Dental materials are specially fabricated materials, designed for use in dentistry. There are different types of dental material, and their characteristics vary according to their intended purpose. Examples include temporary dressings, dental restorations , endodontic materials, impression materials, prosthetic materials (dentures), dental implants etc

1. Dental Materials
Group#
Aysha Kishwer, Sehar
Aslam, Javeria Naz,
Shahrbano

2. What is Dental Material?
 Dental materials are specially fabricated materials, designed for use
in dentistry. There are many different types of dental material, and
their characteristics vary according to their intended purpose
 Likewise the structures in the oral cavity are lost or damaged due to
disease such as caries and periodontal disease and trauma.
 The main goal in dentistry is to maintain or improve the quality of life
through replacement or alteration of tooth structure.

3.  Therefore the main challenge for centuries has
been to develop and select ideal dental materials
that can withstand the adverse conditions of the
oral environment.

4. Ideal Restorative Material
An ideal restorative material should be:
 Be biocompatible
 Should bond permanently to tooth structure or bone
 Should match the natural appearance of tooth structure and other
visible tissues
 Exhibit properties similar to those of tooth tissues (enamel and
dentine)
 Be capable of initiating tissue repair or regeneration of missing or
damaged tissues

5. Types of dental materials:
Four groups of materials:
 Metals
 Ceramics
 Polymers
 Composites

6. Classification:
 Preventive dental materials
 Restorative dental materials
 Auxiliary dental materials

7. Preventive Dental Materials
 Pit and Fissure Sealants
 Sealing agents that prevent leakage
 Materials used primarily for their antibacterial effects.
 Liners, bases, cements and restorative materials that are used
primarily because they release fluoride.
 Chlorhexidine or other therapeutic agents used to prevent or inhibit
the progression of tooth decay.

8. Restorative Dental Materials
 Synthetic components that can be used to repair or replace tooth
structure, including primers, bonding agents, liners, cement bases,
amalgams, resin-based composites, compomers, hybrid ionomers, cast
metals, metal-ceramics, ceramics, and denture polymers.

9. Restorative Dental Materials
 Dental restorative materials are used to replace tooth structure loss,
usually due to dental caries (dental cavities), but also tooth
wear and dental trauma. On other occasions, such materials may be
used for cosmetic purposes to alter the appearance of an individual's
teeth.
 Requisite physical properties include low thermal conductivity and
expansion, resistance to different categories of forces and wear such
as attrition and abrasion, and resistance to chemical erosion. There
must also be good bonding strength to the tooth. Everyday
masticatory forces and conditions must be withstood without material
fatigue.

10. Auxiliary Dental Materials
 Substances used in the process of fabricating dental prostheses and
appliances but do not become part of these devices.
 Acid – etch solutions, impression materials, casting investments,
gypsum cast, and model materials, dental waxes, acrylic resins for
impression, bleaching trays, mouthguards, and occlusion aids,
finishing and polishing abrasives.

11. Types of restorations
 Silver Amalgam

12. Types of restorations:
 Resin composites

13. Inlays and Onlays (Gold)

14. Crowns (Ceramic, Gold, Ceramic fused
to metal)

15. Bridges

16. Full Denture & Partial Denture

17. Metals
 All metallic materials used for the fabrication of medical and dental
devices are mixed in the molten state and poured into a mould for
solidification. Some devices may be fabricated from parts moulded
or cast in nearly their final shape; others are subjected to a series of
thermo mechanical processes to produce the final product from the
initial ingot.
 Metallic alloys are mixtures of several elements in a solid solution,
sometimes with intermetallic compound precipitates. For elements
of similar atomic charge, diameter and crystal structure, there is no
limit to the solubility of one element in another and they therefore
solidify as a single phase. For example, copper and nickel are fully
soluble in each other

18. Types of metals in dentisry:
– Noble (gold, pt, Pd, …..
– Seminoble ( old term).gold is replaced with silver
– Non-noble.
 Preformed metals
– Cohesive gold
– Amalgam
– Wrought reformed metals

19. Metals used in dentisry:

20. Polymers:
 They are bonded by covalent bonding along the
backbone, and ionic bonding .
 Polymers are prepared in form of dough then shaped into desired
shapes.
 They harden by:
-physical reaction,(cooling, or evaporation). Waxes,
-chemical reaction,

21. Types of polymers:
 Types
– Impression.
– Waxes.
– Denture bases.
– TCRM

22. Ceramics:
 The word “ceramic” is derived from the Greek word “keramos” that
translates to mean, “burnt earth.” It came from the ancient art of
fabricating pottery where mostly clay was fired to form a hard, brittle
object.
 A more modern definition is a material that contains metallic and
non-metallic elements (usually oxygen). These materials can be
defined by their inherent properties; they form hard, stiff, and brittle
materials due to the nature of their inter-atomic bonding, which is
ionic and covalent.
 Glass, produced by melting and fusion of the oxides

23. Types of ceramics:
– Porcelain
– Gypsum
– Investment
– Cements

24. Composites:
 Dental composite resins are types of synthetic resins which are used
in dentistry as restorative material or adhesives. Synthetic resins
evolved as restorative materials since they were insoluble, aesthetic,
insensitive to dehydration, easy to manipulate and reasonably
inexpensive.
 Composite resins are most commonly composed of Bis-GMA and
other dimethacrylate monomers (TEGMA, UDMA, HDDMA), a filler
material such as silica and in most current applications,
a photoinitiator. Dimethylglyoxime is also commonly added to
achieve certain physical properties such as flow ability