This document provides an overview of various materials that can be used for root repair, including root-end fillings, perforation repair, and root regeneration. It discusses both traditional materials like amalgam, gutta percha, and zinc oxide eugenol, as well as more recent bioactive materials like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine. MTA has become the material of choice for many root repair procedures due to its biocompatibility and ability to stimulate hard tissue formation. The document provides details on the composition and setting reaction of MTA and reviews its advantages and limitations for different clinical applications in root repair.

1. ROOT REPAIR
MATERIALS
Dr.Rakesh Nair
PG Student
KVG Dental College
Sullia
Karnataka
India

2.  Introduction
 Classification
 MTA
 Biodentine
 GIC based sealers
 Amalgam
 Gutta percha
 ZOE
 Composite resins
 Daiket
 Bioceramic sealers
 Recent materials
 References

3.  Roots needing repair are serious complications in dental
practice and pose a number of diagnostic and
management problems.
 However, when teeth are of strategic importance root
repair is clearly indicated whenever possible.
 With advent of 3-D imaging and illumination the scope
and success of root repair is very high.

4. Root fracture
Infective
Perforation
Root end
filling
Root
maturogenesis
Internal resorption
Perforation
Iatrogenic
Gouching
Strip
perforations
Apical
perforations
Furcal
perforations
Reasons for root repair
Trauma

5. ROOT END FILLING
MATERIALS
PERFORATION REPAIR
MATERIALS
ROOT
REGENERATION
MATERIALS
ROOT REPAIR MATERIALS
Bioactive
materials
Biologic
materials

6.  Amalgam
 Gutta percha
 ZOE
 GIC related materials
 Composite resin
 Diaket
 MTA
 Biodentine
ROOT END FILLING MATERIALS
Recent materials
• ERRM
• Bioaggregate
• I root BP Plus
bioceramic putty
• Novel root-end filling
material

7.  MTA
 Biodentine
 GIC
 PRF

8.  Calcium hydroxide
 MTA
 Biodentine
 PRP/PRF

9.  Traditionally, amalgam was the material of choice for
root-end fillings.
 The biocompatibility of amalgam is cited as a current
issue of concern in dentistry.Many in vivo usage
studies in animals have reported unfavorable tissue
response to amalgam.
 The use of amalgam as a root-end filling material can
now be confined to history.

10.  When GP is used as a root-end filling material, it absorbs
moisture from periapical tissues because of its porous nature.
 It expands initially,then contracts.
 Pitt Ford et al. found that the tissue response to GP with zinc
oxide root canal sealer was characterized by little or no
inflammation.
 In a comparative in vivo study on bone defect regeneration,
most histological sections using GP as retrograde material
showed signs of non-healing with lack of cortical bone and
high level of inflammatory infiltration.

11.  The material was considered to have good handling properties
and postoperative results.
 However, the original ZOE cements were weak and likely to
be absorbed over a period of time.
 Therefore, it was unsuitable for longterm use.
 Two approaches were adopted to improve the physical
properties of ZOE cements.

12.  The partial substitution of eugenol liquid with EBA and the
addition of fused quartz or aluminum oxide to the powder to
give an EBA cement, Super EBA cement(Staident
International Ltd., Staines, UK).
 The addition of polymeric substances to the powder,
 (a) polymethymethacrylate to the powder, Intermediate
Restorative Material (IRM, DENTSPLY DeTrey GmbH,
Konstanz, Germany)
 (b) polystyrene to the liquid, Kalzinol (DENTSPLY DeTrey
GmbH)

13.  Eugenol is the major cytotoxic component in ZOE cements.
 Zinc released from these cements is considered to be partly
responsible for the prolonged cytotoxic effect.
 Results of a comparative study showed no cell growth in the
originally seeded cells in fresh IRM.
 Recent studies have shown IRM to be more toxic than
comparative materials.
 In a research that investigated cellular attachment to root-end
filling materials as a measure of the biocompatibility of the
materials, both IRM and Super EBA rendered poor attachment

14.  GIC have been suggested as an alternative root-end
filling material.
 Biocompatibility studies exhibited evidence of initial
cytotoxicity with freshly prepared samples.
 Toxicity decreases as the setting occurs.

