002# sample questions
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The document contains sample questions and background information about tools used in the Stone Age. It discusses flint knives and obsidian knives, what materials they were made from, and how they were used. For one question, the most accurate statement is that finding obsidian tools at an ancient village site could indicate trade due to obsidian's rarity. The document provides links to additional resources on prehistoric human diets and carbon steel blades.
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PREHISTORY 1
The document summarizes the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages. During the Paleolithic Age, early humans hunted and gathered their food and lived in temporary shelters such as caves. They dressed in animal furs. In contrast, during the Neolithic Age, humans began farming and domesticating animals, lived in permanent homes near their crops, and wore clothing made from wool in addition to animal furs.
Stone age technology
The document discusses technology from the Stone Age period. It describes tools and inventions such as stone tools for hunting and agriculture, the use of fire, early wheels on chariots and vehicles, flint knapping techniques, the atlatl for throwing spears, clothing made from animal pelts, bows and arrows for hunting, primitive boats, and later pottery. These Stone Age technologies were essential for survival and allowed early humans to establish civilization.
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The Iron Age document discusses:
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2) Classically, the Iron Age began around 1200 BC in the Near East, India, Iran, and Greece, and later in other parts of Europe and Africa.
3) In Ireland, the transition from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age is unclear, dubbed the "Irish Dark Age." Bronze implements were still used alongside the gradual introduction of iron.
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This document discusses several archaeological discoveries that contradict current models of human origins and prehistory:
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2) The Ica stones from Peru depict dinosaurs hundreds of years before their official discovery.
3) The Antikythera mechanism, a complex astronomical instrument found in a 2nd century BC shipwreck, was far more advanced than technology of the time.
4) The Piri Reis map from 1513 accurately depicts the Antarctic coastline under ice, suggesting it was mapped before the last ice age.
5) Excavations in Bosnia have revealed
Old Stone Age Rock Painting
The document summarizes key aspects of the Stone Age, including its duration from around 3.4 million years ago to between 6000 BCE and 2000 BCE. It describes stone tools used during this period, as well as bone tools. The Stone Age saw the evolution of the genus Homo. The earliest evidence of stone tool use was found in Ethiopia, dating to 3.4 million years ago. The transition out of the Stone Age between 6000 and 2500 BCE coincided with the development of smelting and early metal tools. Rock paintings and petroglyphs from the Paleolithic period provide some of the earliest examples of prehistoric art.
Prehistory
The prehistory period spans from the emergence of hominids to the invention of writing. It includes 5 periods of hominid evolution marked by changes in the body like increased brain size, use of fire, tool-making, language, art and religion. During the Paleolithic, hominids were nomadic hunter-gatherers living in tribes and outdoors in huts or caves, dominating fire and using stone tools. The Paleolithic is divided into three stages: Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic. The Neolithic brought agriculture, animal domestication, new techniques like pottery and polished stone, and permanent villages with houses made of materials like mud or stone, where people lived in clans.
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PREHISTORY 1
The document summarizes the differences between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages. During the Paleolithic Age, early humans hunted and gathered their food and lived in temporary shelters such as caves. They dressed in animal furs. In contrast, during the Neolithic Age, humans began farming and domesticating animals, lived in permanent homes near their crops, and wore clothing made from wool in addition to animal furs.
Stone age technology
The document discusses technology from the Stone Age period. It describes tools and inventions such as stone tools for hunting and agriculture, the use of fire, early wheels on chariots and vehicles, flint knapping techniques, the atlatl for throwing spears, clothing made from animal pelts, bows and arrows for hunting, primitive boats, and later pottery. These Stone Age technologies were essential for survival and allowed early humans to establish civilization.
Tools Used in the Mesolithic Era
In the Mesolithic era, man developed the art of ceramics, cave paintings, and engravings that depict...
Iron age
The Iron Age document discusses:
1) The Iron Age is the archaeological period when cutting tools and weapons were mainly made of iron or steel, following the Bronze Age and Stone Age.
2) Classically, the Iron Age began around 1200 BC in the Near East, India, Iran, and Greece, and later in other parts of Europe and Africa.
3) In Ireland, the transition from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age is unclear, dubbed the "Irish Dark Age." Bronze implements were still used alongside the gradual introduction of iron.
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After working in multiple sectors of the clothing industry, Remi Landau is currently designing a line of social nightwear for an apparel company. One of Remi Landau’s areas of professional interest is beading.
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This document discusses several archaeological discoveries that contradict current models of human origins and prehistory:
1) Metal spheres found in South African mines dated to 2.8 billion years old, far older than current models suggest life existed.
2) The Ica stones from Peru depict dinosaurs hundreds of years before their official discovery.
