Organizational Justice

Organizational Justice
2.1 Theory Organization justice plays a very important role in employee motivation, loyalty, and
well–being (Mc Shane et al, 2013). To minimize the feeling of injustice, corporate leaders have to
understand well of the concepts, theory and forms of organization justice (Mc Shane et al, 2013).
There are three different but overlapping forms of organization justice, which are: Procedural
Organizational Justice, Interactional Organizational Justice and Distributive Organizational Justice (
Elovainio et al, 2002). 2.1.1 Procedural organizational justice: According to Oxford Dictionary,
procedure refers to 'an established or official way of doing something'. Procedural justice is the idea
of fairness in the processes of resolving disputes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the justifications provided to people that express information about why procedures were used
in a certain way or why outcomes were distributed in a certain fashion (Muzumdar). The perceived
level of informational justice is higher when more sufficiency of explanations are disclosed
(Fricchione, 2006). Informational justice shows the transparency in the procedures adopted to
accomplish certain judgment or result (Muzumdar). The second part is called as interpersonal justice
which referring to the respect and dignity with which one treats another (Colquitt et al, 2001). It is
how a person is being treated by his supervisors, subordinates or others (Muzumdar). Treatment by a
supervisor is defined as respect, dignity, motivation, encouragement and so on. Since interactional
justice emphasizes one–to–one transactions, employees frequently seek it from their supervisors.
This creates an opportunity for the organizations to train union leaders to behave more justly
(Skarlicki et al, 1996). They were taught to give explanations and apologies (informational justice)
and to treat their reports with courtesy and respect (interpersonal justice) Leaders of an organization
have to behave in a particular manner in order to influence their subordinates to enhance
productivity (Karris, n.d). For example, individuals who reported to trained leaders revealed more
helpful citizenship
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Distributive Negotiation
Negotiating is a concept and practice that is a part of daily life. For parents, there is negotiating
involved in something as seemingly mundane as getting your child off to school on time and in good
spirits. At work, negotiation is at the core of employment. We have negotiated our job to offer our
skills and expertise in return for compensation. There are two main types of negotiation. Distributive
negotiation is based on the "fixed pie" solution. Each party receives a fixed share of the attributes,
solutions, and commodities to be attained. Conversely, the integrative approach to negotiation holds
that there is a solution that while there is a finite amount of attributes, solutions, and commodities, a
"win–win" approach that involves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research found that the number of options available as opposed to how they are applied to
finding a solution matters the most (Giebels, De Dreu & Van de Vliert, 2000). Promoting numerous
options when feasible in distributive negotiating does honor those involved and tend towards a
Christian perspective. Integrative negotiation requires a process that is more in depth, usually
involving more issues and outcomes. "The presence of many issues is beneficial because the
disputants can have interests targeting different issues. Consequently, each party concedes
something which is not valued by him while trying to obtain something important for him but
useless or not so important for the other" (www.negotiations.com/training/). Inherent in this
approach is the assumption that the parties involved will need to have a prior rapport built or work
towards building trust in the process. Research has found that "when negotiators have an egoistic
motivation, and not when they are motivated to take both one 's own and the opposing parties '
interests into consideration" (Giebels, et al., 2000, p.270). Biblically this is supported by "Blessed
are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God" Matthew 5:9 (ESV). At the core of
integrative negotiation, "each side seeks to create an agreement beneficial to both parties" (Lutz,
2017, para. 3). Biblical guidance and research show that a

Distributive Leadership
In the field of education, many issues seem to be converging simultaneously. Budget, technology
initiatives, alignment to core standards, AchieveNJ, PARCC, HIB and a myriad of others are
ongoing while educational leaders also have the responsibility of running a department, school or
district. Being a school leader is often like laying railroad tracks while the train is barreling toward
you. Regardless, as district leaders, we need to be prepared and always look toward the future in
order to educate our students to the highest degree possible. Therefore, successful educational
leaders should possess the skills and background in the areas of curriculum development,
evaluation, public relations, goal–setting, integrity and articulation ... Show more content on
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As I walk through classrooms, complete classroom observations, attend meetings and make public
presentations, my use of technology is always very obvious. I carry and use my iPad wherever I go
and use it for many aspects of managing time, keeping a calendar and monitoring school activities.
In order to communicate effectively and to sharply reduce the use of paper, correspondence with
staff members is done through technology. Creating and then utilizing a district Facebook page, a
professional blog and Twitter account allowed me to reach many people with information about the
district.
My districts also utilize technology for ongoing benchmark assessments for students. On a weekly
basis, I review data supporting a value–added student achievement model. Renaissance Learning's
Star Math and Reading assessment tools are used four times per year to benchmark student growth.
Under my leadership last year, with no benchmarking process in place, Jamesburg adopted NWEA's
MAP assessment tool to chart student growth and inform instruction. Running records and
AIMSweb are also used in conjunction with the other products to demonstrate

The Distributive Style Of Negotiation
How do we explore getting more in the deal than what was originally discussed? Some may not feel
making the deal should mean adding more to it than the original bargain There is a lot of, "what is in
it for me?" And "what do we get out of this deal?" Negotiation deals have either integrative or
distributive properties. What are the contrasts between these two styles and what are their
comparisons? This paper will explore the styles and how they are able to help expand the deal. The
distributive style of negotiation is where both parties discuss a fixed sum or end state. Usually, one
of the sides loses and the other gains. "A gain by one side is made at the expense of the other. This is
also known as a zero–sum negotiation" (Negotiating Outcomes, 2007). The integrative negotiation
allows both parties to cooperate and achieve maximum outcomes from the agreement. It is done by
allowing both sides to integrate their interests into the agreement. "Each side makes trade–offs to get
the things it values most, giving up other, less critical factors" (Negotiating Outcomes, 2007). These
two styles are the basics of negotiation. One is more helpful in expanding the deal. The term,
"expanding the pie", should be interpreted as building a larger agreement. "Remember, it is not
about gaining power at the expense of other. Your having more power doesn't mean less power for
the other person. The pie is expanded" (Diamond, S., 2010). What is expanding the pie? It is

