history

1. REPORT ON TIMBER AND
PROCESSED WOOD
BY- DIVYA BALANI

2. ▣ WOOD
▣ TIMBER
▣ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
WOOD AND TIMBER
▣ TIMBER IN DETAIL
▣ INDUSTRIAL TIMBER
▣ FORMS OF TIMBER
▣ DEFECTS ON TIMBER
▣ PRESERVATIVE
METHODS OF TIMBER
▣ INTRODUCTIONS OF
VARIOUS TYPES OF
WOOD AND TIMBER
AND THEIR USES

3. ▣ Wood is a hand fibrous material that forms the main
substances of the trunk or branches of a tree. It is cut
and used on timber or for fuel purpose. It is solid
material derived from woody plants , not only trees but
also shrubs. It is a heterogeneous, hygroscope and
cellular material.
▣ Oak, Maple, Mahogany, Cherry, Walnut, Rosewood,
Teak, etc. are known as HARDWOOD. Pine, Ash,
Hickory, Beech, Birch, Cedar, Fir, Spruce.etc. are ex. Of
SOFTWOOD.

4. ▣ It is a wood material which is manufactured into boards. It is
used for building, carpentry and various construction or
structural purposes. It can be rough or finished.
▣ As a rough, it is the raw material for furniture making and
other items required additional cutting and shaping. As a
finished it is available in drill sizes or construction industry
and for high grade flooring.
▣ Timber plant species are found in 150 species which are
produced
in INDIA.
▣ Tea, Sal, Sandalwood, Sea sum Babul, Banyan, Coconut,
Deodar etc, are some ex. Of Timber.
▣ Timber is available in different forms.–
1. Converted timber , which is sawn and cut into suitable
commercial sizes.
2. Rough timber which is obtained after falling a tree.
3. Standing timber which is available in a living tree.

5. ▣ Wood includes all types of wood which may be burning wood
, structural wood, furniture wood etc. but when wood suitable
for use as a structural material is called Timber.
▣ Wood is commonly found in the stems and roots of the trees. It
is natural composite of cello use fibers.
▣ Timber is used to refer to any stage of the wood after the tree
has been cut down. This may include the felled tree, wood
processed for construction , wood pulp for paper production
etc. Timber is also known as LUMBER.

6. ▣ PROPERTIES OF TIMBER
▣ Timber with heavy weight is considered best quality.
▣ It should be hard uniform and compact.
▣ It should have dark color, straight fibers, and shinning
appearance and should be free from defects and good sound
should emit when struck.
▣ SEASONING OF TIMBER
▣ This is the process of drying of timber in order to remove all
the
plant juice and moisture out of it so that it will not
decay. Seasoning of timber may be done naturally or
artificially.
▣ PRESERVATION OF TIMBER
▣ It is the process which protect the timber from moisture,
fungi, insects and direct weathering effects to ensure its
increased life. Oil paints, coal tar, chemical salts etc are
some preservatives are used.

8. ▣ Timber which is scientifically prepared in factory to get the
desired shape, size, appearance, and strength is known as
INDUSTRIAL TIMBER. It is available in various variety
such as Plywood, Veneer, Laminated timber, block board,
fiber boards etc.
▣ Veneers are thin sheets or slices of wood of superior quality
which are knife cut by various processes. It is used to
produce plywood, batten boards and laminated boards and
this process is called veneering. Thickness – varies from
4mm to as much as 6mm or even more.
▣ Plywood is prepared by cementing together thin boards or
sheets or wood into panels. Three or more veneers which are
always odd in numbers are placed one above the other so
that the grain of each layer is at right angles to the grain in
the adjacent layer. It is used for interior partition , doors and
paneling. It is generally manufactured in 3 ply, 5 ply , 7 ply
and so on. Thickness - varies from 3mm to 5mm.

9. ▣ Fiber board is rigid board which is prepared after processing
pieces of wood, cane and then pressing them together that’s
why it ia also called pressed wood or reconstructed wood.. It is
available in various forms like laminated boards, hard boards
etc. It is used for wall paneling, suspending ceiling and
partitions, table tops, for flush doors etc. thickness- varies from
6mm to as much as 25mm.
▣ Block board has a core made up of strips of wood glued or
joined to form a slab which is further glued between two or more
outer veneers in such a way that direction of the grain of the core
blocks running at right angles to the adjacent outer veneers.
These are of two types: commercial and decorative. It
is used for furniture, paneling, partition.
Thickness are 12mm to 50mm length vary from 1.2mm
to2.4mm and width from 90cm to 1.2m.