15.  Composite resins and resin-ionomer hybrids.
 The biocompatibility of composite resin is influenced by the
amount and nature of its leachable components.
 The healing response of the periradicular tissues to composite
resins in general appears to be very diverse, ranging from poor
to good depending on the type of material used.
 Two composite resin-based materials, Retroplast (Retroplast
Trading, Rorvig, Denmark) and Geristore (Den-Mat, Santa
Maria, CA, USA) have been advocated for use as root end
filling materials.

16.  Results of the observational studies examining various
root-end filling materials on gingival fibroblast cells
showed greater cell attachment to Geristore in
comparison to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).
 Other in vitro interpretations indicate that Geristore is less
cytotoxic to gingival fibroblasts in comparison to MTA,
GIC and IRM
Surgical repair of root and tooth perforations JOHN D. REGAN, DAVID E. WITHERSPOON &
DEBORAH M. FOYLE. Endodontic Topics 2005, 11, 152–178

17.  (3M ESPE GmbH, Seefeld, Germany)
 A polyvinyl resin, has been advocated for use as a root-end
filling material.
 When Diaket was used as a root canal sealer, biocompatibility
studies showed that it was cytotoxic in cell culture and
generated long-term chronic inflammation in osseous and
subcutaneous tissues.
 However, when mixed at the thicker consistency advocated for
use as a root-end filling material, Diaket has shown good
biocompatibility with osseous tissues.

19.  MTA -first described in litrature by Lee , Mahmoud
Torabinejad And Colleagues in 1993 when used as root
end filling material..
 Mineral trioxide aggregate, or MTA, is a biocompatible
material with numerous exciting clinical applications in
endodontics.
 The material appears to be an improvement over other
materials for endodontic procedures that involve root
repair and bone healing.

20.  POWDER
 Tricalcium Silicate
 Dicalcium Silicate
 Tricalcium Aluminate
Tetracalcium Alumino
Ferrite
 Calcium Sulphate
 Bismuth Oxide
WATER
Distilled water

21.  Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a fine hydrophilic
powder available in single use sachets of 1 gram.
 Some companies also provide premeasured water sachets for
ease of use.
 The important barriers to the widespread use of MTA are its
cost and difficulty in storage.

23. • There are few published reports of experimental
data relating to the comparative setting times of
the different forms of MTA.
• Although the manufacturers of MTA-Angelus
claim that this material has a setting time of 10
min, there appears to be no independent evidence
to confirm this
Grey Proroot MTA - 2 h 45 mins ± 5 mins (Torabinejad)
- 2 h 55 min (Islam et `al)
White MTA - 2 h 20 mins (Islam et `al)
SETTING TIME

24. • The presence of gypsum is reported to be the reason
for the extended setting time of MTA.
• In order to reduce the setting time, the effect of
accelerators such as sodium phosphate dibasic
(Na2HPO4) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are being
investigated currently.
• MTA Bio is one commercially available product
which incorporates an accelerator of this sort, and is
promoted as a rapid-setting material.
Mineral trioxide aggregate in paediatric dentistry VIDYA SRINIVASAN1 , PAULA
WATERHOUSE2 & JOHN WHITWORTH3 mineral trioxide aggregate in paediatric
dentistry VIDYA SRINIVASAN1 , PAULA WATERHOUSE2 & JOHN
WHITWORTH3

25.  The regeneration of the new cementum over MTA is a unique
phenomenon that has not been reported to occur with other
root end fillings.
 The deposition of cementum hard tissue with MTA was also
seen in root end fillings , dental pulps and apical tissue after
root canal filling.
 Torabinejad et al believed that the deposition of cementum
against MTA may be due to a number of factors such as
sealing ability, biocompatibility or alkaline pH on setting.

26.  The setting reaction of MTA is a complicated process
depending on the exact proportions of mineral phases,their
purity and temperature of the mix.
 On hydration calcium silicates present in MTA undergoes
hydrolysis and produce calcium silicate hydrate and calcium
hydroxide.
 About one third of hydration products is constituted by
calcium hydroxide which makes MTA highly alkaline.