3) The Antikythera mechanism, a complex astronomical instrument found in a 2nd century BC shipwreck, was far more advanced than technology of the time.
4) The Piri Reis map from 1513 accurately depicts the Antarctic coastline under ice, suggesting it was mapped before the last ice age.
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Prehistory
The prehistory period spans from the emergence of hominids to the invention of writing. It includes 5 periods of hominid evolution marked by changes in the body like increased brain size, use of fire, tool-making, language, art and religion. During the Paleolithic, hominids were nomadic hunter-gatherers living in tribes and outdoors in huts or caves, dominating fire and using stone tools. The Paleolithic is divided into three stages: Lower, Middle and Upper Paleolithic. The Neolithic brought agriculture, animal domestication, new techniques like pottery and polished stone, and permanent villages with houses made of materials like mud or stone, where people lived in clans.
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pre- history: Metal age
The Metal Age saw the emergence of metal tools alongside existing stone tools. Larger villages formed near waterways, improving travel and trade. Copper was discovered and mined in large quantities, transforming society as copper tools became more common and effective. This period marked the beginning of regular metal tool use before the introduction of iron.
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49. stone age
The document summarizes the Stone Age period of human history. It was called the Stone Age because it was the period when early humans first started using stone tools, which helped them hunt and build shelter. Archaeologists divide the Stone Age into three periods based on tool sophistication: the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic Age (New Stone Age). During the Neolithic Age, humans transitioned to farming and domesticated animals like cows and sheep.
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The document summarizes the Stone Age periods of human development. It was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. The Paleolithic period began 2.6 million years ago and lasted until around 10,000 BC. During this time, the earliest humans developed primitive stone tools and lived in small societies as hunter-gatherers. In the Neolithic period, from around 10,000 BC, humans transitioned to domesticating animals, farming, and living in villages. They also began experimenting with crafts like pottery and weaving. Later periods included the Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age, where tools transitioned to being made from bronze and iron rather than just stone.
History of Stone Age
The Mesolithic Age occurred between 10,000-8,000 BCE. During this time, humans moved out of caves and began building huts. They invented new stone tools like bows and arrows for hunting and boats for fishing. Humans also began domesticating wolves, which eventually became dogs. Societies grew larger and people started making pottery and jewelry. However, humans still maintained a nomadic lifestyle, hunting and gathering food and then migrating to new areas once resources were depleted.
Cahokia
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palaeolithic age
The document discusses cave paintings and tools from the Paleolithic period. It notes that cave paintings used various colors made from plant extracts and limestone powder. The paintings depicted animals like horses, deer, and lions. Animal fat provided lighting in caves before sunlight. Hunting scenes provided evidence of early human planning and dexterity. Paleolithic humans made stone tools and used bones, wood, and animal skins as weapons and clothing. Several important Paleolithic sites in India are mentioned.
Paleolithic & Neollithic Era
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This document summarizes human prehistory from the Paleolithic era to the Metal Ages. It describes how early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic era, making tools from stone, bone, and wood. During the Neolithic era, humans transitioned to a more sedentary agricultural lifestyle, domesticating plants and animals and developing pottery and weaving. Finally, the Metal Ages saw the discovery and increasing use of metals like copper, bronze and iron for tools and weapons, as well as the emergence of specialized jobs like metalworkers and traders.
Scarlett stone age achievments
The document discusses several key developments from the Stone Age, including tool making, communication, and controlling fire. It explains that early humans first made simple tools like axes and carrying bags, then over time developed more complex tools like bows and metal tools. Communication started with gestures and grunts and evolved into simple words and language. People first discovered fire from natural occurrences like lightning and realized fire provided warmth, light, and could scare animals. They then learned to create fire by rubbing flints together to cause sparks. These developments were important as tools allowed for tasks to help survival, communication enabled cooperation, and controlling fire supported cooking, crafts, and working with metals.
Introduction & The Ancient World
This document provides an overview of early human history and civilization. It discusses the differences between prehistory and history, and defines key terms like culture, civilization, archaeology, and artifacts. The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages are summarized. During the Paleolithic, humans were hunter-gatherers who developed tools and fire. The Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons inhabited Europe and developed art. In the Neolithic, humans transitioned to farming and settled into early villages which led to specialization of skills and development of governance and religion.
Prehistory vs history powerpoint
This document discusses the difference between prehistory and history, noting that prehistory refers to the time before writing was invented around 3500 BC, while history describes the period after writing began. It explains that without written records, archaeologists can only make educated guesses about prehistoric times by studying fossils and artifacts from that era. The summary provides context about how archaeologists investigate past human life and culture.
Pre-History
The document discusses life during the Paleolithic period of pre-history. During this time, which began around 2.5 million years ago:
- Humans lived in small nomadic bands and relied on hunting, gathering, and scavenging for food. They made tools from stone to aid in hunting and daily tasks.
