Top 5 Ways You Can Protect Your Privacy On Web

Top 5 Ways You Can Protect Your Privacy On Web
Top 5 ways you can protect your privacy on web in the age of surveillance By now, one must be
sure of the fact that NSA is one of the biggest funded infiltrator agency ever set up in the world.
Billions and billions of dollars are being spent on this organization of United States in order to track
and record all of the digital communication platforms such as internet and telephone networks that
most of the humans use on this planet. Even the natives of America are not spared in this activity of
surveillance, as announced by the numerous authoritative news sources such as Washington Post
and the Guardian of UK. Therefore, it has become a stern obligation for the net users to somehow
protect their privacy on the web in the best possible means they simply can. But the fact stands quite
absolute that protecting your privacy against NSA, or any other spying organization, is not at all
simple as it seems and obviously not a matter of just downloading an app from the web and all done.
However, thanks to the overwhelming continues works of non–profit/open source software
developers and cryptographers that such software's are made which can counter against these giant
privacy–tracking adversaries. Privacy protecting techniques are important especially for journalist
community worldwide who continuously convey important information's around the globe with
their correspondents. The over–powering enemies of privacy For any pupil who uses digital
platforms for communication and other
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The Problem Of Computer Network Security
Introduction
Computer network security has never been as critical as it is today. The news is littered with the
widespread incidents of hacking and cyber theft in the financial, entertainment, and retail industries,
and more recently in our military. A recent survey, conducted by Kaspersky Lab, a leader in
endpoint protection solutions, found that 94% of all companies surveyed experienced a cyber
security issue (Kaspersky Lab, 2014). Furthermore, a recent study has found that the average cost of
a data breach to a company was $3.5 million, a 15% increase from the previous year (Ponemon
Institute, 2014). In this day and age, the cost of a data breach, not only to a company's bottom line,
but to their reputation, would be extensive.
Statement of the Problem
Recently, Acme Corporation experienced a network compromise which resulted in the possible
compromise of the personally identifiable information (PII) of their employees and clients. As a
start–up company, many technological issues were overlooked in the interest of getting the business
off the ground. Significant emphasis was placed on acquiring the most up–to–date and cutting edge
hardware and software, unfortunately, only mediocre consideration was placed on network security.
This report will examine the factors that contributed to vulnerability and will identify the solutions
that must be undertaken to secure the company network and protect it against future cyber–attacks.
Computer Network Security Analysis
Forensic

The Pros And Cons Of Mass Surveillance
In early June 2013, the Guardian newspaper reported that the US National Security Agency (NSA)
was collecting the telephone records of tens of millions of American citizens (Greenwald 27).
Edward Snowden was the source of the report. He is a computer expert, who used to work for the
CIA of the United States, but was turned into a whistleblower and exposed the U.S. government's
secret surveillance programs. The leaks by him show that the NSA and British intelligence agencies
have had a consistently evolving set of tools and methods for gleaning information from hard to
reach systems. Prior to this event, most U.S. citizens had not known that their government agencies
had been surveilling their private data. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies have used
surveillance so that they can glean information, detect or prevent crime and terrorism, and
investigate them after they took place. Surveillance is defined as manipulating close observations of
an individual or a group. As technology like smart phones and social network services develops, the
vast amount of information about individuals and their opinions has become readily available in the
Internet and associated digital devices. Most of them are unencrypted and can be easily exposed to
prying eyes. The reason why mass surveillance becomes the center of the controversy is ... Show
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The experts insisted that French intelligence maintains a database of suspected individuals like
terrorists that has more than 11,000 names on it (Zetter, "After Paris Attacks, ..."). Tracking
individuals and analyzing data in an appropriate way to discover who poses the greatest threat are
more than what the security services can regulate. In other words, the remark seems to be a familiar
refrain that government agencies say after every terrorist attack to justify their privacy

Data Security Using Text Based Graphical Essay
DATA SECURITY USING TEXT BASED GRAPHICAL
PASSWORD AND QR CODE
Vishal Pokarne, Pratik Bhosale, Akshay Sanga, ShivamNirhali,
Prof. D. S. Gaikawad
Department of Computer Engineering
SavitribaiPhule Pune University, Pune–411041, India
(vishalpokarne@gmail.com, pratikbhosale8484@gmail.com)
Abstract – Conventional password schemes are vulnerable to shoulder surfing attack and many other
attacks like brute force attack and dictionary based attack. Traditional alphabetical and numeric
passwords have disadvantages from a usability standpoint, and these usability problems translate
into security problems.The system combines the applications effectively in a way to transfer data
securely. System provides data security with the help of ColorCombination authentication, and
cryptography using QR Code Techniques. The universal technique for providing confidentiality of
transmitted data is cryptography. The system provides a method to encoding the data using QR
Code. The information is mainly present in the Color Strip of 8 bits color combination. In this
system data is securely transmitted with the help of 8 bit colors acting as security element thereby
providing authentication using The QR Code.
Keywords –Text Based Graphical Password, Encryption of QR Code, Decryption of OR Code.
I.INTRODUCTION
Here, we are proposing a method for Data Security using Text based Graphical password Scheme &
the color Combination for E–mail system for securing the

