Interpersonal relationships

Mr. SHIRISH WALMIK GAWAI
M.Sc. Nursing
(community health nursing )
Amravati shirishgawai@blogsopt.com/N

 One of the most distinctive aspects of human
beings is that we are social beings.
 Interpersonal relationships are & have been
the core of our social system since the dawn
of civilization.
 Nursing is a therapeutic process & demands
an association between the nurse & the
patient.
shirishgawai@blogsopt.com/N

 Interpersonal relationships refer to
reciprocal social & emotional
interactions between two or more
individuals in an environment.
 Interpersonal relationship is defined
as a close association between
individuals who share common
interests & goals.

Dyad
TriadGroup

I. Dyad
 A dyad consists of two interacting people.
 It is the simplest of the three interpersonal
dynamics.
 One person relays a message & the other listen.
 It is one of the most unstable interpersonal
dynamic. The interaction ends when one
constituent of the dyad refuses to listen or
share his or her message.
 It is also one of the most intimate interpersonal
dynamic as the focus of listening &
communication is centered on only one person.

II. Triad
 A triad consists of three interaction
people.
 The members engage in the relay &
reception of thoughts & ideas.
 It is more stable than the dyad as the
third members may act as a mediator
when there is conflict between the other
two.

III. Group
 A group consists of more than three
members & is a collection of traids &
dyads.
 It is the most stable from of
interpersonal relationship.

I. Interpersonal relationship for an
Individual
 Personal growth & development
 Source of enjoyment
 Sense of security
 Context of understanding
 Interpersonal needs
 Establishing personal identity

II. Interpersonal relationship for nurses
 Building a positive functional
multidisciplinary team
 Improving intra-and/or inter-team
communication, coordination & cooperation
 Building mutual understanding &
cooperation
 Understanding self
 Improved decision making & problem
solving

III. Interpersonal relationship for
patients
 Developing a sense of security &
comfort
 Fostering trust & cooperation
 Facilitating communication
 Improving socialization
 Developing & maintaining positive
feelings

Interpersonal relationships are classified based on
relational contexts of interaction & the types of
mutual expectations between communicators.
Some common types of interpersonal relation are
 Friendship
 Family & kinship
 Professional
relationship
 Love
 Marriage
 Platonic
relationship
 Casual relationships
 Brotherhood &
sisterhood
 Acquaintances

 Friendship
 Theories of friendship emphasize the concept
as a freely chosen association where
individuals develop a common ground of
thinking & behaving when they enter into the
relationship by including mutual love, trust,
respect & unconditional acceptance for each
other.
 Friendship is a relationship with no formalities
& the individuals enjoy each other’s presence.

 Family and kinship
 Family communication patterns establish
roles & identify & enable personal & social
growth of individuals.
 Family relationships can get distorted if there
is an unresolved conflict between members.
 Most of the time, a significant family member
senses other family members have significant
emotional difficulties but fails to bring them
out unless the physician or nurse enquires .

Professional Relationship
 Individual working for the same
organization are said to share a
professional relationship & are called
colleagues.
 Colleagues may or may not like each
other

Love
 A informalized intimate relationship
characterized by passion, intimacy,
trust & respect is called love.
 Individuals in a romantic relationship
are deeply attached to each other &
share a special bond

Marriage
 Marriage is a formalize intimate
relationship or a long-term
relationship where two individuals
decide to enter into wedlock & stay
together life-long after knowing each
other well.

Platonic Relationship
 A relationship between two individuals
without feelings of sexual desire for each
other is called a platonic relationship.
 In such a relationship, a man & a woman
are just friends & do not mix love with
friendship.
 Platonic relationships might end in a
romantic relationship with partners
developing feelings of love for each
other.

 Casual Relationships
 In these relationships, the individuals usually
develop a relationship that exclusively lacks
mutual love & consists of sexual behavior only
that does not extend beyond one night.
 These individuals may be known as sexual
partners in a wider sense of friends with
benefits who consider sexual intercourse only
in their relationship.