- Around 30,000 years ago, early humans began painting images of animals on cave walls, indicating the beginning of artistic expression. They also learned to control fire.
- By the end of the Paleolithic period around 10,000 years ago, tools had advanced and included specialized tools made from stone, bone, and horn. Humans began burying their dead.
Prehistory
This document summarizes prehistory from the Paleolithic era to the Metal Age. It describes how early humans evolved from hunter-gatherers to settling in agricultural communities. Key developments included controlling fire, crafting sophisticated stone tools, domesticating animals, inventing pottery, and beginning to trade. During the Neolithic, humans established permanent villages and constructed megalithic monuments like menhirs, dolmens, and stone circles. The Metal Age saw the rise of copper, bronze, and iron tools and technologies, enabling early cities to form with hundreds of inhabitants.
Old stone age rock painting 1.2
This document provides an overview of Stone Age art from 30,000 BC to 3,000 BC. It discusses how Stone Age art illustrated early human creativity through portable objects, cave paintings, and early sculpture and architecture. The Stone Age is divided into three periods: the Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic Period (New Stone Age). Key art forms included cave paintings, figurines, and early pottery. Stone Age art represents the first human artistic accomplishments and responded to the evolution of communities from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agrarian societies.
How Do They Make and Use Tools?
1) Various approaches are used to interpret evidence from artifacts in order to understand how they were made and used, including archaeological analysis, scientific analysis, ethnographic analogy, and experimental archaeology.
2) Stone tools were made through processes like knapping and were used as tools for hunting, butchery, and other tasks. Organic materials like bone, antler, wood, and plant fibers were also used to make tools and structures, and their forms and functions have been studied through replication experiments.
3) The evolution of stone tool technologies progressed from simple Oldowan tools in the Lower Paleolithic to more advanced blade-making in the Upper Paleolithic, showing increasing complexity over time.
PRE HISTORIC AGES IN INDIA
Four important pre-historic ages in India are discussed:
1. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) where man used basic stone tools for hunting and tasks.
2. Mesolithic Age (Intermediate Stone Age) where man began to develop new skills.
3. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) where man developed improved stone tools and new civilizations.
4. The Age of Metals where gold, then copper, and later bronze and iron were discovered and used, marking further advances in civilization.
Though knowledge of prehistoric India is limited, these ages were important in developing early human skills, inventions, and civilizations.
Stone Age Vocabulary
The document defines key vocabulary terms from the Stone Age period including prehistory, archaeology, archaeologist, artifact, migrate, glacier, domesticate, harvest, agriculture, technology, nomad, carbon dating, excavation site, anthropology, culture, and diverse. It provides brief explanations of important concepts like the long period before writing known as prehistory, how archaeologists study past cultures through remaining objects, and definitions of common Stone Age practices such as migration, glaciers, domesticating animals, harvesting, and early forms of agriculture and technology.
The Technology Jinyang
The document summarizes evidence of advanced technology in the Indus Civilization from around 3500-1300 BCE, including:
1) An extensive drainage system, the world's first, and standardized brick sizes showing urban planning.
2) Crafts like shell inlay work and copper/clay/shell bangles, indicating specialized artisans.
3) Terracotta objects like plows and bull figurines that resemble modern implements, suggesting advanced agriculture.
STS.pptx
This document discusses the historical development of science and technology from pre-historic times through the Iron Age. It describes the Stone Age, when early humans invented tools from stones. The Bronze Age followed, marked by the beginning of mining and metallurgy, including smelting copper and alloying it with tin or arsenic to create bronze tools and weapons. The Iron Age saw iron replace bronze as the dominant material for toolmaking, allowing for improvements to farming tools and techniques. Overall it provides a high-level overview of the major periods in the development of early science and technology by ancient civilizations.
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The document discusses prehistoric art from the Stone Age, including the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. During the Paleolithic period, the first pictorial manifestations appeared as humans settled near rivers and lakes. Cave paintings from this time have been found in France and Spain, using natural pigments and stone tools. In the Mesolithic period, art became more geometric and used a restricted range of colors, while the Neolithic period saw the emergence of agriculture and more permanent settlements, along with weaving, megalithic architecture, and early forms of pottery and statuary.
pre- history: Metal age
The Metal Age saw the emergence of metal tools alongside existing stone tools. Larger villages formed near waterways, improving travel and trade. Copper was discovered and mined in large quantities, transforming society as copper tools became more common and effective. This period marked the beginning of regular metal tool use before the introduction of iron.