27.  CaO + H2O -- Ca(OH)2
 Whereas, C2S and C3S react with water to produce calcium
silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide
 as:
 2(3CaO.SiO2) + 6H2O -- 3CaO2.SiO2.3H2O+ 3Ca(OH)2
 2(2CaO.SiO2) + 4H2O --3CaO2.SiO2.3H2O+ Ca(OH)2

28.  The C3S is most important mineral phase in MTA and
engages in the formation of C-S-H to provide early
strength.
 On the other hand, C2S reacts relatively slow and give
later strength to the set material.
 C3A present in MTA reacts with water to form calcium
aluminates and (in presence of calcium sulphate) sulfate
aluminates.

29.  The C-S-H, the major hydration product of MTA is an
amorphous compound with varying stoichiometric values.
 The Ca:Si ratio in C-S-H generally varies between 0.8 and 2.1
with highly variable content of water therefore, set MTA can
be described as calcium hydroxide contained within a silicate
matrix.

30.  MTA offers a biologically active substrate for bone cells and
stimulates interleukins production.
 Calcium hydroxide in contact with pulp tissue or culture
medium produces deposition of calcite crystals. Also observed
was rich extra cellular network of fibronectin in close contact
with these crystals.
 MTA is superior to amalgam, IRM, and super-EBA in
preventing leakage of methylene blue, fusobacterium
nucleatum, and endotoxin . It is biocompatible and induces
osteogenesis and cementogenesis.
 Which makes it an ideal choice for root repair.

33.  Intra canal repair of accidental perforations after
administering anesthesia, application of rubber dam and
locating the perforation site, the area should be rinsed
thoroughly with sodium hypochlorite.
 In cases of long – standing perforations or in the presence of
contamination, sodium hypochlorite should be left in the root
canal system for a few minutes to disinfect the site of the
perforation.
Perforation repair

34.  After complete instrumentation and obturation of the canals
with gutta percha and root canal sealer apical to perforation
sites (furcation and stripping), mix MTA with sterile water and
place it at the perforation site with an amalgam carrier and
pack it against the site with a plugger or a cotton pellet.

35.  After repairing the perforation area with MTA, place a wet
cotton pellet over MTA and seal the access cavity with a
temporary filling material.
 Remove the temporary and the wet cotton pellet at least 3
to 4 hours later and place a permanent filling material in the
root and / or in the access cavity preparation.
 When MTA is placed in perforations with a high degree of
inflammation, the material remains soft when checked at
the second appointment. This is due to the presence of low
pH, which prevents proper setting of MTA.
 Assess the healing in 3 to 6 months as indicated.

36.  For apical perforations, mixed MTA should be placed into the
apical portion of the canal with a messing gun (R. chige,
Inc.,Boca Raton, FL ) or a small amalgam carrier and packed
with small pluggers or paper points.
 A 3 to 5 mm apical plug is needed to prevent coronal leakage
and extrusion of obturation material into the periapical
tissues. After inducing an apical plug, place a wet cotton
pellet against it and close the access cavity with a temporary
filling material.
 Remove the cotton pellet at least 3 to 4 hours later and
obturate the rest of the canal with gutta – percha and root
canal sealer. In case of a large apical perforation, and ample
moisture, placement of apical plug and obturation of the root
canal system can be accomplished in one visit.

37. Repair of perforations as a consequence
of an internal resorption
 After administering anesthesia and
preparing the access cavity, the root canal
should be completely cleaned and shaped.
 Because of the presence of granulation
tissue and the presence of communication
between the root canal and the
periodontium,heavy hemorrhage is
usually encountered.

38. Root end filling
 Infected root canals harbor numerous species of bacteria which
can progress into periradicular tissues and cause development of
periradicular lesions.
 Because of the complexity of the root canal system and our
inability to completely clean it using present techniques and
instruments, root canals cannot always be adequately treated.