Brotherhood & Sisterhood
 Individuals united for a common cause
or a common interest (may involve
formal membership in clubs,
organization, associations, societies,
etc.) may be termed as a brotherhood
or a sisterhood.
 In this relationship, individuals are
committed to doing good deeds for
fellow members & people.

Acquaintances
 An acquaintance is a relationship where
someone is simply known to someone by
introduction or by a few interaction.
 There is an absence of close relationship
& the individuals lack in-depth personal
information about other.
 This could also be a beginning of a
future close relationship.

 Hildegard Peplau (1952) gave the interpersonal
relationship model.
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution

 Hildegard Peplau (1952) gave the interpersonal
relationship model.
Nurse-patient
relationship
Nurse
•Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past
experience
•Expectations
•Preconceived
ideas
Patient
•Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past
experience
•Expectations

• Start with an initial encounter with nurse
& patient
• The pact formulation begins between the
nurse & the patient.
• The nurse clarifies his or her roles &
responsibilities within the therapeutic
boundary to the patient.
• The Nurse identifies the patient’s
problem & settles on the type of nursing
services needed.

• After developing a trustworthy relationship, the
patients start clarifying doubts, share
perceptions & convey their needs & expectation
to the nurse.
• There are several factors that may affect this
phase in a nurse-patient relationship
Nurse
•Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past experience
•Expectations
•Preconceived
ideas
Patient
•Values
•Culture race
•Beliefs
•Past
experience
•Expectations
Nurse-patient
relationship

• The nurse must approach the patient with
empathic understanding to perceive the
patient’s current feeling.
• The nurse must avoid vagueness & ambiguity
by using specific terminology rather than
abstractions in communication process.
• The nurse helps the patients identify their
problems in their own context & use the
available resources to solve the problem.
• The patient’s self esteem will be boosted by
having feelings of belongingness.

• In this phase, the patient are made to
understand the problems by exploring all
available avenues to solve the problem.
• The nurse can help the patient by extending
minimal professional assistance to learn how
to solve the problem.
• The patient starts exploitation all the available
resources in spite of making requests to
others to extend help
• Finally the patient is able to deal adequately
with his or her problems

• This is the termination of the professional
relationship that begins with convalesce
&rehabilitation stage of hospitalization.
• The patient’s needs have already been met by
the collaborative efforts of the patient & the
nurse in previous phases.
• If psychological dependence persists between
both of them, it become difficult to resolve the
transferences or counter transferees. A nurse
must aware of the techniques to resolve it.
• The relationship must be terminated by
maintaining a healthier emotional balance by
both the parties.

PePresrosnoanlal
BaBrarrireiresrs

Sociocultural
Barriers
Cultural
diversity
Ethnic
diversity
Social
diversity
Language
diversity

Categories
of Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Methods of Overcomes
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Gender variation In IPR, gender must to
given due consideration
Lack of honesty
& trust
Honesty & trust must be
maintained while
establishing & building
IPRs

Categories
of Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Lack of
compatibility
Feeling of
insecurity
Compatibility between the
individual involved in IPR
must be ensured.
A sense of security must be
ensured between the
people involved in an IPRT
Ineffective
communication
Distorted self-
concept
Effective communication is
a key aspect of efficient
IPRs, therefore, effective
communication must be
ensure.
Individuals involved in IPRs
must have a sound self-
concept & +ve self-esteem

Categorie
s of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Lack of flexibility There must be flexibility in
ideology & philosophy of
the individuals in a
relationship for an effective
adaptation & success of the
IPR
Lack of respect
for others rights
A mutual senses of respect
must be ensured by the
people involved in personal
& professional relationships
Fear of rejection Fear of rejection must be
eliminated between the
individual involved in a
relationship

Categories of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Barriers of IPR
Personal
Barriers
Pre-existing
psychiatric
problem
Skilled therapeutic
communication is
required to interact with
individuals suffers from
psychiatric or personality
problems.
Situational
barriers
Complex
interaction
setting
The individuals must try
to make the interaction
setting simple & familiar
& must make the other
person feel important.