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The document provides an overview of world history from prehistory to 3000 BC. It discusses how geography is linked to history and how anthropologists and archaeologists study early peoples. It describes advances made in the Old Stone Age and the religious beliefs of early humans. It explains how the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution led to permanent settlements and civilization near rivers. Key features that distinguish civilizations are also outlined, and how cultures spread and changed over time through interactions.
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The document discusses the prehistoric periods from the Stone Age to the Metal Age. It begins with an overview of the Stone Age periods, including the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), and New Stone Age (Neolithic). It then outlines the Metal Age, including the Bronze Age and Iron Age. The remainder of the document provides more detailed information about tools and technologies from the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Age periods.
49. stone age
The document summarizes the Stone Age period of human history. It was called the Stone Age because it was the period when early humans first started using stone tools, which helped them hunt and build shelter. Archaeologists divide the Stone Age into three periods based on tool sophistication: the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic Age (New Stone Age). During the Neolithic Age, humans transitioned to farming and domesticated animals like cows and sheep.
The stone culture
The document summarizes the Stone Age periods of human development. It was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. The Paleolithic period began 2.6 million years ago and lasted until around 10,000 BC. During this time, the earliest humans developed primitive stone tools and lived in small societies as hunter-gatherers. In the Neolithic period, from around 10,000 BC, humans transitioned to domesticating animals, farming, and living in villages. They also began experimenting with crafts like pottery and weaving. Later periods included the Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age, where tools transitioned to being made from bronze and iron rather than just stone.
History of Stone Age
The Mesolithic Age occurred between 10,000-8,000 BCE. During this time, humans moved out of caves and began building huts. They invented new stone tools like bows and arrows for hunting and boats for fishing. Humans also began domesticating wolves, which eventually became dogs. Societies grew larger and people started making pottery and jewelry. However, humans still maintained a nomadic lifestyle, hunting and gathering food and then migrating to new areas once resources were depleted.
Cahokia
Cahokia was a large, organized Native American city located in present-day Illinois between AD 1050 and 1300. The city was structured with earthen mounds and had a large population supported by farming. Archaeologists have discovered that Cahokia had sophisticated tools and structures that show the people were keen observers of astronomy and revered nature.
palaeolithic age
The document discusses cave paintings and tools from the Paleolithic period. It notes that cave paintings used various colors made from plant extracts and limestone powder. The paintings depicted animals like horses, deer, and lions. Animal fat provided lighting in caves before sunlight. Hunting scenes provided evidence of early human planning and dexterity. Paleolithic humans made stone tools and used bones, wood, and animal skins as weapons and clothing. Several important Paleolithic sites in India are mentioned.
Paleolithic & Neollithic Era
Early humans evolved from bipedal hominids in East Africa between 100,000 to 400,000 years ago. During the Paleolithic Era, also known as the Old Stone Age, early humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers who made simple tools and learned to control fire. Around 10,000 years ago, during the Neolithic Era or New Stone Age, humans began domesticating plants and animals, leading to more permanent settlements and the rise of early agriculture. This agricultural revolution stimulated further advances and complex societies, laying the foundation for early civilizations.
Prehistory
This document summarizes human prehistory from the Paleolithic era to the Metal Ages. It describes how early humans lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic era, making tools from stone, bone, and wood. During the Neolithic era, humans transitioned to a more sedentary agricultural lifestyle, domesticating plants and animals and developing pottery and weaving. Finally, the Metal Ages saw the discovery and increasing use of metals like copper, bronze and iron for tools and weapons, as well as the emergence of specialized jobs like metalworkers and traders.
Scarlett stone age achievments
The document discusses several key developments from the Stone Age, including tool making, communication, and controlling fire. It explains that early humans first made simple tools like axes and carrying bags, then over time developed more complex tools like bows and metal tools. Communication started with gestures and grunts and evolved into simple words and language. People first discovered fire from natural occurrences like lightning and realized fire provided warmth, light, and could scare animals. They then learned to create fire by rubbing flints together to cause sparks. These developments were important as tools allowed for tasks to help survival, communication enabled cooperation, and controlling fire supported cooking, crafts, and working with metals.
Introduction & The Ancient World
This document provides an overview of early human history and civilization. It discusses the differences between prehistory and history, and defines key terms like culture, civilization, archaeology, and artifacts. The Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages are summarized. During the Paleolithic, humans were hunter-gatherers who developed tools and fire. The Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons inhabited Europe and developed art. In the Neolithic, humans transitioned to farming and settled into early villages which led to specialization of skills and development of governance and religion.
Prehistory vs history powerpoint
This document discusses the difference between prehistory and history, noting that prehistory refers to the time before writing was invented around 3500 BC, while history describes the period after writing began. It explains that without written records, archaeologists can only make educated guesses about prehistoric times by studying fossils and artifacts from that era. The summary provides context about how archaeologists investigate past human life and culture.