Layered Security in Plant Control Environments
Layered Security in Plant Control Environments
Ken Miller Senior Consultant
Ensuren Corporation
KEYWORDS
Plant Controls, Layered Security, Access Control, Computing Environment, Examination,
Detection, Prevention, Encryption, Compartmentalization
ABSTRACT
Process control vendors are migrating their plant control technologies to more open network and
operating environments such as Unix, Linux, Windows, Ethernet, and the Internet Protocol.
Migrating plant controls to open network and operating environments exposes all layers of the
computing environment to unauthorized access. Layered security can be used to enhance the level of
security for any computing environment. Layered security incorporates multiple security ... Show
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Compartmentalization is a technique used to segment network space to better control access and
isolate risk of exposure. A variety of security products can be layered into "compartments" to
address examination, detection, prevention, and encryption requirements.
LAYERED SECURITY MODEL
A layered security model incorporates security products and "best practices" in all layers of a
computing environment. Layered security exponentially increases the cost and difficulty of
penetration for an attacker by combining different security products to create a defensive barrier
much stronger than the individual components. Thus, layered security decreases the likelihood that
the attacker will pursue an organization (2).
Computing environments are comprised of networks, operating systems, applications, and databases
(Figure 1). Information security, as a practice, focuses on securing an organizations most important
asset – its data. When you consider that data is the basic underlying component that organizations
strive to develop, store, and protect, then an organization should implement a security model that
focuses on providing multiple layers of resistance to that data.

There are four basic security functions that should be implemented in a complimentary manner to
secure each layer of a computing environment: examination,

Synopsis Of The Security Comparison
Synopsis The following table displays the synopsis of the security comparison:
Functions Oracle SQL Server
Authentication Authentication by OS, Network, Oracle, multi–tier, SSL, and database
administrators. Windows authentication integration.
Mixed mode of Windows and SQL Server maintained within SQL Server.
Authorization User resource limits and profiles. Privileges. Roles. Applications Roles. Fine–Grained
Access Control. Fixed server, database, and users roles.
Ownership and User–schema separation.
Least privileges. Role–based. Ownership chains.
Data Encryption Key–based transparent data encryption of columns and tablespaces. Internal
certificate store manages asymmetric or symmetric keys and certificates.
Auditing Enterprise Manager administers various types, records, and trails. SQL Server Audit trace
events, notifications, successful and unsuccessful logins.
Strengths
Oracle can provide advance security and compliance capabilities with the addition of Enterprise
Edition and the release of Oracle 12c. One feature, Label Security, has the ability to control access
based on data classification and enforce multi–level security policies. Another, Data Redaction,
reduces the amount of sensitive data and Transparent Data Encryption encrypts the data as it leaves
the database. Third, Database Firewall and Audit Vault, provides first line defenses before access
into the database. Fourth, Key Vault, provides central management of encryption keys, Oracle
Wallets, and

Computing Of Data And Homomorphic Encryption Essay
Introduction Cloud Services have become more popular as they provide a lot of advantages like high
speed processing ,Flexibility and Disaster recovery.The problem is Security of data and how to
ensure that data being processed at the cloud is secure The motivation behind choosing this topic is
the many advantages of Computing of encrypted data and homomorphic encryption (HE) like
Delegation which is when a client can delegate the process of data to the powerful third party
(server) while still maintaining data privacy. To this end, the client could send the server an
encryption of the data, created employing an HE scheme. The server is able to run processes over
the encrypted data, and return an output to the client; the client needs only to decrypt to receive the
processed answer. The server here can actually be a collection of computing devices (cloud). In
addition to delegation, remote file storage can be more than ever secure with Homomorphic
encryption(HE), In a motivating example, consider a user that wants to run a keyword search on its
entire set of encrypted data. Without HE, since the server can't tell which documents contain the
keyword, it would be forced to send the entire set of encrypted data back to the user, who could
decrypt it and look for the keyword. With HE, however, the server can simply run the keyword
search algorithm with the encrypted keyword and the set of encrypted data, and send an encrypted
list of documents containing the keyword back to the