The Problem Of Distributive Bargaining
Opposing interests, exchange of goods or service, and terms of agreements, are but a few reasons
conflict can arise between parties. These controversies can stem from business or personal
relationships, and be held in formal or informal settings, but all require some form of resolution in
order to satisfy or assuage the parties involved. Negotiation, or bargaining, is a common method
used to obtain resolution. A variety of strategies can be employed in this process, some with more
favorable outcomes for both parties than others. A negotiation, often referred to as an art, involves
both skill and science, and the use of both determines the process taken for the bargaining, as well as
the outcome (Stoshikj, 2014). "Good use of reference, supports the discussion
Distributive Bargaining Robbins and Judge (2009) define distributive bargaining as "negotiation that
seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win/lose situation" (p. 497). Explained by these
authors, is the zero–sum aspect of distributive bargaining, in which one party's gain is the other
party's expense. A simple example of this type of bargaining is a buy–sell arrangement where one
party wants to obtain the maximum price for a product or service while the other party wants to pay
the minimum amount acceptable. Stoshikj (2014) describes this "negotiations dance" when the
buyer's offers increase, the seller's offers decrease, and the acceptable amount for both parties comes

Democracy And The Problem Of Distributive Justice
Democracy and the Problem of Distributive Justice The preliminary point into an inquiry of
distributive justice is to disconnect the conjunction of "distributive," and "justice". For the purpose
of this essay, I will inherit and accept John Rawls explanation of justice from A Theory of Justice.
"Justice," according to Rawls, "is the first virtue of social institutions." Therefore, from a societal
perspective, justice as the first virtue negates the utilitarian maxim that a loss of freedom for one
would be acceptable if there was a greater good to be shared by others. In a truly just society, all
people are treated fair. The questions of individual liberties are taken as settled. In the just society,
liberty, rights, and fairness are not subject to a utilitarian calculation nor are they susceptible to
political bargaining. Reconnecting this interpretation of justice to distribution purely means that the
virtue of justice, being concerned with the liberty, rights, and fairness of citizen 's in a society, must
consider how the economic opportunities and social conditions affect the citizens in that society.
While there may be cases of perceived inequality among the citizens of the just society, those
inequalities might be acceptable if certain principles of justice insured the fairness of liberty and
rights inherent in justice as the first virtue. Further, any inequalities in authority and wealth could be
just, only on the condition that they benefit all citizens. In

Explain Aristotle's Analysis Of Justice
Aristotle's analysis of justice (its types and implications) in the field of business
Aristotle talks about justice not as something which is right and good but as something which is
closer to being fair. In his opinion, every trait or quality should be carried out justly. For him being
just means to find a middle way in whatever thing that we are doing.
Aristotle says that one should not go to the extreme side of anything e.g. one should not be too just
as to give someone a penalty which is too big for the act that he has done or too small as to not give
him punishment for the wrong he has caused. There should always be a middle way of everything
that we do in our lives.
Types of Justice:
Aristotle further divides justice in two main types mentioned below:
Universal Justice
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It means that the compensation will not be decided by comparing the case with other relevant cases,
but the compensation will take place by only looking at one specific case within. So the amount of
compensation owed to the victim of an accident due a criminal is determined by the features of each
case and not by a comparison with other cases.
Implication of Compensatory Justice in the field of business:
In a manufacturing business, a worker while doing his work in the factory gets injured due to the
fault of machinery as it was old and not in the condition of getting used. So it is the duty of an
employer to compensate for the damage that has been done to that worker. Compensation can be in
the form of holidays and money to recover the loss of the worker.
Retributive Justice:
Retributive justice is the one which involves the punishments for the wrongdoers and rewards for
those who has done good. It mainly focuses on correcting those who do wrong to others. The
punishment of the wrong should be given according to the intensity of the crime. Punishments
should not be too harsh for a small or minor crime or too lenient for a major

The Argument Against Nozick's 'Distributive Justice Essay...
Argument Against Nozick's Distributive Justice
Robert Nozick argues in his Entitlement Theory that there are three main topics in the justice of
holdings: the acquisition of 'un–held things', the transfer of holdings, and the rectification of
injustice in holdings.1 Nozick's theory of what makes a transfer of holdings 'just' should be rejected
for two key reasons and the rectification of injustice of holdings should be rejected for two key
reasons. Robert Nozick declares a transfer of holdings just if the exchange is voluntary and if the
holding being exchanged was originally acquired by just means.2 The first key point of this
argument that should be rejected is the fact that the grounds for a 'just' transfer of holdings relies ...
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If the only thing constituting the justice of a transfer of holdings is whether or not it was voluntary,
that permits exchanges to take place that are inhumane, immoral, and/or detrimental to society. If a
society strives to remain fair to the population as a whole and wants to maintain some level of
control and morality, there must be more limitations put in place over what makes a transfer in
holdings 'just'. The method that Nozick proposes to rectify past injustices of holdings should also be
rejected. Nozick creates an ideal principle of rectification that states that when an injustice of
holdings is discovered, an extensive investigation must ensue in which all of the transfer or
acquisitions of that particular holding must be traced back to the original injustice.3 After this is
done, a best estimate must be made as to what would have occurred to that holding if the original
injustice hadn't occurred and that conclusion must be realized.4 If this principle would be upheld, a
person who possesses a particular holding, which they acquired through a 'just' transfer or
acquisition as defined by Nozick's entitlement theory, would potentially have to relinquish that
holding completely through the rectification process is they are not in the conclusion that is realized.
This raises one very vital question, is one injustice permissible in order to rectify a

Distributive Public Policy
General rules require a process – nothing is considered a law or implemented unless it goes through
a chain of command and successfully pass requirements to be considered a rule. A rule is a set of
official instructions that must be obeyed. For example, across the nation, a red traffic light means to
stop and a green traffic light means to go. This rule must be acknowledged by all who come into
contact with it or actions of punishments will follow for the violation. An employer may implement
a rule of arriving to work at 8 am, this is an official piece of instruction for the place of business and
must be followed. "The rulemaking process begins when Congress passes a statute either requiring
or authorizing an agency to write and issue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This policy is geared towards certain groups. For example, when the Environmental Protection
Agency passes regulations, human health and the environmental businesses are the groups that are
affected (Block, 1990). A form of distributive policy would be the use of contracts – under a
contract, a private firm agrees to provide a product or service to the government in exchange for a
specific amount of money. Other examples of proposals that fall into this category are educational
functions such as transportation, custodial services, and

Aristotle Distributive Justice
Distributive justice deals with the distribution of wealth among the members of a community based
on merit. Rectificatory justice remedies unequal distributions of gain and loss between two people.
In Greek the word ethics means character. Aristotle named his book after his son so he could teach
him how to have good character. Aristotle believes that politics and happiness are intrinsically
linked likewise let you and happiness are tied together. The same flight is for all inquiry art auction
and goods to lean towards happiness. Happiness is not contentment. It is the complete exercise of
human abilities and how they can scale politics. Political communities are necessary for allowing a
complexity in diversity. They are needed to allow natural