Pre-History
The document discusses life during the Paleolithic period of pre-history. During this time, which began around 2.5 million years ago:
- Humans lived in small nomadic bands and relied on hunting, gathering, and scavenging for food. They made tools from stone to aid in hunting and daily tasks.
- Around 30,000 years ago, early humans began painting images of animals on cave walls, indicating the beginning of artistic expression. They also learned to control fire.
- By the end of the Paleolithic period around 10,000 years ago, tools had advanced and included specialized tools made from stone, bone, and horn. Humans began burying their dead.
Prehistory
This document summarizes prehistory from the Paleolithic era to the Metal Age. It describes how early humans evolved from hunter-gatherers to settling in agricultural communities. Key developments included controlling fire, crafting sophisticated stone tools, domesticating animals, inventing pottery, and beginning to trade. During the Neolithic, humans established permanent villages and constructed megalithic monuments like menhirs, dolmens, and stone circles. The Metal Age saw the rise of copper, bronze, and iron tools and technologies, enabling early cities to form with hundreds of inhabitants.
Old stone age rock painting 1.2
This document provides an overview of Stone Age art from 30,000 BC to 3,000 BC. It discusses how Stone Age art illustrated early human creativity through portable objects, cave paintings, and early sculpture and architecture. The Stone Age is divided into three periods: the Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic Period (New Stone Age). Key art forms included cave paintings, figurines, and early pottery. Stone Age art represents the first human artistic accomplishments and responded to the evolution of communities from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agrarian societies.
How Do They Make and Use Tools?
1) Various approaches are used to interpret evidence from artifacts in order to understand how they were made and used, including archaeological analysis, scientific analysis, ethnographic analogy, and experimental archaeology.
2) Stone tools were made through processes like knapping and were used as tools for hunting, butchery, and other tasks. Organic materials like bone, antler, wood, and plant fibers were also used to make tools and structures, and their forms and functions have been studied through replication experiments.
3) The evolution of stone tool technologies progressed from simple Oldowan tools in the Lower Paleolithic to more advanced blade-making in the Upper Paleolithic, showing increasing complexity over time.
PRE HISTORIC AGES IN INDIA
Four important pre-historic ages in India are discussed:
1. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) where man used basic stone tools for hunting and tasks.
2. Mesolithic Age (Intermediate Stone Age) where man began to develop new skills.
3. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) where man developed improved stone tools and new civilizations.
4. The Age of Metals where gold, then copper, and later bronze and iron were discovered and used, marking further advances in civilization.
Though knowledge of prehistoric India is limited, these ages were important in developing early human skills, inventions, and civilizations.
Stone Age Vocabulary
The document defines key vocabulary terms from the Stone Age period including prehistory, archaeology, archaeologist, artifact, migrate, glacier, domesticate, harvest, agriculture, technology, nomad, carbon dating, excavation site, anthropology, culture, and diverse. It provides brief explanations of important concepts like the long period before writing known as prehistory, how archaeologists study past cultures through remaining objects, and definitions of common Stone Age practices such as migration, glaciers, domesticating animals, harvesting, and early forms of agriculture and technology.
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1) An extensive drainage system, the world's first, and standardized brick sizes showing urban planning.
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3) Terracotta objects like plows and bull figurines that resemble modern implements, suggesting advanced agriculture.
STS.pptx
This document discusses the historical development of science and technology from pre-historic times through the Iron Age. It describes the Stone Age, when early humans invented tools from stones. The Bronze Age followed, marked by the beginning of mining and metallurgy, including smelting copper and alloying it with tin or arsenic to create bronze tools and weapons. The Iron Age saw iron replace bronze as the dominant material for toolmaking, allowing for improvements to farming tools and techniques. Overall it provides a high-level overview of the major periods in the development of early science and technology by ancient civilizations.
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3. Key human species that appeared throughout prehistory are described, from Ardipithecus 4.4 million years ago
Why Art Matters Module 7
Trade and artistry have been important parts of human societies since prehistoric times. Early humans created cave paintings, sculptures, and pottery to express themselves. Later, the Sumerians traded goods and developed writing to record their commerce. The Jomon people of ancient Japan invented pottery, developed specialized settlements, and established long-distance trading networks to share resources without overusing any local area. Artisans in ancient Egypt specialized in crafts like sculpture, painting, and metalworking to supply the needs of temples and palaces.
Research paper 1
The document summarizes inventions from the Paleolithic Era that were significant in early human history. It discusses how tools made from stone, bone, and other materials allowed humans to more easily acquire food and provided defenses. It also describes early developments in textiles like string and sewing, as well as the invention of weaving using plant fibers. These creations laid the foundation for the evolution of civilization by enabling more advanced technologies and cultural practices.
