts
◦ preliminary
◦ opposing
 Indirect
reconstruction
◦ fixed
◦ removable
 Bite registration

27. Impression materials
1) Non-elastic
a) Plaster
b) Compound
c) Waxes
d) Zinc oxide eugenol

28. 2) Elastic materials
a) Aqueous hydrocolloids
> Reversible ( Agar)
> Irreversible( Alginate )
b) Non-aqueous elastomer
>Polysulfide
>silicone
1) Condensation silicone
2) Addition silicone
> Polyether

29. Impression plaster
 It was used as a “mucostatic’’ impression
material.
 It does not compress and displace tissue
during seating of the tray.
 Applicable to patient with displaceable soft
tissue that should de recorded in a passive
state.
Components : calcium sulphate hemihydrate
which reacts with water to form calcium
sulphate dihydrate which is homogenous in
consistency.

30. Properties:
 Dimensionally stable
 It has low viscosity before setting
 It is nonelastic, fracture may come across
when their is an undercut

31. 1. Mainly used for final impression of
edentulous ridge with minor or no
undercuts.
2. As a wash impression with other materials
such as impression compound.
3. As an occlusal registration materials.
4. Used as a temporary liner material for
denture.
5. Used as a surgical dressing.

32. Types of impression compound:
1. Type I ( lower fusing material)
e.g. Impression cakes , green stick.
2. Type II ( Higher fusing material) : It is used
as a tray adaptation material. It is used for
making a primary impression and used as a
tray to support a thin layer of a second
impression materials.

33. 1. Thermoplastic resin.
2. Waxes.
3. Fillers ( for viscosity ).
4. Shellac.
5. Stearic acid.
6. Gutta percha. ( plasticity and workability )

34. Reversible Hydrocolloid
(Agar)
 Indications
They are considered one of the most
accurate materials for recording fine details
because of its low viscosity.
 Example
◦ Slate Hydrocolloid (Van R)

35.  Agar
◦ complex polysaccharide
 seaweed
◦ gelling agent
 Borax
◦ strength
 Potassium sulfate
◦ improves gypsum surface
 Water (85%)

36.  Dimensionally accurate
 Hydrophilic
◦ displaces moisture, blood, fluids
 Inexpensive
◦ after initial equipment
 No custom tray or adhesives
 Pleasant flavor
 No mixing required

37.  Initial expense
◦ special equipment
 Material must be prepared in advanced
 Tears easily
 Dimensionally unstable
◦ Must be poured immediately
◦ Can only be used for a single cast
 Difficult to disinfect

38.  Setting process of hydrocolloids is called
gelation.
 It is a solidification process that involves
phase changes from sol to gel states.
 The gel transforms into sol condition when
heated to 70˚ to 100˚ C is called liquefaction
temperature.
 When cooled to (between 37˚and50˚ C) the
gel transfer to sol and is called gelation
temperature.

39. Irreversible hydrocolloid
Alginate
 Indications
study models
removable fixed partial dentures
 Framework
Preliminary impression of the edentulous patient
 Examples
◦ Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk)
◦ Coe Alginate (GC America)

40. Component
 Potassium alginate : Soluble alginate
 Calcium sulphate dihydrate : Reactor
 Zinc oxide : Filler particles
 Potassium titanium fluoride : Accelerator
 Diatomaceous earth : Filler particles
 Sodium phosphate : Retarder

41.  Inexpensive
 Easy to use
 Hydrophilic
◦ displace moisture, blood, fluids
 Stock trays

42.  Tears easily
 Dimensionally unstable
◦ immediate pour
◦ single cast
 Lower detail reproduction
 High permanent deformation

43.  First dental elastomers
 Indications
◦ complete denture
◦ removable fixed partial denture
 tissue
◦ crown and bridge
 Examples
◦ Permlastic (Kerr)
◦ Omni-Flex (GC America)

44.  Base
◦ polysulfide polymers
◦ fillers
◦ plasticizers
 Catalyst
◦ lead dioxide (or copper)
◦ fillers
 By-product
◦ water

45.  Lower cost
◦ compared to silicones and polyethers
 Long working time
 High tear strength
 High flexibility
 Good detail reproduction

46.  Poor dimensional stability
◦ water by-product
◦ pour within one hour
◦ single pour
 Custom trays
 Messy
◦ paste-paste mix
◦ bad odor
◦ may stain clothing
 Long setting time