10. ▣ Hard board are manufactured from wood wastes obtained
from saw mills, inferior timber or short logs. Raw material is
converted into chips with the help of machines which are
softened with steam and converted into fibers. The
maximum length is 4.75m and thickness varies from 2mm to
20mm. It is used for interior or exterior wall panels, ceiling,
siding, table and counter tops etc. It is free from defects like
shakes and knots.
▣ Batten boards are just like laminate boards and block
boards are made from timber blocks of width of 8cm and 2to
3cm thick. Direction of the grains of core batten is at right
angles to that of adjacent out ply sheet. There are used for
door panels, table top and other large surfaces.

11. ▣ BATTENS are small sectioned timber pieces.
▣ LOGS : Trunks of trees left after removing all the branches
is called log.
▣ BAULK is roughly squared swan log.
▣ PLANKS are timber pieces having parallel sides with less than
5cm thickness and width always more than 5cm.
▣ BOARD is also timber piece with parallel sides with less
than 5cm thickness and more than 15cm width.
▣ DEAL is also parallel sided piece , thickness varies from 5cm
to10cm and width should not exceed 23cm.
▣ SCANTLINGS are timber pieces , thickness and breath is
always more than 5cm and length is not less than 20cm.
▣ POLE OR SPAR is a log having 20cm diameter.

12. ▣ A good timber should be hard ,tough, durable, heavy,
straight and compact fibers, properly seasoned, elastic,
dark and uniform color,
sweet smell and freshly surface and adquate fire resistance.
▣ It should be capable of resisting the action of fungi,
chemicals and physical agencies and free from knots, twists,
upsets, burls, shakes etc.
▣ A clear ringing sound should be emitted by the timber
when struck.

14. ▣ SHAKES : Cracks which partly or completely separate the fibers of
wood. Shakes are many types- star shakes, heart shakes, cup shakes,
ring shakes, radial shakes.
▣ RIND GALLS : Curved swelling on the body of the tree.
▣ TWISTED FIBRES: Twisting of young trees constantly in one
direction under the action of strong prevalent winds.
▣ UPSETS OR RUPTURES : This defect changes in direction of
wooden fibers due to felling of tree or fast blowing wind.
▣ KNOTS: These are found at the bases of branches cut off from the
tree. They may be dead, live loose or tight. It is very difficult to plane
timber at knots.
▣ WIND CRACKS: Cracks on the outer surface of the tree due to
atmospheric
agencies.
▣ BURLS: Irregular projections appears on the surface of the tree
▣ CALLUS: Soft tissue or skin which covers the wounds of the tree is
called callus.
▣ COARSE GRAIN: Timber having widened annual rings.
▣ DEAD WOOD : It is indicated by its reddish color and light weight.
▣ DRUXINESS: White decayed spots of timber remain concealed under

15. ▣ BOW : Bow means when planks of converted timber shrink and
bend in curved form in the direction of length.
▣ CUP : When wooden planks bend in curved form in transverse
direction.
▣ TWIST: Distorted spirally wooden plank along its length.
▣ CASE HARDENING: Upper surface of timber dries very fast and
shrinks.
▣ HONEY COMBING DEFECTS: Various radial as well as circular
cracks develop in internal portion of the timber due to stresses
developed during drying.
▣ RADIAL SHAKES: Radial cracks on the surface of timber
▣ CHECK: A crack separating wood fibers.
▣ SPLIT: When check extends from one end to other.
▣ WANE: Original or natural rounded surface on timber.
▣ DIAGNOL GRAINS: When timber is improperly sawn then
diagonal marks develops on straight grained surface of timber.