Unit 5 Prehistory.pptx
This document provides an overview of the major periods of history from Prehistory to the Contemporary Age. It discusses the key developments and transitions between periods such as the move from nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyles in the Paleolithic period to settled agricultural societies in the Neolithic period with the development of farming. It also notes the transition from the Stone Age to the Age of Metals, when people began using copper, bronze and eventually iron to make tools and weapons. Archaeological evidence from each period is highlighted.
UNIT 1.1 - PRE HISTORY & HISTORY-EVOLUTION OF SOCIETIES-M.pptx
This document provides an overview of world history from prehistory to the medieval and modern periods. It defines history as research into past events, people, societies and problems. Prehistory refers to the time before written records, while history involves written records of the past. It then describes the evolution of human societies from the Stone Age to the Bronze and Iron Ages. Key developments included the emergence of the first writing systems, use of metals like copper and tin, and the rise of early civilizations in places like Mesopotamia, Sumer, and Babylon.
What is flint?
Flint was formed over 100 million years ago from chalk deposits in dried sea beds containing microscopic and larger sea creatures. Flint is very strong and sharp, making it useful for tools. Early humans began using flint tools during the Palaeolithic period 600,000 years ago, knapping flint into hand axes, borers, choppers, and scrapers. During the later Mesolithic period, smaller microlith tools were used for arrowheads, woodworking, and hide working. Flint tool use continued into the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, where axes, arrowheads, and scrapers took on new shapes and styles. The discarded remains of flint tool production provide important clues about past human behaviors and landscapes
Primitive Era
The document summarizes the three main stages of the primitive era: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic.
1) The Paleolithic age from 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago was characterized by early humans living as hunter-gatherers using basic stone tools. Cave paintings indicated a developing religious practice.
2) During the Mesolithic from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, humans adapted to environmental changes by developing fishing, domesticating animals, and living in settlements.
3) The Neolithic revolution began around 9500 BC with the adoption of agriculture, development of pottery, and construction of permanent mud brick houses, marking a shift to settled life.
Art history group 1 greek art
This document provides information about Greek art and the lost wax process of metal casting. It discusses key Greek sculptural works from the 5th century BC made of marble and bronze. The document also examines the debate around the Elgin Marbles and whether cultural heritage is national or universal. Various Greek architectural styles (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) are defined and the attitudes of Athenian society reflected in 5th century BC sculpture and architecture are explored.
Rare And Amazing Ancient Artifacts
Centuries of archeological findings have led to the discovery of tons of amazing artifacts that have helped people to better understand the ancient world, collective history, and various cultures on Earth. All of which intrinsically impacts how people live today. Here are some of the rarest of these discoveries
Neolithic Time Essay
Early humans during the Stone Age lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting wild animals and gathering plants for food, they created simple tools and weapons made of stone to aid in their survival, and they lived nomadic lifestyles, constantly on the move in search of resources as they lacked agriculture.
Humainties slideshow m ia cothran
This document discusses four artifacts and cave paintings that provide insights into early humans. Artifact 1 consists of engraved stones found in Peru depicting ancient animals, galaxies, continents and catastrophes. Artifact 2 is an ancient battery from Iraq dating to the 3rd century BC. Artifact 3 is a metal ball from South Africa that is over 2.8 billion years old. Artifact 4 is a large granite ball found in Costa Rica that required strong tools to carve. Cave paintings discussed include a 17,300 year old painting of bulls found in Lascaux, France and a 3,000 year old painting from South Africa depicting humans and animals representing religious beliefs.
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UNIT 1.1 - PRE HISTORY & HISTORY-EVOLUTION OF SOCIETIES-M.pptx
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002# Early Child-Development.pptx
Erikson's psychosocial development theory describes growth through 8 stages focusing on social interactions and conflicts. Behavioral theories view development as shaped by environmental influences and learning through reinforcement. The 4 main domains of child development are communication, physical, social/emotional, and cognitive, and development progresses through milestones and characteristics in each stage.
42-4Inadequacy.pptx
Children may misbehave when feeling inadequate or not good enough about themselves. They may withdraw from tasks or activities to cope with these uncomfortable feelings. When children feel inadequate, they may feel unworthy or inferior to others. As a result, children sometimes act out by withdrawing, having a pessimistic attitude, or putting themselves down, as they lack the tools to properly communicate these feelings. Parents can help by being responsive to their children's emotional needs, spending quality time focusing on them, expressing love through words and actions, and reminding children that they are special and loved.