Distributive Justice Essay
2.1 Distributive Justice
Distributive justice explains the process of "attaining the equitable exchange relationships by
allocating the benefits and costs'' (Smith et al., 1999, pp. 358–359). Its is revealed that compensation
is one of the most widely used tool that that organization have to react on a customer complaints
related to distributive justice Tax et al., 1998).
Effective ways of distributive Justice can be assed in reaction to injustice resultant from a failure of
service by offering refunds, coupons and free gifts (cf. Kelley et al., 1993). There is a practical proof
of customers getting a fair response from the organization's complaint management process and are
satisfied with it as well (Goodwin and Ross 1992). Evidence suggested that distributive justice has
the largest share of post complaint satisfaction (Mattila 2001). ... Show more content on
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189). Organizations having procedures, tools, and policies in place and are expected to assist to
handle a complaint process by providing a feedback to customers (Davidow, 2000). Hence a proper
setup of policies, tools and procedures should be established in order to speed up the process of
handling the customers' complaints (Davidow, 2003b). With regards to handling a complaint
process, procedural justice justifies the fairness of procedures, tools and polices in order to have
proper setup of complaint handling procedures (cf. Davidow, 2003b). There are several experimental
studies have been conducted to proof the importance procedural justice for complaint handling.
Author shows that customers who have reported high level of complaint handling satisfaction has
experienced high level of procedural justice (Tax et al. 1998). (De Ruyter and Wetzels 2000) stated
that high level of procedural fairness leads to more satisfied

Distributive Justice Model
Taxpayers are paying to keep Horacio– a murderer– alive with the help of dialysis. Due to the fact,
taxpayer's money are involved, an open public discussion is permissible. The key central issue in the
discussion is whether prisoners are entitled to health care. To put it simply, are prisoners entitled to
health care from taxpayer's money; in addition, should society provide and pay for it. The best
approach of viewing this case is employing the distributive justice concept. Basically, society should
consider the benefit and injury containing rights, income, employment, and taxes of giving health
care to prisoners. Society could withhold health care to prisoners. Essentially, society and the
government will not be involved and prisoners will

The Principles Of Distributive Justice
The principles of distributive justice are deeply rooted in western philosophy. The concept includes
the available goods, the process by which goods are distributed, and the resulting allocation of the
goods to the members of the society. Since in every society there is limited goods the decision.
Distributive justice is thought to be perceived as fairness in how both rewards and costs are
distributed among members of the society. The fair allocation of goods should take into account the
quantity of goods and the procedure of distribution. In this paper I will discuss criteria that justify a
distribution of goods, what can be distributed, and how do different criteria of distribution apply
variably to different kinds of goods. Distributive justice is a critical concept in the theory of justice
and many thinkers have formulated their own concept around it. The thinkers that I will analyze and
discuss their views and theories are Plato, Rawls, Walzer, JS Mills, and Bentham.
The criteria that I believe that morally justifies a distribution of goods are merit and need.
In my view a just world will allow those in need and those with skills to be of top priority when it
comes to the distribution of goods. The distribution of offices and positions is based on performance
measured through examination or achievement in the field. Power should be put in the hands of
individuals based almost exclusively based on ability and talent. Those with strong merit are the
same who have

The Distributive Property of Algebraic Expressions
The Distributive property of Algebraic expressions
Janet Mency
MAT 221
Instructor: Amy Glidewell
January 25, 2014
Completing algebra problems can be difficult if you don't understand the properties of real numbers.
There are several properties in algebra dealing with both integers and real numbers; one that will be
the focus of this report will be the distributive property. We use this property when we are
combining addition and multiplication in an algebraic expression. Let's say that you are presented
with the expression 6x(2 + y) = 9x + 5xy, now with this problem the order of operation would have
you to add the terms in parenthesis first, by using the distributive property it allows to simplify the
problem by multiplying all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
0.015m+17.6m+1.15n+0.072n Combine the like terms by adding coefficients.
17.615m+1.222n The expression with decimals simplified notice that we completed we completed
each one by using the same concept.
In conclusion we have learn about some of the basic pre–algebra properties of real numbers. We
have discussed the how important of knowing what each property allows you to do. Not knowing
about the properties of real numbers would be like, just looking at a bunch of numbers and letters.
So understanding them helps you to know and understand how algebra works. Reading and applying
these properties have helped me to understand algebra a little bit better. We only talked about three
of the properties, which are commutative, associative and distributive properties. These properties
are some of the basics in pre–algebra that I liked and that helped me to be able to simplify
expression in algebra. When it's all said and done it really all boils down to one thing completing
algebra problems can be difficult if you don't understand the properties of real

What Is Distributive Justice
1. John Rawls introduces the reader to the discussion of distributive justice by explaining what
justice is and where this theory fits by comparing justice between utilitarianism and the theory of the
social contract. Rawls also goes into answering three questions regarding interpretation,
arrangement, and conception. Rawls concludes that distributive justice is only possible when there
are structures set–up such as our four branches of government to establish an effective environment
for distributive shares. What I found most interesting of Rawls examinations is his statement, "In
practice we must usually choose between unjust arrangements and then it is a matter of finding the
lesser injustice." Personally, I believe we should avoid any unjust ... Show more content on
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"The Parable of the Sadhu" is based upon Bowen H. McCoy's journey in Nepal and of hiking up an
18,000–foot pass in Himalaya. This hike was done with a multicultural group who had encountered
an Indian holy man called a sadhu. Each member of the group felt inconvenienced by the sadhu and
only contributed just enough to help the man so they could selfishly continue their journey. McCoy
shared this story in order to demonstrate its connection to business situations. Concluding the lesson
of the story that in the business world, individuals require support of the group in order to make
decisions when obstacles come along the way. Something I do agree with. An individual can only do
so much but if there is unison and support of a group then anything can be