39. Advantages
 The advantage of using a material to form an immediate apical barrier over
the conventional apexification treatment is that endodontic treatment can be
achieved in a single appointment .
 (MTA can be used as a one step obturation material in an open apex)
 70% of the failures in study of perforation repair were associated with
extrusion of repair material. But MTA does not have to be compacted as
firmly as amalgam to adapt adequately to the tooth surface .
 The setting ability of MTA is uninhibited by blood or water. This is an
important request of a material which has to be used normally in presence of
blood & water and also in teeth with necrotic pulps and inflamed periapical
lesions because one of problems in these cases is presence of exudates at the
root apex

40.  The slow setting time of MTA is an advantage in that it reduces
the amount of setting shrinkage which may help explain MTA’s
low micro leakage .
 A major problem in performing endodontics in immature teeth
with necrotic pulp and wide open apices is obtaining an
adequate seal of the root canal system. MTA has been proposed
as a potential material to create an apical plug at the end of the
root – canal system, thus preventing the extrusion of filling
materials
 MTA has an antibacterial effect on few of the facultative
bacteria, when comparatively none other test materials had all of
antibacterial effects desired .
 MTA has low solubility and a radioopacity slightly more than
that of dentin

41.  The use of MTA in cases where the material comes in direct
contact with the oral cavity for an extended period of time is
unpredictable. This is due to the fact that MTA dissolves in an
acidic pH
 MTA powder has to be mixed with sterile water and cannot be
mixed with anesthetic / sterile liquid. This is because the effects
other liquids may have on MTA’s physical, chemical and
biological properties are unknown
 Excess moisture has to be removed from the preparation /
resorptive defect site, because MTA becomes soupy and difficult
to condense.
 It has low compressive strength, and so can not be placed in
functional areas

43.  When MTA is used as a root canal sealer and is compacted
against dentin a dentin MTA interfacial layer is formed which
resembles hydroxyapatite in composition and structure when
examined under x-ray diffraction and SEM analysis.
 Morover the hydration of MTA forms a gluey matrix that will
adhere to the guttapercha providing a better seal.
 Also the relatively long setting time and maturation add to the
sealability of the material.
MTA based root canal sealers.Manjusha et`al.Journal of orofacial research.2013

44.  Alkaline environment by hypochlorite irrigation helps in the
efficiency of the material.
 Hence citric acid and EDTA final rinses are not advocated
with MTA sealer.
 Eg:-Pro root endo sealer,cpm sealer,mta obtura,mtas,F-doped
MTA.

45.  Case 1

46. Case 2
12 month post
reimplantation
MTA

47. Internal
resorption
Sagittal section-
CBCT
MTA plug
1 year follow up
Case 3

48.  Biodentine™ was developed by Septodont’s
Research Group as a new class of dental material
which could conciliate high mechanical
properties with excellent biocompatibility, as well
as a bioactive behavior
 The material is actually formulated using the
MTA-based cement technology and the
improvement of some properties of these types of
cements, such as physical qualities and handling.

53.  Grech et al. investigated the setting time of Biodentine
using an indentation technique while the material was
immersed in Hank’s solution
 The setting time of Biodentine was determined as 45
minutes.
 This short setting time was attributed to the addition of
calcium chloride to the mixing liquid

54.  Compressive strength is considered as one of the main
physical characteristics of hydraulic cements.
 The product sheet of Biodentine states that a specific feature
of Biodentine is its capacity to continue improving in terms
of compressive strength with time until reaching a similar
range with natural dentine.
 In the study by Grech et al., Biodentine showed the highest
compressive strength compared to the other tested materials.
 The authors attributed this result to the enhanced strength
due to the low water/cement ratio used in Biodentine.

56.  Microhardness. Grech et al. evaluated the microhardness of
the material using a diamond shaped indenter.
 Their results showed that Biodentine displayed superior values
compared to Bioaggregate and IRM.

57. 7 USES

58.  Biodentine has a wide range of applications including
endodontic repair (root perforations, apexification, resorptive
lesions, and retrograde filling material in endodontic surgery)
and pulp capping and can be used as a dentine replacement
material in restorative dentistry.