Categories of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Barriers of IPR
Situational • Adverse Special care must be
barriers environmental
situations
taken while developing a
relationship between
•Lack of individuals of diversified
territoriality territories & high density
•High density or interaction in adverse
of individuals environmental situations.
•Lack of Even in an organization,
distance individuals must spend
•Lack of time quality time with their co-
workers to strengthen the
bond between them

Categories of
Barriers
Description of
Barriers of IPR
Barriers of IPR
Sociocultural • cultural Individual can try to
barriers diversity
•Ethnic
overcome cultural diversity
to trying to enhance the
diversity four primary factors that
•Social decide interaction patterns
diversity (such as openness, trust,
owing & risk to experiment)
•Language Individuals must try to
diversity enhance interpersonal
communication skills (such
as maintaining good eye
contact, appropriate body
language, listening with
patience, etc.)

 The johari window model is a simple &
useful tool for illustrating & improving
self-awareness & mutual understanding
between individuals within a group.
 The johari window terminology refers to
self & others.
 Self refers to the person subject to the
Johari window analysis & others refers to
other people in the person’s group or
team.

 The johari window model was devised by
American psychologist, Joseph Luft & Harry
Ingham, in 1955.
 The model was first published in proceedingsof
the Western Training Laboratory in Group
Development by UCLA extension Office in 1955.
 The Johari window model represents self-
awareness of an individual towards himself or
herself, & later on become a widely used model
for self-development by helping the person
understand & learn about improvement of
communication skills & IPRs

The open or public self The unknowing self
The Private self The unknown self
Known to self Unknown to self
Known to
others
Unknown to
others

The upper left quadrant of the
window represents the part of the self
that is public; that is, aspect of the self
about which both the individual & others
are aware.

Examples:
Susan, a nurse who is the adult
child of an alcoholic, has strong feelings
about helping alcoholics to achieve
sobriety. She volunteers her time to be a
support person on call to help recovering
alcoholics. She is aware of her feelings &
her desire to help others. Members of the
alcoholics Anonymous group in which the
volunteers her time are also aware of
Susan’s feelings & they feel comfortable
calling her when they need help refraining
from drinking.

The upper right (blind)
quadrant of the window represents
the part of the self that is known to
others but remains hidden from the
awareness of the individual.

Examples:
When susan takes care of patients
in detox, she does so without emotion,
tending to the technical aspects of the
task in a way that the clients perceive
as cold & judgmental. She is unaware
that she comes across to the clients in
this way.

The lower left quadrant of the
window represents the part of the
self that is known to the individual,
but which the individual deliberately
& consciously conceals from others.

Example:
Susan would prefer not to take
care of the client in detox because
doing so provokes painful memories
from her childhood. Because she does
not want the other staff members to
known about these feelings, however,
she volunteers to take care of the
detox client whenever they are
assigned to her unit.

The lower right quadrant of the
window represent the part of the self
that is unknown to both the individual
& to others.

Example:
Susan felt very powerless as a child
growing up with an alcoholic father. She
seldom knew in what condition she would find
her father or what his behavior would be. She
learned over her life situation, & left home as
soon as she graduated from high school. The
need to stay in control has always been very
important to susan , & she is unaware that
working with recovering alcoholics helps to
fulfill this need in her. The people she is
helping are also unaware that susan is
satisfying an unfulfilled personal need as she
provides them with assistance.shirishgawai@blogsopt.com/N

• It has become a widely used model for
understanding & training self-awareness &
personal development & improving
communication, IPRs, group dynamics, team
development & inter-group relationships.
• It puts emphasis on soft skills, behavior,
empathy, cooperation, inter-group development
& interpersonal development.
• It can also be used to improve an individual’s
relationship with others or a group’s
relationship with other groups.

• The model is a simple & useful tool for illustrating
& improving self-awareness & mutual
understanding between individuals in a group.
• The Johari model can also be used to assess &
improving self-awareness & mutual understanding
between individuals in a group.
• The johari window actually represents information –
feelings, experiences, views attitudes, skills,
intentions, motivation, etc. - within or about a
person in relation to their group from four
perspectives.
• The johari window provides a useful way to
graphically visualize the process of self-disclosure.

Interpersonal relationships

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