17. ▣ Coal tar, Oil paints , certain chemicals and Ascu treatments
are generally used to protect timber.
▣ CHARRING : The timber is charred to be firstly kept wet one
hours and then burnt to a depth of about 15mm and cooled with
water, It is called charring. This protects timber from moisture,
fungi, or white aunts.
▣ TARRING: In this method a later of hot tar is applied on the
surface of timber.
▣ Paint : it is applied to timber not only makes it beautiful look but
also acts as a preservative.
▣ WOLMAN’S SALTS : It is a Mixture of creosote oil and
sodium fluoride. It protects timber from fungi.
▣ ASCU TREATMENT: It is prepared by mixing six parts of
Hydrated arsenic pent oxide, Copper sulphate and Potassium
Dichromate with 100 parts of water. It gives protection from
white aunts.

18. ▣ VACCUM PRESSURE PROCESS: It is considered one of
the best method which is two types
1. Bethel or full cell process– In this process air and moisture
get removed from the timber cells.
2. Rue ping or Empty cell process
▣ HOT AND COLD PROCESS: In this process timber is
stacked in the tank and cold preservative solution till timber
stacks get completely submerged , then heated to a
temperature of about 90 degree C and maintained this
temperature for some times.
▣ SEASONING OF TIMBER : Proper damp proofing and
providing free circulation of air around the built in portion
of timber are essential for preservation of timber used . If
timber is not properly seasoned then no preservatives
protect th timber.

19. ▣ OAK , a heavy strong
colored hard wood is
used to craft American
and English country
designs and mostly used
for sports good Its color
is yellowish brown and
possesses straight silvery
grains.
Its weights 865kg and
very strong and
durable.

20. ▣ MAPLE is so hard and
resistant to smocks that is often
used for bowling alley floors.
The bird eye figure in maple is
said to be the result of stunted
growth and is quite rare.
▣ It is used for American colonial
furniture, especially
in medium and lower priced
categories. It can also be stained
to simulate cherry wood which
it resembles.

21. ▣ MAHOGANY is also
known as Honduras
mahogany and much ten
valuable wood. Being ten
strong , not as durable not as
beautiful when finished
▣ It has reddish brown color
and may display stripe
ribbon , broken stripe,
rope ripple, mottle, fiddle
back or bristle figure.
▣ It is used extensively in the
crafting of Georgian
empire and furniture ,
pattern making cabinet
work etc.
▣ It contains resinous oil to
save
itself from insects attack.
▣ Weights 720kg after

22. ▣ CHERRY is sometimes
called ‘ fruitwood’ and is
grown in the eastern half
of U.S.A. It has been
called New England
Mahogany and is often
used to craft 18th century
colonial and French
provincial designs.
▣ A moderately hard,
strong, closed grain, light
to red brown wood,
cherry resists wrapping
and checking. It is easy to
card and polish and is
used in variety of styles.

23. ▣ WALNUT is one of the
most versatile and
popular cabinet making
wood. It grows in Europe,
America and Asia. It is
strong , hard and durable
without being excessively
heavy. It has excellent
word working qualities
and takes finishes well. It
is light to dark , chocolate
brown in color with a
straight grain in the trunk.
▣ It is used in all types of
fine cabinet work
especially 18th century
reproductions.

24. ▣ ROSEWOOD is a
dark reddish brown
color hardwood
,fragrant and has
closed grains. It is not
easy to work and takes
high polish.
▣ It is used in musical
instrument, piano cases,
tool handles, art
projects, veneers and
furniture.

25. ▣ TEAK is yellow to dark
brown hardwood which is
extremely heavy, strong
and durable. Its fibers are
straight , fir resistant,
acidic action resistant and
white ant resistant,.
▣ It can be used for any
structural or decorative
work, such as ship
building, railway sleepers,
railway carriages and
furniture etc.
▣ Its weights 770 kg.

26. ▣ BIRCH is hard, heavy
close grained hardwood
with a light brown or
reddish colored
heartwood and cream or
light sapwood.

27. ▣ CEDAR is knotty
softwood which has been
a red brown color with
light streaks. It aromatic
and moth repellent
qualities have made it a
popular wood for lining
drawers, boxes, simple
cases and storage closets
are also constructed from
this light brittle wood.

28. ▣ REDWOOD is rare,
valuable and best quality
of it comes from the
heartwood which is
resistant to deterioration
due to sunlight, moisture
and insects.
▣ It is used to craft
outdoor furniture and
decorative curving. Its
burls have ‘ a cluster of
eyes’ figure.