59.  Some authors have indicated that there are few studies on the
properties of newly developed materials such as Biodentine.
 The material is characterized by the release of calcium when
in solution.
 Tricalcium silicate based materials are also defined as a source
of hydroxyapatite when they are in contact with synthetic
tissue fluid.

60.  Another area of use of Biodentine, specifically from an
endodontic point of view, is the repair of perforations.
 which is likely to be encountered in clinical practice. It is
essential that a perforation repair material should have
sufficient amount of push-out bond strength with dentinal
walls for the prevention of dislodgement from the repair site.

61.  Aggarwal et al. studied the push-out bond strengths of
Biodentine, ProRoot MTA, and MTA Plus in furcal
perforation repairs.
 Push-out bond strength increased with time. Their results
showed that the 24 h push-out strength of MTA was less than
that of Biodentine .
 Blood contamination affected the push-out bond strength of
MTA Plus irrespective of the setting time.
A Review on Biodentine, a Contemporary Dentine Replacement and
Repair Material.Ozlem Malokondu et`al.J.Bio Med Res.2014.

62.  In a study by Guneser et al., Biodentine showed
considerable performance as a repair material even after
being exposed to various endodontic irrigation solutions,
such as NaOCl, chlorhexidine, and saline, whereas MTA
had the lowest push-out bond strength to root dentin.
Effect of various endodontic irrigants on the push-out bond
strength of biodentine and conventional root perforation repair
materials.Guneser,Akbuluz,Eldinez.J.Endod.March.2013

63.  Porosity and Material-Dentine Interface Analysis.
 Tricalcium silicate based materials are especially indicated in
cases such as perforation repair, vital pulp treatments, and
retrograde fillings where a hermetic sealing is mandatory.
 Therefore, the degree of porosity plays a very important role
in the overall success of treatments performed using these
materials, because it is critical factor that determines the
amount of leakage.

64. Case 1

66. Case 2
Palatogingival groove
Biodentine seal

67.  Radiopacity.
 Radiopacity is an important property expected from a
retrograde or repair material as these materials are
generally applied in low thicknesses and they need to be
easily discerned from surrounding tissues.
 The ISO 6876:2001 has established 3mmAl as the
minimum radiopacity value for endodontic cements.

68.  Zirconium oxide is used as a radiopacifier in Biodentine
contrary to other materials where bismuth oxide is preferred as
a radiopacifier.
 The reason for such a preference might be due to some study
results which show that zirconium oxide possesses
biocompatible characteristics and is indicated as a bioinert
material with favorable mechanical properties and resistance
to corrosion.

69.  A clinical observation stated that the radiopacity of
Biodentine is in the region of dentin and the cement is
not adequately visible in the radiograph.
 This posed difficulty in terms of practical applications
T. Dammaschke, “Biodentine-an overview,” Septodont CaseStudies Collection, no. 3, 2012.

70. Solubility.
 Grech et al. demonstrated negative solubility values for
a prototype cement, Bioaggregate, and Biodentine, in a
study assessing the physical properties of the materials.
 They attributed this result to the deposition of substances
such as hydroxyapatite on the material surface when in
contact with synthetic tissue fluids.
 This property is rather favorable as they indicate that the
material does not lose particulate matter to result in
dimensional instability.
A Review on Biodentine, a Contemporary Dentine Replacement and Repair Material. Özlem Malkondu,
Meriç Karapinar KazandaL and Ender KazazoLlu.Bio Med Res.June.2014

71. Effect on the Flexural Properties of Dentine.
 An important issue related to the usage of calcium
silicate based materials is their release of calcium
hydroxide on surface hydrolysis of their calcium silicate
components.
 On the other hand, it has also been indicated that
prolonged contact of root dentine with calcium
hydroxide as well as MTA has detrimental and
weakening effects on the resistance of root dentine.

72. Discoloration.
 One study evaluated Biodentine from this perspective where
Biodentine, along with 4 different materials, was exposed to
different oxygen and light conditions and spectrophotometric
analysis was performed at different periods until 5 days.
 Favorable results were obtained for Portland Cement (PC) and
Biodentine and these 2 materials demonstrated color stability
over a period of 5 days.
 Based on their results, the authors suggested that Biodentine
could serve as an alternative for use under light-cured
restorative materials in areas that are esthetically sensitive.