Examples Of Distributive Justice
A white police officer, Stockley, shot a black male, Smith, in St. Louis five times. There is dash cam
footage of Stockley saying, "When I get up here I'm going to kill this..." He requested a trial by
judge instead of a jury trial and this was granted with prosecution objecting. He was found not guilty
and that was a very unfavorable verdict with the citizens. The citizens have threatened "civil
disobedience" when he was acquitted. In Distributive Justice, it is the perceived fairness of how
resources and rewards are distributed. In this case the resources are the police department. The
reward is the feeling of safety that is supposed to come with the protection that the police can
provide. In egalitarianism, it is all about equality. This case does not sit well with distributive justice
nor equality. The police officer is not distributing the resources equally. The police officer made the
mistake of saying that he was going to kill the man while using a derogatory term and no matter
what he meant the only thing that matters is what he said. It makes it automatically seem like he is
not willing to protect the black male as much as he is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is that each person has equal rights and liberties. The second is that a social and economic
inequalities must satisfy two conditions: the difference principle and the principle of fair
participation. It is obvious that for each person to have equal rights and liberties is violated because
the officer said a derogatory term that would not have been applied if the man had been Caucasian.
His liberties were trashed as soon as they saw what color he was. This scenario also goes against the
difference principle because the least advantaged person in this case would be the black male and he
was the one most harmed. The principle of fair participation does not really apply here, but if the
races had been reversed it is something to think about how the situation would have

Distributive Justice Theory
According to Kreitner & Kinicki (2013, p. 215), "Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness
of how resources and rewards are distributed or allocated."
A time in which distributive justice was applied at my job was during a time in which I worked with
for a medical facility call center. While employed there, several workers within the division held
equivalent job titles and were hired to perform the same daily tasks. However, there were some
employees that held a seniority status and our pay rates were different based on our education and
experience. Although, our working efforts and methods of completing work was highly different.
Throughout each day, we all were assigned the same tasks to complete. In regards to the tasks we
had a quota to meet and or exceed. A lot of the employees exemplified professionalism,
organization, time management, and dedication. However, there were staff within our division that
felt they took precedence because of their longevity within the division. The seasoned staff felt that
due to them being there for so long they were accustomed to taking excessive smoke breaks, hardly
meeting quota, excessive long lunch breaks, and consistently watched Netflix and played online
games. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also management noted, if you took advantage of the added trainings, classes, special projects, and
constructive feedback. Moreover, during performance evaluations, they determined your salary
increases, promotions to team leads, bonuses, and other incentives. Therefore despite others not
completing tasks and slacking on their duties, they were reprimanded. So I felt that they treated
workers fair and based your rewards fairly from your work performance and efforts. Motivated
employees highly excelled in this

Justice Is The Greatest Interest Of Mankind And Every...
The issue of justice or fairness is the greatest interest of mankind and every individual desire fair
treatment at all times. Lerner, (2003) found that justice affects employees' effectiveness because of
the strong interpersonal relationship that result from fair treatment. The service quality of an
organization like a hospital cannot be achieved where employees are dissatisfied and
psychologically divorced from their supervisors and organizations. Wong and Sohal, (2003) sees
customers' perceived service quality as the same with the behavioral disposition of employee. The
employees' commitment to supervisors tends to result in their readiness to commit to the overall
organizational. In essence, the level of commitment is capable of influencing the quality of service
rendered by the employee. Agus, Barker and Kandampully, (2007) remarked that, behaviors that
relate to the employees can impact on the quality of service rendered by the organization. Many of
the labour actions in Nigerian workplace relate to wages and salaries. Elsewhere, the work of
Adams, (1965 in Cropanzano, Bowen and Gilliland, 2007) reviewed that the problem is not with
insufficient wages and salaries! It is more of inequitable distributions of wages and salaries found in
employees' pay bag. We belief that, employees tend to commit themselves to their supervisors, when
they have reasonable grounds to conclude that they have received fairness in their pay bags. It is on
this premise that we propose the

Integrative and Distributive Negotiations
Integrative and Distributive Bargaining Whether a negotiation involves working together toward a
goal or working against one another to win, each party must use a strategy to reach a solution. The
differences of distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining are parallel. The ways in which one
method is competitive and the other is cooperative is described and related to a well–known case
involving basketball player Juwan Howard. Distributive Bargaining In a competitive bargaining
situation, referred to as distributive bargaining, resources are fixed and limited. Both parties want to
maximize their share of the resources with each party's goal conflicting (Lewicki, Saunders, &
Barry, 2006). During a distributive bargaining, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the integrative negotiation, negotiators must be firm about their wants and needs but flexible
as to how they are met to reach a solution to fit both sides. This cooperative type of negotiation was
used at times during NBA free agent negotiations involving Howard. Howard's team worked with
the Heat to negotiate the terms of his contract and both sides met their needs, until the NBA stepped
in. Juwan Howard's resistance point was not beyond what the Heat was willing to give to add him to
the roster. Although this scenario was very competitive at times, each side defined and pursued their
own goals while keeping in mind the goals of the other party. Integrative bargaining will not work if
either side is competitive or non–cooperative. Each side must work together toward the resolution.
When there is something to be divided up, this is not the best method to use for negotiation. Another
con to this method is that if one side fails to understand the other side, there will be conflict without
reaching an agreement. The four steps to the integrative negotiation process are to indentify and
define the problem, understand the problem and bring interests and needs to the surface, generate
alternative solutions to the problem, and evaluate those alternatives and select among them. The
process is designed to first create value, then to claim the value associated. Defining the problem is
a difficult part of the

Distributive Justice
The administration of punishment should serve the offender and should be in the form and severity
that is necessary for the meeting of the objective. I would like to work as a probation officer.
Probation Officers require much patience as well as the ability to follow certain orderly conduct.
Officers are given a group of individuals to monitor on a daily basis that are also known as
caseloads. Each caseload is different for every officer. The people involved have unique behavioral
patterns and backgrounds that construct the outcome of how each case may proceed. Therefore, it is
required that all officers follow the code of ethics as a guide to an easier handling of your caseload
as well as the everyday production of your job requirements. ... Show more content on
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The passion to deliver justice in all situations is interconnected to distributive justice and corrective
justice. In corrective justice, offenders are expected to be disciplined for their evil deeds and this
corresponds with my value and passion for justice. The application of correction justice is also
associated with morality which plays a significant role. This is because of the relationship with law
and morality and the need, as a criminal justice professional, to understand how and where to draw
the line between law. The challenge in correctly identifying a distinct relationship between morality
and law is ignited by the observation that law does not include every moral concern. For example,
while it may be agreed by a majority of citizens that lying, in most instances is immoral; there are
others that may argue that specific laws barring lying do not exist, safe for laws that forbid perjury,
numerous types of fraud and additional institutions. The linkage between morality and law can thus
be seen as tricky because it is possible to engage in what may broadly be perceived as an immoral
act, yet the act is not illegal. Thus, it can be assumed that a person may be perceived as a good
person that does the right thing does not necessarily qualify being a law–abiding person. Therefore,
it emerges that the issue of morality and law should be