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1
1) Encryption can take place at several different layers of the protocol stack. Does encryption make
sense at level 1 (the Physical Layer): Yes , it makes a sense in the physical layer. It is used for radio
communication but yeah mostly in miltary grade radio communication. For instance , there might be
a blank noise while being actual communication. Such a encoding does not process bytes it directly
processes the electromagnetic waves so encryption need to be implemented at physical layer. 2)
Difference between encryption at level 2 and at level 3: Data Link Layer encrytion encrypts all the
data along a specific communication path, as in a satellite link, T3 line, or telephone circuit. Not
only is the user information encrypted, but the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As switches focus is on providing LAN connectivity, the majority of threats come from inside the
organisation itself. Layer 2 attacks may also include MAC flooding or ARP poisoning. In order to
mitigate these risks, it is imperative network switches are hardened. Additional controls may include
ARP inspection, disabling unused ports and enforcing effective security on VLAN's to prevent
VLAN hopping. OSI model Layer 3 attacks Layer 3 is the network layer and utilises multiple
common protocols to perform routing on the network. Protocols consist of the Internet Protocol (IP),
packet sniffing and DoS attacks such as Ping floods and ICMP attacks. Because of their layer 3
nature, these types of attacks can be performed remotely over the Internet while layer 2 attacks
primarily come from the internal LAN. To reduce the risk of these types of attacks, routers should be
hardened, packet filtering controls should be used and routing information should be controlled. OSI
model Layer 4 attacks Layer 4 is the transport layer and utilises common transport protocols to
enable network communications. This may include the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and
Universal Data Protocol

What's Random6 Ransomware?
What is Random6 Ransomware? Random6 is a ransomware infection found by malware security
specialist, Marcelo Rivero. Following fruitful penetration, Random6 scrambles different information
and renames documents utilizing the "[random_characters].[6_character_ID]" design. When
documents are encoded, Random6 makes a content record ("RESTORE–[6_character_ID]–
FILES.txt"), putting it in every folder containing encrypted files. The content document contains a
short message informing victims of the encryption. It is expressed that documents are encrypted and
victims must contact cyber criminals and pay a ransom to restore them. It is right now obscure if
Random6 utilizes the symmetric or asymmetric encryption algorithm. In either case, decryption

Internet Security Essay
Internet Security
The Internet is an amazing and intimidating place.It can help make your dreams come true and it can
manifest your worst nightmares.It is a global phenomenon and encompasses all aspects of modern
day life from shopping to communicating off world.We use it as readily as the telephone or the
car.In the click of a mouse you can order a shirt from a clothing store, buy a book and have it
delivered to your door or book a vacation.This colossal convenience comes with an equally
impressive responsibility.The potential for crime is directly proportional to this speed and
convenience.Modern day muggers use the Internet to make off with your money and be long gone
before you even know that anything is wrong.The only good thing ... Show more content on
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Internet cookies: small packets of information that the receiving computer requests from your
computer.In general it may contain information about your computer system, software that in
installed on your computer, your name, address, postal code and even your phone number.It may
also contain credit card numbers, expiration dates, passwords, your e–mail address and any other
specific information that you allow it to have.
Firewalls: a program that limits or denies the exchange of information to or from your
computer.Parameters are set by the user which control the amount of access that is allowed to you
computer as well as the type and amount of information that is allowed out from your computer.
Encryption software: software that scrambles the information on your computer and is keyed to a
certain word or phrase.The information is still there but it is no longer readable.In order to read the
information you must enter the password to unencrypt the information.
Section 2 – Researched Information
Cookies:
According to an article on cookiecentral.com by Viktor Mayer–Schönberger entitled The Cookie
Concept cookies are packets of information that are generated by the web site that you visit and are
stored on your computer.This information is used the next time you access that web site to make the
initial contact faster and allows you to retrieve information that you have

Analysis Of Edu Corp Employee 's Mobile Device Essay
1. Overview
With mobile device usage on the rise, the security of any given Edu Corp employee's mobile device
is considered essential. With continuous concerns regarding both privacy and security, Edu Corp has
established a strict, comprehensive policy in order to protect all Edu Corp employees who chose to
utilize mobile devices within the workplace. To date, in the United States, large percentages of
people possess some form of mobile device (Anderson, 2015). With a large employee base at Edu
Corp, the company considers the privacy and security of every employee utilizing a mobile device
to be of a high priority. At Edu Corp, we seek the highest level of safety and security for any
individual or group in association with the company, regardless of affiliation with a mobile device.
The use of mobile devices in the workplace may provide convenience; however, securing and
regulating the use of mobile devices within the workplace is critical for safe and efficient business
practices. As a result, Edu Corp continuously recommends security software and applications for
employee mobile devices, assures all mobile security components are up–to–date, encrypts data on
mobile devices, as necessary, requires password protection on mobile devices used for business–
related tasks, encourages employees to be aware of their surroundings, along with potential security
vulnerabilities, sets strict communication strategies and standards, employs a solid system for
handling and/or recovering