053# SAMR MODEL.pptx
The SAMR model created by Dr. Ruben Puentedura categorizes ways that technology can be used in education into four levels: substitution, augmentation, modification, and redefinition. Substitution involves using technology for similar tasks as traditional approaches without functional change, such as writing essays in WordPress instead of by hand. Augmentation includes some functional improvement, such as adding interactive comments to an e-book. At higher levels, modification and redefinition use technology to allow new tasks like collaborating or communicating in new ways that were not possible without technology. The SAMR model helps educators evaluate how technology integrates with pedagogy.
049# Passive Learning.pptx
Passive learning is a method where the learner receives information without direct interaction with an instructor, such as through reading textbooks, watching videos, or attending seminars. It improves writing, listening, organizational, and analytical skills. In contrast, active learning involves more engagement with the material, such as writing blogs or essays analyzing information, explaining videos, or preparing presentations on lectures.
051#Scaffolding.pptx
Scaffolding is a teaching method where students learn with the help of teachers or more advanced peers to achieve learning goals beyond what they could do independently. The theory behind scaffolding is that students learn more through collaboration with others who have a wider range of skills and knowledge. Scaffolding helps students expand their learning within their Zone of Proximal Development, which is the set of skills they can perform with assistance that are just above their current ability level.
047# The Peter Principle.pptx
The Peter Principle document discusses the work and ideas of Laurence J. Peter, a Canadian teacher and author best known for his 1969 book The Peter Principle. The central thesis of Peter's book is that "in a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence." Specifically, the Peter Principle observes that employees are promoted up through an organization's hierarchy until they reach a level at which they are no longer competent to perform the duties of their new role. As a result, each position in the hierarchy will eventually be filled by an employee who is incompetent for that job.
050# Peer Observation.pptx
Peer observation involves two teachers observing each other's teaching practices to provide feedback and help each other improve. It is a two-way process where both the observer and observed teacher can benefit. Benefits include focusing on individual needs, learning from peers, building a professional community, and continuing to improve teaching practices to better promote student learning.
056#Types of Assessment.pptx
There are several types of assessments: pre-assessment evaluates students' skills and knowledge before instruction, formative assessment monitors learning progress during instruction, and summative assessment evaluates learning outcomes at the end of instruction. Other types include confirmative assessment which evaluates long-term impacts after instruction, norm-referenced assessment which compares students to average peers, and criterion-referenced assessment which measures students against predetermined learning standards. Ipsative assessment measures individual student performance against their own past performances.
42-2#Dreikerus Classroom Management Theory.pptx
Children may misbehave as a way to seek power and control when they feel like they don't have any. Misbehaviors like screaming "no", refusing to comply, or throwing tantrums are ways for children to exert the control they desire. Rather than fighting with children over control, it is better to give them appropriate ways to feel powerful by allowing choices over small decisions and activities. Giving children a sense of power and control in constructive ways can help avoid power struggles and misbehaviors.
42-3 Goals of Misbehavior-Revenge.pptx
The document discusses why children seek revenge and how adults should respond. Children may feel a need for revenge when they lose a power struggle or feel hurt, in order to get even. They may express this through hurtful words, actions, or stares. Adults should avoid feeling hurt themselves or seeking retaliation, and instead focus on building trust and showing the child unconditional love.
45#Skinner’s Behaviourist Theory.pptx
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning, which holds that behavior is determined by its consequences. Through reinforcement or punishment, operant conditioning modifies the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future. Skinner believed that psychology should focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. He developed the Skinner box to efficiently study how animals learn behaviors through consequences like rewards or punishments delivered in a controlled environment.
046# Laird’s Sensory Theory.pptx
Laird was an American pioneer in training and human resources development born in 1921. He developed a sensory theory of learning that states learning occurs best when the five senses are stimulated, with seeing accounting for 75% of learning, hearing 13%, and the remaining senses of touch, taste, and smell making up 12%. Laird's theory, outlined in his book "The Approaches to Training and Development", recommends using examples, practical experiments, and lectures to stimulate different senses and maximize learning.
040# Cognitive Flexibility.pptx
Cognitive flexibility or intellectual flexibility refers to thinking in multiple directions from different points of view and perspectives rather than a rigid or narrow approach. Someone with cognitive flexibility is independent, creative, innovative, and able to change and adapt their thinking according to the current situation by merging and mixing diverse perspectives. They do not restrict themselves to thinking in just one direction or silo like a rigid structure used to store grain.
058#TPACK.pptx
TPACK is a framework that describes the set of knowledge teachers need to effectively integrate technology into their teaching. It includes:
1) Content knowledge - knowledge of the subject matter;
2) Pedagogical knowledge - knowledge of teaching methods; and
3) Technological knowledge - knowledge of digital tools and platforms.