Medicare As Distributive Politics
Medicare
Medicare was established in 1965 to guarantee elderly Americans access to quality health care
regardless of their financial circumstances. Medicare spends more than $200 billion a year and it
will increase, partly because greater numbers of Americans will become eligible for coverage when
the baby boomers begin to turn sixty–five after 2010. According to the article The Political
Economy of Medicare by Bruce C. Vladeck, to understand the political economy of Medicare it is
necessary to view it from three perspectives. The first one is Medicare as redistributive politics,
second is Medicare as special–interest politics, and third is Medicare as distributive politics. In the
next few paragraphs I will focus on economic analysis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An individual pays a monthly premium which is usually deducted from the monthly Social Security
check. Participation in Part B is voluntary, however it pays for physician's services and outpatient
hospital services (emergency room services, diagnostic testing, laboratory services, outpatient
physical therapy, speech–pathology services, and durable medical equipment; Health Economics &
Policy, James W. Henderson, pg. 347). As Vladeck stated in his article, Medicare accounts for as
much as 40 percent of the income of the average U.S. hospital. The reason for this is that Medicare
makes payments to providers of services, not directly to beneficiaries. Physicians who provide care
to Medicare patients have to decide whether or not to accept the Medicare allowable fee as payment
in full for the services provided. To get the bills paid for the services provided, physicians often use
balance billing. Using balance billing, physicians bill a patient for the difference between the
physician's usual charge for a service and the maximum charge allowed by the patient's health plan.
However, physicians complain that the Medicare allowable fee is below their average cost of
providing medical services, so a common practice is cost shifting to private patients. A part of the
income for the hospitals, especially teaching hospitals, is the prospective payment system (PPS).
This kind of payment is determined prior to the provision of services. It is a

Literature Review On Distributive Justice
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is a review of relevant literature on distributive justice. The chapter enables the
researcher to examine the level of literary works on the subject matter of the study. It adopts a
thematic method in its approach, namely: justice in general; theories of justice; theories and
principles of distributive justice; distributive justice and the common good; distributive justice and
private ownership of property; distributive justice and charity; distributive justice in relation to
politics and religion; and distributive justice and peace.
2.1 Justice in General Justice seems to be variously applied by different scholars. However, no
matter how they try to use the concept, it does not exclude the fact that events affecting others
follow a constituted order which must be followed.
Richard McBrien in his book, Catholicism, sees Justice as an "English translation of the Latin word
ius, which means 'right'; this right, according to him, is a power to do things which are necessary for
achieving the end or purpose for which one is destined as rational and free persons." (943–944). He
stresses that justice is not only about one's rights, it is also concerned with duties which correspond
to those rights, and emphasises the fact that a person's rights are limited by the existence of other
people's rights (943). However, Dokun Oyeshola in his book, Conflict and Context of Conflict
Resolution, argues that justice is not monolithic, and thus has

The Issue Of Distributive Justice
The issue of distributive justice and the question of whether it should be up to the possessor to do
what they please with the money and property that they earn, inherit, or otherwise acquire has long
been one of the most contentious political issues. This issue has been the cause of countless
revolutions and was one of the key differences between the powers in the Cold War. While this
question is often viewed in black and white terms, in reality the answer to this question is not simple
and straightforward.
During the Cold War the economic views of communism, associated with the Soviet Union, and
capitalism, associated with the United States and other western bloc nations, were generally viewed
in black and white terms. Policies that advocated the redistribution of wealth, but were not actually
communist, nevertheless tended to be associated with communism. Despite the fall of the Soviet
Union, this association continues to be made, especially in the United States (Maltsev and Skaskiw
54). However, the communism of the Soviet Union was not a perfect example of the fair
redistribution of wealth, nor was the United States without policies that redistributed wealth
(Beckert 189; Buchanan 168). As such, an association with communism and the Soviet Union is not
a truly valid reason for one to reject any policy that redistributes wealth.
Oftentimes, redistribution of wealth and restrictions on how an individual can use their wealth is
necessary, in order to bring about more

Examples Of Distributive Negotiation
2. Define distributive and integrative deals and give clear and concise example of two? Distributive
negotiations occur when parties negotiate over one single issue. It involves sharing a fixed amount
of resources. Everyone tries to make a good effort in order to get a bigger piece of the pie.
Distributive deals are a win – lose situation, where one side stands to win while the other one loses
out. You might want to hold back information, while trying to get information from the other party.
By doing this, you get to see how much they are willing to give up. You might want to let them
know about other alternatives you have, but save your best alternative to the end, because it is the
bottom line. Distributive negations have a tendency to be competitive, and a party always views
another party as a competitor. Although its competitive nature, all parties negotiate on friendly
terms. A good example of when a distributive negotiation is used is when we buy a car. We are
friendly and competitive, both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A single issue is normally expanded in to multiple issues or they might add more issues. In this type
of negotiations you try to work with the other party, because you need the other party. You're able to
produce a greater outcome together than any of you could do on your own. It requires both parties to
listen, pay attention and understand what the other party wants and needs. It is important to
determine your list of priorities, and it is also important to share information with each other. This
type of negotiation is a win–win strategy, however it does require some compromises from both
sides. An example of integrative negotiation could be when you're trying to get your child to do
something you want them to do. You might offer them you get an extra hour in front of the
television, if they eat all the vegetables on their plate. Both parties get what they want, and it turns
into a win–win

Distributive Justice Essay
Distributive Justice In a society, all people have different capabilities as well as the resources they
own. However, the distribution of these resources within the society is what is referred as
distributive justice. It enables the less fortunate in the community to have a sense of belonging, and
it also gives them a say in the society. Through distributive justice, people can peacefully coexist.
Distributive justice is also viewed as a way in which things like rewards and costs are shared in a
group of individuals depending on their capabilities. Nevertheless, distributive justice has different
approaches depending on the situation and the norms of a group in the society. In this case,
distributive justice can be applied to promote equity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The more resourcefully individuals in the group should make efforts in paying the bill at the expense
of individuals with less money. This helps in ensuring each meets their needs without being
negatively affected financially. This form of distributive justice is critical in for improving the self–
esteem of less fortunate people. Paying for their meals or taking care of their pressing needs enables
them to feel appreciated rather than neglected. Additionally, it also strengthens the relationship
between friends in a group and people in society. Consequently, the best approach to be used in this
scenario is responsibility. Although it depends on the decision of the each, this mechanism helps to
balance the amount each is required to pay. All the group members should agree to have a common
meal to make the situation relaxed for everyone. The bill should be split among the members with
well–paid jobs, or one of the members should volunteer and pay the pill. This will make the less
fortunate members feel appreciated, and the situation would be favorable for all the members.
Distributive justice creates a sense of belonging to the members of the society especially who have
less income. However, it does not always apply in all the situations, and the norms of society have to
be incorporated in all the