73. Wash-Out Resistance.
 Washout of a material is defined as the tendency of freshly
prepared cement paste to disintegrate upon early contact with
fluids such as blood or other fluids.
 The results of the available study on these characteristics of
Biodentine did not reveal favorable results as the material
demonstrated a high washout with every drop used in the
methodology.
 The authors attributed this result to the surfactant effect by the
water soluble polymer added to the material to reduce the
water/cement ratio.

74.  Biocompatibility of a dental material is a
major factor that should be taken into
consideration specifically when it is used
in pulp capping, perforation repair or as
retrograde Filling
 Though the information accumulated so
far regarding the biocompatibility of
Biodentine is rather limited, the available
data generally is in favor of the material
in terms of its lack of cytotoxicity and
tissue acceptability.

75.  Han and Okiji compared Biodentine and white ProRoot MTA
in terms of Ca and Si uptake by adjacent root canal dentine
and observed that both materials formed tag-like structures.
 They observed that dentine element uptake was more
prominent for Biodentine than MTA. The same authors in
another study also showed the formation of tag-like structures
composed of Ca and P-rich and Si-poor materials.
 They also determined a high Ca release for Biodentine.

76.  Recently, ERRM putty and paste (Brasseler USA,
Savannah, GA, USA) have been developed.
 It is available as ready-to-use, premixed bioceramic
materials recommended for perforation repair, apical
surgery, apical plug, and pulp capping.

77.  Biomaterials are native or synthetic polymers that
perform as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and hold
wide importance in the field of dentistry, drug delivery,
cancer treatment, thrombotic diseases, and cosmetic
surgery.

78.  Various bioactive materials are available in today’s
time like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), bioactive
glass, and bioaggregate materials.
 In regenerative endodontic therapy, an ideal autologous
biomaterial for pulp-dentin complex regeneration is
platelet-rich fibrin (PRF).

79.  PRF was first developed by Choukroun et al., in 2001 at
France.
 Studies have demonstrated that the PRF has a very significant
slow sustained release of many key growth factors like
platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-
β for at least 1 week and up to 28 days.

80. Various clinical applications of PRF include,
 root coverage,
 bone regeneration,
 treatment of endo-perio lesions,
 sinus floor elevation,
 stabilize graft material in ridge augmentation,
 socket preservation,
 filling cystic cavities,
 and in various medical fields.

81.  PRF represents a new revolutionary step in the platelet gel
therapeutic concept.
 Unlike other platelet concentrates, this technique does not
require any gelifying agent, but not more than centrifugation
of the natural blood without additives.

82.  No biochemical handling of blood.
 Simplified and cost-effective process.
 Use of bovine thrombin and anticoagulants not required.
 Favorable healing due to slow polymerization.
 More efficient cell migration and proliferation.
 PRF has supportive effect on immune system.
 PRF helps in hemostasis.

83.  The protocol for PRF preparation is very simple and simulates
that of PRP.
 It includes collection of whole venous blood (around 5 ml) in
each of the two sterile vacutainer tubes (6 ml) without
anticoagulant and the vacutainer tubes are then placed in a
centrifugal machine at 3,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for
10 min
 After which it settles into the following three layers: Upper
straw-colored acellular plasma, red-colored lower fraction
containing red blood cells (RBCs), and the middle fraction
containing the fibrin clot.

85.  The middle part is platelets trapped massively in fibrin
meshes.
 The success of this technique entirely depends on time gap
between the blood collection and its transfer to the centrifuge
and it should be done in less time.
 The blood sample without anticoagulant, starts to coagulate
almost immediately upon contact with the glass, and it
decreases the time of centrifugation to concentrate fibrinogen.
Platelet-rich-fibrin: A novel root coverage approach K
Anilkumar,Geetha,Pameela. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2009 Jan;13(1):50-4

86.  EndoSequence® BC RRM™ (Root Repair Material) is
available in two specifically formulated consistencies
(syringable paste or condensable putty) and contains many of
the same characteristics as BC Sealer.