The goal of TPACK is to understand how to use technology to enhance student learning by teaching concepts in interactive and engaging ways using tools like videos, discussions, and games within a learning management system. Common elements include combining content knowledge with technological knowledge or pedagogical knowledge. For example, using videos instead of just text in an online course demonstrates greater technological content knowledge.
44-Roger’s Humanist Theory.pptx
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist who founded the humanistic approach in psychology. He believed that people have an innate tendency to self-actualize and fulfill their potential. According to Rogers, self-actualization occurs when people are in a state of congruence, where their self-concept matches their experiences. Like Maslow, Rogers thought self-actualization involved becoming the best version of oneself. He also believed people will thrive if they are in an environment that allows them to reach their full potential, similar to how flowers will grow in optimal conditions.
43-Lee Canter’s Theory.pptx
Lee Canter was a renowned expert in classroom management and former teacher who developed Assertive Discipline. Assertive Discipline emphasizes the teacher taking full control of the classroom by establishing clear behavior rules and consequences that students understand. This allows teachers to address discipline issues without disrupting learning. Canter discovered the approach from a teacher who maintained a near-perfect attitude that she would not tolerate students stopping lessons and that all would succeed because she would not let them fail.
039# Pedagogy TLS Road Map 3.pptx
This document outlines the requirements for obtaining a teaching license, including professional practices related to planning, instruction, assessment, interaction, and professional development. Candidates must demonstrate competency in classroom instruction, teaching strategies, and using various assessment practices and tools to analyze student performance and identify gaps compared to international benchmarks.
042#Dreiker’s Classroom Management Theory.pptx
Rudolf Dreikurs developed Alfred Adler's theory of individual psychology into a method for understanding misbehavior in children. Dreikurs' classroom management theory views misbehavior as a child's way of communicating and seeking to fit in. The theory classifies four goals of misbehavior: attention-getting, power and control, revenge, and feelings of inadequacy. For attention-seeking behaviors specifically, the document recommends giving children positive attention to meet their need for feeling significant, rather than just reacting negatively to their misbehaviors.
041#Thorndike’s Major Laws.pptx
Thorndike proposed three major laws of learning: 1) The law of effect states that behaviors followed by pleasant consequences will be repeated while unpleasant consequences will be avoided, meaning teaching must be interesting to encourage learning. 2) The law of exercise, also known as the law of use and disuse, suggests that connections are strengthened with practice but weakened without practice. 3) The law of readiness proposes that learning cannot occur unless the student is prepared and ready, requiring an aroused action tendency through preparatory adjustment or attitude.
039# Professional Practices 4-4.pptx
A positive school culture helps both teachers and students grow through minimizing communication gaps between teachers, parents, and students; ensuring the school supports boosting new skills among their team; and providing professional development to fill or reduce gaps. The expected areas of growth for teachers include planning, teaching methodology, integrations, use of ICT, extra-curricular activities, external assessment, Bloom's taxonomy, class management, differentiated instructions, student engagement, and assessment.
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002# sample questions
- 1. 002# Sample Questions Social Studies Specialization
- 5. Prehistoric women were hunters
- 6. Cavemen wall painting Figure 1 1) The artifact in Figure 1 could most reasonably be interpreted as a) Illustrating the most common sport of a prehistoric society. b) Depicting an important economic activity for a prehistoric society c) Demonstrating how animals were domesticated to benefit humans in the society d) Exemplifying ancient grafitti of a society with members who had time to express themselves by creating cave art
- 7. Figure 2 & 3
- 8. Information about flint knife and obsidian knife. Flint knife was used during stone age. Flint was used in the manufacture of tools and weapons during the Stone Age, as it splits readily into thin, sharp splinters called flakes or blades (depending on the shape) when struck by another hard object (such as a “hammerstone” made of another material). This process is referred to as knapping. Knapping is the shaping of flint, chert, obsidian, and similar types of stone through the process of “lithic reduction”. Obsidian knife: was used during stone age Sharpest, made up from dark stone, It’s a naturally occurring igneous rock or glass. Lava runs cool very quickly and turns into glass. Obsidian blades were often found with the remains of Homo erectus,(early humans to have possessed modern human like body proportion) and it is believed that these technologies developed nearly 1.76 million years ago.
- 9. Question 2 Which statement is the most accurate? a) Flint tools were rarely used by Stone Age societies because flint is hard to find and difficult to work with. b) Obsidian was most commonly used to make decorative questions because it was beautiful but could not hold a sharp edge. c) Finding obsidian tools in the remains of an ancient village could indicate trade because of its rarity. d) By the Neolithic period, most societies had stopped using flint and obsidian to make tools.
- 11. Links Sample Question 1: https://www.history.com/news/prehistoric-human-diet-scavengers-vs- hunters Sample Question 2: https://www.homestratosphere.com/what-is-a-carbon-steel-blade/