Disadvantages Of Distributive Justice
The cry for equality of opportunity for the underprivileged and weaker sections of the society is
being increasingly heard these days and this demonstrates the importance of notion of distributive
justice in modern consciousness. Distributive justice embraces "the whole economic dimension of
social justice, the entire question of proper distribution of goods and services within thesociety". It
demands equality in the distribution or allotment of advantages or burdens. The advantages or
burdens which are to be distributed are of numerous kinds such as wages, taxes, property,
punishments, individual or social performances or rights and duties as allocated and apportioned by
the legal system. Distributive justice aims to strike a balance in the socio–economic structure of the
society to bring equipoise between the conflicting desires, interests and claims of the individual
citizens. Justice P.N. Bhagwati succinctly explains distributive justice as under:– ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a kind of justice which we in India are trying to realize through the process of law and our
substantive law is being ,geared to this task."
Justice V.R.Krishna Iyer visualises it as a "special concern for the backward human sectors of the
lowliest and the lost, and activist, affirmative state action for their advancement as a democratic
imperative, plus the organisation of a sensitive and creative milieu which offers, as of right, social,
and cultural opportunities, dignity of personhood and individuality to every human, regardless of
seeming or real disparities to unfold his full mental, moral and physical

Distributive Justice
Private Law according to Ernest Weinrib The ideas of corrective and distributive justice are two
contrastive forms of justice put forward by Aristotle, according to Professor Ernest J. Weinrib.
Corrective justice has a remedial function, i.e. it revolves around the idea that liability rectifies the
injustice inflicted by one person to another. It examines the injustice that one party has committed
because of which the other party has suffered. It corrects this injustice by depriving one party of the
wrongful gain and restoring it to the other party. Distributive justice, on the other hand, involves the
sharing of a benefit or a burden. It sets a standard based on a distributive criterion and then
compares the entitlement of the benefit/burden to each party. Prima facie, corrective justice appears
to be a simple concept that can be applied liberally for almost any legal case. Upon closer
inspection, however, one might discover that there are quite ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Let us view this previous equality as a baseline. When the injustice occurs, one party realizes a gain
and the other a loss. The law rectifies this injustice when it reinstates the initial equality by
depriving the defendant of the gain and by restoring it to the plaintiff. But one has to remember that
only when justice is done to both parties can the remedy be achieved. Only taking away the
defendant's wrongful excess or only making up for the plaintiff's loss is not sufficient in a court of
law. The remedy consists of simultaneously doing justice to both parties through a single action. In
the case Shylock V Antonio, this concept could've been used to good effect but instead of accepting
the damages, Shylock pursues the performance of the contract instead in a state of

Distributive Justice: Fraedrich And Ferrelly
According to Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, "justice is fair treatment and due reward in accordance
with ethical or legal standards, including the disposition to deal with perceived injustices of others"
(Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2015 p.163). Moreover, the distributive justice would be the perfect fit
for the extent of responsibility for the loss of the inventors when it comes to the family members of
Madoff and his contributors. Furthermore, the distributive justice is difficult to effect when one of
the members in the relationship intends on taking advantage of the partnership (Ferrell, Fraedrich, &
Ferrell, 2015 p.164). Thus, the contributors/supporters of Madoff's action are just as responsible for
the defrauding of the investors

Luck Egalitarianism: The Difference Between Option Luck...
Luck egalitarianism offers a base for why distributive equality matters, by drawing on the distinction
between option luck and brute luck. The difference between option luck and brute luck expresses the
difference between the outcomes for which an individual is responsible due to voluntary choices and
the outcomes for which an individual is not responsible, independent of her choice or what she
could have reasonably foreseen. According to luck egalitarians, persons should not be disadvantaged
because of bad brute luck, which is to say that is it is unfair for an individual to be worse off than
another for reasons that are outside of their control. If we accept the premise that individuals are
equal moral agents, then it seems to follow that individuals can only be held responsible for
outcomes that are due to their own choices but not those due to circumstances ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, each person should take responsibility for her choices and assume the costs of these choices.
As such, luck egalitarians seem to argue that distributive justice should be essentially choice–
sensitive yet luck–insensitive. How well off people are should be wholly determined by the
responsible choices people makes and not to differences in the circumstances they are not
responsible for. (Tan, 2008, 665) What follows from this account of equality, endorsed by luck
egalitarians, people should be compensated for undeserved misfortunes, and this compensation
should come from that part of others' good fortune that is undeserved. In other words, distributive
justice indicates that the "lucky" should transfer some or all of their gains due to luck to the
"unlucky". This is grounded on the assumption that no one deserves their genetic endowments, such
as native abilities and intelligence, or other involuntary circumstances, such as social factors like
class and wealth of the family into which one is born. (Anderson, 1999; Tan,

Organizational Justice : Impact On Job Satisfaction Among...
ORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE : IMPACT ON JOB SATISFACTION AMONG EMPLOYEES
AND THEIR ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR
INTRODUCTION:
Organizational Justice is one of the very important components of understanding the behavior of an
organization. It is a concept wherein an individual considers the organization he or she is working
for is just or not. It is an individual's perception of his or her employer being fair to him or her or
not. The justice or the fairness can be in terms of workplace procedures, interactions or outcomes.
The concept was introduced by Greenberg in 1987. Again, Organizational Justice is an individuals'
perception which means that it is based on what the employee thinks is good or bad for him or her
rather than the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The perceived fairness is followed by an effect on the attitude and behaviour of an employee
towards its company and thus in order to be impartial a company cannot overlook the personal
insight of an employee. The targeted outcome of organizational justice among employees is changes
in Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Sabotage, Absenteeism, Turnover Intentions, Job
Performance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Trust etc.
Types of Organizational justice: There are three types of organizational justice that an organization
should adopt in order to have satisfied, loyal and productive employees:
Distributive justice
Procedural justice
Interactional justice
Distributive Justice: This is a type of justice which deals with the fairness in terms of distribution of
outcomes. It is concerned with the different patterns of distributions of resources like pay, social
approval, promotion, job security and career opportunities among the employees of a company.
Procedural Justice: It refers to the medium used to come to a particular outcome. It specifies the
justification in the procedure of decision making.
Interactional Justice: It concerns with the interpersonal relationship shared by the employee and the
employer. There is a light demarcation line between procedural and interactional justice. The later
however deals with how outcomes are explained and communicated to the effectors. Based on this it
is further classified