87.  Calcium silicate
 Calcium phosphate monobasic
 Zirconium oxide
 Tantalum oxide
 Filler and thickening agents.
 pH > 12

88.  The favorable handling properties, increased strength
and shortened set time make BC RRM™ highly resistant
to washout and ideal for all root repair and pulp capping
procedures.
 Research and countless cases confirm that BC RRM™ is
highly biocompatible and osteogenic.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of endosequence root repair materialAmer Z. AlAnezi, Jin Jiang,
Kamran E. Safavi. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.2013

89.  iRoot BP Plus (Innovative BioCeramix Inc., Vancouver,
Canada) is a fully laboratory-synthesized, water-based
bioceramic cement.
 It claims to be a more convenient reparative material,
because it is a ready to-use white hydraulic premixed
formula.
 A current study to verify in vitro cytocompatibility of
iRoot BP Plus bioceramic putty concluded that iRoot
and MTA were biocompatible and did not induce critical
cytotoxic effects.
De-Deus G, Canabarro A, Alves GG, Marins JR, Linhares AB, Granjeiro JM.
Cytocompatibility of the ready-to-use bioceramic putty repair cement iRoot BP Plus with
primary Saxena P et al.. Int Endod J 2012;45:508-513.

90.  Bioaggregate appears to be a modified or synthetic version of
original MTA.
 According to the manufacturer, this material contains
biocompatible pure white powder composed of ceramic nano-
particles and deionized water.
 Bioaggregate appeared to be biocompatible compared with
WMTA on human pulp cells, PDL cells and MG63 cells.

91.  Gel-like calcium silicate hydrate.
 Gel-like calcium Aluminate hydrate
 Calcium hydroxide
 Hydroxyapatite
 Calcium sulfate
 Bismuth oxide.
 Tantalum oxide
 Amorphous silicon oxide

92.  A novel resin based root-end filling material (termed
New resin cement, NRC) has been introduced.
 NRC is a powder and liquid system. The liquid is
composed of hydroxyethylmethacrylate, benzoyl
peroxide, toluidine, and toluenesulfinate.
 And the powder is made of calcium oxide,calcium
silicate, and triphenyl bismuth carbonate.
Novel root-end filling material

93.  One study determined the cytotoxicity of NRC and
concluded that the initial biocompatibility results of
NRC are favorable for a root-end filling material.
 A recent in vivo study concluded that NRC shows
moderately higher inflammatory reaction than MTA
however, the calcium reservoir capability of NRC may
contribute to mineralization of the tissues.

94.  Newer and better root repair materials are being introduced in
to the market every year.
 The recent trend is towards bioactive materials which have
osteo inductive and conductive properties.
 The clinician should have a thorough knowledge about these
products to compare and contrast before using the best
material for each case.

95.  Biocompatibility of root-end filling materials: recent update. Payal Saxena1*,
Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Vilas Newaskar. The Korean Academy of Conservative
Dentistry.
 BioDentine: A dentin substitute for the repair of root perforations, apexification
and retrograde root filling.J Conserv dent.Francois bronne.
 Repair of Furcal Perforation with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: Long-Term
Follow-Up of 2 Cases. Camila M.M. Silveira et `al. JCDA • October 2008, Vol.
74, No. 8.
 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate—A Review. Arathi Rao, Ashwini Rao, Ramya
Shenoy. The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry Volume 34, Number 1/2009.
 Evaluation of Radiopacity, pH, Release of Calcium Ions,and Flow of a
Bioceramic Root Canal Sealer. George Taccio de Miranda Candeiro. JOE —
Volume 38, Number 6, June 2012.
 Role of Platelet rich fibrin in wound healing:A critical review. Balaram Naik, P
Karunakar1, M Jayadev1, V Rahul Marsha. Journal of Conservative Dentistry
.Jul-Aug 2013 .Vol 16 .Issue 4
 Dental materials-Mahalakshmi.Edition 1.