29. ▣ HEMLOCK is light in
weight , uniformly
texture has law
resistance to decay and
non resinous.
▣ It is used for construction
lumber, plants, door
boards, paneling, sub
flooring and craft works.

30. ▣ SPRUCE is strong ang
light in weight has low
resistance to decay,
moderate shrinkage.
▣ It is used for marts and
crates spares for ships
and aircrafts, boxes,
general millworks,
ladders etc.

31. ▣ FIR is easy to work
and finishes well,
uniform in texture and
no resinous has low
resistance to decay.
▣ It is used in making
furniture, door and
window frames,
veneer, and interior
trim.

32. ▣ PINE is a soft white or
pale yrllow wood which is
light weight , straight
grain and lacks figure. It
decays easily when comes
in contact with soil. It is
used in the manufacturing
of matches.
▣ While other colored pines
are quite hard and
tough.It is used for
pattern making, frames
for doors and windows,
paving materials etc.
▣ There are more than 100
species of pine.

33. ▣ ASH is a heavy ring
porous wood has a
prominent grains that
resembles oak and
white to light brown
color. It burls have a
twisted interwoven
figure.
▣ It is widely used for
structural frames and
steam bent furniture
pieces.

34. ▣ HICKORY is one of the
hardest and heaviest
softwood. Pecan is a
species of hickory some
times used in furniture.
▣ It has close grains without
much figures. It is used for
structural parts.
Decorative hickory
veneers are also
commonly used.

35. ▣ BEECH has tiny pores
and large conspicuous
medullar rays and similar
in appearance to maple,
reddish brown heartwood
, light sapwood and
relatively inexpensive.
▣ It is often used for frames,
a variety of bent and
turned parts quarter
sliced and half round cut
beech veneers are
commonly used.

36. It is strong, hard, tough,
durable, quite strong and
difficult to work. Its color
is whitish red which is
turns brown due to
exposure and not available
in large length. Weight is
880kg.
▣ It is used for making the
wheels of bullock cart,
tool handles, agricultural
instruments and well
curbs.

37. ▣ CHIR is straight long
timber and have conical
leaves. Its color is yellow
becomes more and more
dark due to exposure.
Weight is 560kg and easy
to work.
▣ It is used for railway
sleepers, piles, railway
carriages, cheap
furniture etc.

38. ▣ BAKUL IS
REDDISH
BROWN IN
COLOR AND
USEDMOSTLY
FOR MAKING
CABINETS.
WEIGHT IS
880KG.

39. ▣ BANYAN is a species
whose aerial roots are
utilized for tent polls,
well curbs etc.
▣ It is strong and
durable only under
water . Its color is
brown and weight
580kg.

40. ▣ BAMBOO IS USED
FOR A
SCAFFOLDING,
THATCH ROOFS
AND TEMPORARY
BRIDGES.

41. ▣ COCONUT IS USED AS
POLES, PILES,
FURNITURE AND
FRAME WORK IN
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION.

42. ▣ SAL is a very good
variety of timber and can
be used for any purpose
but not easy to work. Its
color is light brown or
yellow .
▣ It is used for tent pegs,
doors and window frames
and as wooden piles,
bullies etc, but can not
used for decorative
works.

43. ▣ SHISHAM is also called
Tali or Sissue , one of the
most useful and high
class timber , heayy and
can be seasoned easily,
Its color is dark brown
containing golden and
dark brown colored
linings.
▣ It is used for furniture's,
plywood, sports goods ,
railway sleepers, bridges
piles etc.

44. ▣ ARJUN is very strong
, heavy and durable
timber . Its color is
dark brown.
▣ It is used in the form of
posts, beams , rafters
etc.

45. ▣ LAUREL is a hard
tough type of timber and
likely to crack and
resist attack of dry rot.
Its color is dark brown.
▣ It is used for house
construction , boat
construction, structural
work and railway
sleepers.

46. ▣ MANGO is
moderately strong ,
easy to work and in
deep grey color.
▣ It is used for making
cheap furniture, packing
boxes, panels for doors
and windows etc.

47. ▣ TAMARIND is a fruit
giving tree, very
knotty and durable timber
and color is dark brown.
▣ It is used for well
curbs, sugar mills,
carts, brick burning.
Agricultural
implements.