Types of Justice as Outlined in the Ralsian Theory
Justice is another important ethical standard. Justice involves protecting individual rights, or
preventing an injustice to an individual. Justice also requires us to compare cases to avoid
discriminating or treating people differently who are alike in relevant respects. Succinctly, it means
treating people fairly.
Issues involving questions of justice and fairness are usually divided into three categories, that of
distributive justice, retributive justice and compensatory justice.
Distributive justice, a theory based on writings of John Rawls, perhaps the most basic category, is
concerned with the fair distribution of society's benefits and burdens.
Rawls felt that everything must be done in an act of achieving fairness throughout. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It helps business constantly achieve greater results because someone is always pushing to do better.
Fairness throughout a company no matter an employee's background would cause extreme issues for
management and would most likely cause more issues than results.
Retributive justice concerns the justice of blaming or punishing persons for doing wrong. When we
say "the punishment must fit the crime," we are calling for retributive justice. The conditions of
ignorance and inability are relevant in determining the justice of punishing or blaming someone for
doing wrong. If people do not know or freely choose what they are doing they cannot justly be
punished or blamed for it.
A second kind of condition of just punishments is assurance that the person being punished actually
did wrong. Penalizing an employee on the basis of insubstantial or incomplete evidence is rightly
considered an injustice.
A third kind of condition of just punishments is that they must be consistent and proportioned to the
wrong. Punishment is consistent only when everyone is given the same penalty for the same
infraction; punishment is proportioned to the wrong when the penalty is no greater in magnitude
than the harm that the wrongdoer inflicted. It is unjust, for example, for a manager to impose harsh
penalties for minor infractions of rules or to be lenient toward favorites but harsh towards all

Class Distributive Negotiation
During our class bargaining experiment of the class syllabus, our negotiations involved all of the sub
processes we discussed earlier this week. Firstly, we started with the process of distributive
bargaining where a "gap" was created; this gap is created due to both parties wanting what is in their
best interest. Not all parties want the same thing, in our case we the students wanted less stress, an
exam to be dropped and a non comprehensive final(for most of us), while also bettering our
understanding of the class material. Dr. Gough found our demands to be just that, demands and fired
back multiple different demands/interest of his own which involved a comprehensive final, no
exams to be dropped, and the possibility of multiple finals. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gough wants us to do well and understand the material, while still giving us a. This was just the
starting point of our negotiations, we continued into the process of integrative bargaining as we
began to bring up ideas to that would allow us to compromise and a mutal ground of understand.
Majority of our ideas were shot down, as we just continued to come up with ideas hear that we
thought would involve our best interest as well as Dr. Gough or create a win–win situation for the
parties involved. During this time we also involved the process of attitudinal structuring, as I said
before majority of our demands were denied with a firm NO. Following the NO, Dr. Gough would
then instill another addition to his demands on the class(double final, counting all the pop quizes,
cummultative finals, etc.) This created a distrust between the parties as we could not rely on Dr.
Gough to come to some sort of compromise that made us both happy. It just seemed like he was out
for his own interest and his own interest only at this time and I felt I could not trust him to come to a
mutal

The Concepts Of Contractionism By John Rawls And Political...
Abstract art steps back from reality to witness a world separate from the human experience. This
departure allows people to project their own meaning onto the piece. They all come from varying
backgrounds so their understandings of the art are all radically different. John Rawls attempts to
apply the same concepts of abstractionism into political philosophy to arrive at a set universal rules
and values. However, Rawls ultimately fails, giving rise to an either too limited or too vague theory
of justice. Rawls is not clear on how to access morality, who his theory applies to, and whether or
not his theory functions in reality.
Rawls acts to expand on the social contract making it more applicable to the needs of the least
advantaged. One of political philosophy's goals is for the government to find "some underlying basis
of philosophical and moral agreement" such that the citizens agree on its authority . He postulates
the current system of government, utilitarianism, is deeply flawed, because it allows for the
continued suffering of the most vulnerable in society as long as the majority benefits . Instead Rawls
proposes the veil of ignorance take its place. In this thought experiment, men are in the original
position, in which "the parties do not know their conceptions of the good or their special
psychological propensities" . He makes two general assumptions about human nature – people are
inherently self–interested and they are risk adverse. Thus, behind the veil, a

Personal values and the market Essay
Business is a game, which requires and demands both special strategy and an understanding special
ethics. It gives main part to the profit but in the same way the ethics also plays a very important role
in business because without ladder we cannot reach the high building like that without ethical
thinking business cannot be done. Private morality is a respect for truth and that the closer a
businessman comes to the truth he deserves more respect. According to Henry Taylor's Statement he
says that Ethics of a business are game ethics, different from the ethics of religion so he means that
ethics related to business are like games and they are different from religion. Ethics means dealing
with moral and in that truth plays the important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Business don't make the laws we can see distinguish between the ethical standards of business and
those of churches. Critics of business regard such behavior as unethical, but the companies
concerned know that they are merely playing the business game. Most Respected example of
business institution is Insurance Companies. Second Example: In 1967 a key manufacturer was
accused of providing master keys for automobiles to mail order customers, although it was obvious
that some of the purchasers might be automobile thieves. His defense was plain and straightforward.
If there was nothing in the law to prevent him from selling his keys to anyone who ordered them, it
was not up to him to inquire as to his customer's motives. Why was it any worse, he insisted, for him
to sell car keys by email, than for mail order houses to sell guns that might be used for murder?
Until the law was changed, the key manufacturer could regard him as being just as ethical as any
other businessman by the rules of the business game. According to this example we can say that he
did not broke the law. We are highly in competitive industry and for business; profit is the main
fixation then why we have to talk about ethics? Sometimes going according to ethics we cannot do
business doing everything truthfully can not give us success in our business because to gain profit
we have to tell customers many things like if we are telling that