47.  Indications
◦ complete dentures
◦ crown and bridge
 Examples
◦ Speedex (Coltene/Whaledent)
◦ Primasil (TISS Dental)

48.  Base
◦ poly(dimethylsiloxane)
◦ tetraethylorthosilicate
◦ filler
 Catalyst
◦ metal organic ester
 By-product
◦ ethyl alcohol

49.  Better elastic properties
 Clean, pleasant
 Stock tray
◦ putty-wash
 Good working and setting time

50.  Poor dimensional stability
◦ high shrinkage
 polymerization
 evaporation of ethanol
◦ pour immediately
 within 30 minutes
 Hydrophobic
◦ poor wettability

51.  AKA: Vinyl polysiloxane
 Indications
crown and bridge
denture
bite registration
 Examples
Extrude (Kerr)
Express (3M/ESPE)
Aquasil (Dentsply Caulk)
Genie (Sultan Chemists)
Virtual (Ivoclar Vivadent)

52.  Improvement over condensation silicones
◦ no by-product
 First paste
◦ vinyl poly(dimethylsiloxane)
prepolymer
 Second paste
◦ siloxane prepolymer
 Catalyst
◦ chloroplatinic acid

53.  Highly accurate
 High dimensional stability
◦ pour up to one week
 Stock or custom trays
 Multiple casts
 Easy to mix
 Pleasant odor

54.  Expensive
 Pumice teeth before
impression
 Short working time
 Lower tear strength
 Possible hydrogen gas release
bubbles on die
palladium added to absorb

55.  Indications
◦ crown and bridge
◦ bite registration
 Examples
◦ Impregum F (3M/ESPE)
◦ Permadyne (3M/ESPE)
◦ Pentamix (3M/ESPE)
◦ P2 (Heraeus Kulzer)
◦ Polygel (Dentsply Caulk)

56.  Highly accurate
 Good dimensional stability
 Stock or dual-arch trays
 Good surface detail
 Pour within one week
◦ kept dry
 Multiple casts
 Good wettability

57.  Expensive
 Short working time
 Rigid
◦ difficult to remove from undercuts
 Bitter taste
 Low tear strength
 Absorbs water
◦ changes dimension

58.  Zinc oxide eugenol impression can be
disinfected by immersion in a 2% alkaline
glutaraldehyde solution then rinsed and
poured .
 Impression compound can be safely
disinfected by immersion in sodium
hypochlorite, iodophors, or phenolic
glutaraldehydes.

59.  Agar can be disinfected by immersion in
sodium hypochlorite, iodophor, and
glutaraldehyde , rinsed and then poured in
stone.
 To control infection and microbial
contamination in alginate, disinfectant
materials, such as chlorhexidine acetate or
quaternary ammonium are added.

60.  Elastomeric impressions
Disinfected adequately by immersion in an
iodophor, diluted hypochlorite solution,
chlorine dioxide, glutaraldehyde, or complex
phenol for the time required for
tuberculocidal activity.

61.  Crown & Bridge
◦ vinylpolysiloxane 81%
◦ alginate 38%
◦ polyether 28%
 Inlays and Onlays
◦ vinylpolysiloxane 71%
◦ polyether 22%
◦ alginate 20%

62.  Complete dentures
◦ Alginate 58%
◦ Vinylpolysiloxane 55%
◦ Polyether 27%
 Partial dentures
◦ Alginate 78%
◦ Vinylpolysiloxane 43%
◦ Polyether 15%

63.  Working time
◦ longest to shortest
 agar > polysulfide > silicones > alginate= polyether
 Setting time
◦ shortest to longest
 alginate < polyether < agar < silicones < polysulfide

64.  Stiffness
◦ most to least
 polyether > addition silicone > condensation silicone
> polysulfide = hydrocolloids
 Tear strength
◦ greatest to least
 polysulfide > addition silicone > polyether >
condensation silicone >> hydrocolloids

65.  Cost
◦ lowest to highest
 alginate < agar = polysulfide <condensation silicone
< addition silicone < polyether
 Dimensional stability
◦ best to worst
 addition silicone > polyether > polysulfide >
condensation silicone > hydrocolloid

66.  Wettability
◦ best to worst
 hydrocolloids > polyether > hydrophilic addition
silicone > polysulfide > hydrophobic addition silicone
= condensation silicone
 Castability
◦ best to worst
 hydrocolloids > hydrophilic addition silicone >
polyether > polysulfide > hydrophobic addition
silicone = condensation silicone

67.  Alginate 88%
 Polyvinyl Siloxane 85%
 Polyether 27%
 Other 6%