Rawls 's Theory Of Principles Of Distributive Justice
Rawls' famous thought experiment, the original position, tasks an arbitrary group of players with
formulating a set of principles of distributive justice. According to Rawls, this hypothetical set of
principles would dictate a just distribution of primary goods and duties in society, such as the right
to free speech and property rights, as well as obligations like paying taxes and following laws. If
every individual in this arbitrary group can agree on these distributive principles, then the principles
are deemed just. In his thought experiment, Rawls' primary concern is discerning principles which
are "not tainted by personal biases or self–interest" (PPE 283). It is perfectly plausible that players in
the original position may advocate for unfair principles; that is, principles that improve their own
welfare at the expense of others. To mitigate this risk, Rawls introduces the veil of ignorance. This
veil prevents players from discerning their race, gender, religion, sexuality, level of wealth, and any
other identities that are salient to their relative positions in society. More simply put, each player
does not know who she is, nor does she know who her fellow players will be once the veil is lifted.
Rawls contends that this lack of information will lead players to agree upon a just set of distributive
principles–one that is insulated from self–interested personal bias and partiality. Rawls' players
eventually settle on a pair of distributive principles. The first

The Principle Of Distributive Justice
example, immunization programs, research opportunities, harmful practices, financial assistance,
etc. (Munson, 2014).
Principle of Utility
The principle of utility is essentially the balance between the principles of beneficence and non–
maleficence. It is defined as acting a manner that produces the greatest benefit and the least harm to
an individual (Munson, 2014). This principle is significant in healthcare because it can be applied by
healthcare professionals to help weigh the benefits of test and treatments compared to the harm. For
example, if a medical diagnosis suggests that treatment through surgery is the best option for a
patient, but the physician believes that the patient is not a candidate for surgery due to the patient's
medical condition, the physician is practicing the principle of utility. Healthcare professionals must
consider the harm and possible death (morbidity and mortality) of the patient before proceeding with
diagnosis, surgery, and treatment (Munson, 2014).
Principle of Distributive Justice Human beings all have the right to be treated justly or fairly. The
principle of distributive justice is a form of comparative justice – the application of laws/rules and
the distribution of burdens and benefits (Munson, 2014). Distributive justice specifically deals with
the distribution of benefits, such as healthcare benefits. If a patient cannot pay for healthcare, if the
patient is not education, if the patient is not a working member of

The Case of the Transferred Employee
The Case of the Transferred Employee The case study of the transferred employee is a narrative that
explains a situation where someone within a healthcare organization is going against what is
ethically right to avoid negative repercussions by human resources and his supervisor. This is an act
that happens all the time within organizations. I believe this to be true because I have personally
seen it done. I can see how the supervisor in this case study would have a very difficult time
deciding on how to follow through with what he should do. It is easy to say that one would just go
against their administrative leader on paper but it would be way more difficult in actuality.
Especially when you know that this leader is your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If someone were to find out that I falsified documents for the transferred employee then what's to
say that I did not falsify other documentation. I was raised on "a man is only as good as his word"
and I believe that saying to be very true. Do you go back and confront your supervisor? In this
situation I would definitely go back and confront my supervisor. I would not cause a negative
confrontation with my supervisor because that is not professional. Instead, I would explain to my
supervisor that I do not think it is ethically right to falsify documentation. I would also say that it
goes against what I believe and makes me uncomfortable. The supervisor would most likely be very
upset with me for challenging him but as I stated before I believe in basing my decisions off of what
is ethically right and falsifying documentation is not ethically right. What is your decision and why
did you make it? My decision is to do the evaluation late on the transferred employee. I would get
with all departments involve, let everyone know what was done wrong, and configure a strategy to
make sure that this did not happen again. I would like to figure out a way that this not only did not
happen in my department again, but I would also want to make sure that it did not happen in our
organization again. In the case of the transferred employee the situation occurred because of a lack
of education and communication.

Essay On Distributive Justice
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, two in five assaults reported to Australian police in
2016, were domestic violence related. However, it is not merely the prevalence of initial acts of
domestic violence in society, but their repetition, that renders bodies in place to combat domestic
violence, inadequate. By utilising a distributive lens and analysing victims' access to justice and the
uneven distribution of resources, including wealth and power, the prevalence of domestic violence
within society can be explained and combatted. Additionally, arguments against these ideas can be
refuted.
Distributive justice aims to equally disperse resources among members of society, which can be
maximised through an egalitarian approach. Resources include wealth and power, which are attained
through the opportunities made available to an individual. The economic, political and social
frameworks of each society, result in differing distributions of these resources, societal members.
Additionally, the egalitarian approach to distributive justice is the strict ideology, that every person
should have equal access to services, wealth and power. This idea is mirrored in legislation, which
aims to deliver justice to all individuals. Aligning with the domestic violence context, distributive
justice and egalitarianism can provide resources for victims to access justice, by means of court
hearings and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is posited that the attainment of complete equality is unachievable and due to the nature of society,
some individuals will be given more resources than others. However, it is the notion's force, which,
overtime, will develop ideas, attitudes and schemes to increase equality. Thus, the distributive
justice approach, paired with egalitarianism, although dismissed as superficial, can provide aid for
improvement to equality in the

The View Of Smedes's Views Of Contemporary Theologians
Views of Contemporary Theologians
The Church's theologians are always eager to contribute to the prevailing issues both in the Church
and in the secular society. On the issue of rights and justice, Smedes believes that: "Everyone has
right and that right existed before justice came into being. He adds that justice is associated with the
arranging of things (tangible and intangible) in human society, so that individuals and groups respect
each other's rights and claims. Based on this perception, he sees distributive justice as that "done
when all people get a fair share of these kinds of wealth" (26). However, this fair sharing from the
society demands certain obligations from individuals in return. In a similar way, McBrien states that
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For him, justice is related to the exhausting and demanding works of charity motivated by an innate
sense of what is right and wrong in any given community, coupled with heroic good will. He places
emphasis on the theology of service and a renewed commitment to the poor; and a habit of the
believing heart. It is by understanding faith that one can share a deep theological and spiritual
tradition of justice with society (12)
Bernard Haring re–echoes the cries of various Popes, United Nations and Mahatma Gandhi on the
need of fairness in distribution of common good and burdens. He remarks that "distributive Justice,
inspired by social justice, intends not only a fairer distribution of goods but also the correction of the
enormous inequality of power which allows a minority to make decision that clearly affects the life
of many" (Free and Faithful in Christ, Vol. 3, 276). It is good to note here that nobody has an
absolute right to pre–determined privileges and services. Therefore, a correct order of distribution of
benefits and obligations needs to be observed. Thus, the state must distribute common good and
benefits without

Organizational Justice

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