Cryptgraphh
Cryptography
Cryptography
Some data is very sensitive and therefore it has to be hidden away from parties who are not
supposed to view it. In this age of computers, their capacity for transfer and retrieval of information
may be exploited by other parties to gain access to confidential and potentially dangerous data.
Therefore, measures have been taken to ensure that data is not accessed by others which is done by
using several methods which, besides physical security, includes the use of encryption algorithms
which are programs that change the way information looks by rendering it illegible.
Data encryption is an important part of computing and, if done properly, can provide the user with
means through which data can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This complex procedure ensures that the data is safe from being accessed by other parties[4].
Therefore, the key is an important component of the data encryption process since it is the one that
makes the data into a unique cipher text that cannot be accessed by other individuals and it is also
applied while decrypting the data. The key in computers is measured in bits and if an individual
knows the algorithm but does not know the key, the data cannot be accessed algorithmically since
the key is a major component to its being decrypted.
The most common method for breaking a cipher is through brute–force attack where the possible
combinations of the key are guessed and applied until the right combination is arrived at. Therefore,
the longer the key the harder it would be to crack the code.
The personal involvement of Janet as shown by the message which asks her to personally transfer
money to her own bank account is suspect. This is in view of the fact that Janet knows the key to
Susan's account and could have used it to transfer the money to her own account. Therefore, the
bank could be using the private key encryption system in which the key is known to the business–in
this case Janet and to the customer–Susan. The fact that 3DES requires that one knows the key to
access information may be the clue to unraveling the truth. Since Janet is supposed to have the key
for

What Are the Security Problems and Solutions of the Internet?
Internet has vital impact in our life nowadays as it becomes more and more popular. It allows us to
have wider range of communication and interaction, to exchange and share experiences, thoughts,
information, and to make business online. Without doubt, internet make our life more easier, internet
banking system allow us to manage our bank accounts, paying bills without queuing, online shops
allow us to make purchase without going out, online education, publication and article postings
allow us learn more than what we get from text book, and a lot more.
As Internet plays more important role in our daily life comparing to its initiation, some keen groups
are ringing our bell, hackers, and theft of data, crackers. These people are all ... Show more content
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¡§PGP combines some of the best features of both conventional and public key cryptography. PGP is
a hybrid cryptosystem. PGP then creates a session key, which is a one–time–only secret key. This
key is a random number generated from the random movements of your mouse and the keystrokes
you type. This session key works with a very secure, fast conventional encryption algorithm to
encrypt the plaintext; the result is ciphertext. Once the data is encrypted, the session key is then
encrypted to the recipient's public key. This public key–encrypted session key is transmitted along
with the ciphertext to the recipient. ¡§(4)
However, no matter how secure the encryption system is, we should understand that it was created
by human being, That means there is chance to be cracked down. The speed of current computer
cannot do so, but no guarantee for our future computers. It is a matter of time. Hackers and data
theft treat security system as challenge instead of obstacles. The security threat is still on.
Network Security
Despite the perfection of available encryption system we have, if our network itself is not secured.
All encrypted transmission will be a wasting of time.
Imagine a man stand behind you watching you entering pin number in an ATM machine; the
security system cannot actually help you from

Encryption Is The Process Of Encoding Information
Abstract
Introduction to Encryption
Encryption is the process of encoding information in such a way that only the person (or computer)
with the key can decode it. Encryption is a way to enhance the security of a message or file by
scrambling the contents so that it can be read only by someone who has the right encryption key to
unscramble it.
Encryption has widely been used to protect data in numerous areas, such as e–commerce, online
banking, cloud storage, online communication and so forth. For example, if you purchase something
from a website, the information for the transaction (such as your address, phone number, and credit
card number) is usually encrypted to help keep it safe. Another example of a cipher (encrypt) can be,
for instance, the replacing of the letters in a message with the ones one forward in the alphabet. So if
your original message read "Meet you at the cafe tonight" the encrypted message reads as follows:
"Nffu zpv bu uif dbgf upojhiu". Types of Encryption
In encryption we have 3 different types
⦁ Hashing
⦁ Symmetric
⦁ Asymmetric
Hashing:
The first encryption method, called hashing, creates a unique, fixed–length signature for a message
or data set. Hashes are created with an algorithm, or hash function, and people commonly use them
to compare sets of data. Since a hash is unique to a specific message, even minor changes to that
message result in a dramatically different hash, thereby alerting a user to potential tampering. A key
difference

Data Encryption Essay
Missing Chart Encryption Encryption is a method of programming data for security so that it
appears to be random data. Only the people sending and receiving the information have the key to
decrypt the message, which will put it back into its original form making it readable. The only
people with the key are the people who are intended to read the message. Not many people know
what encryption is. I took a survey of twenty students and asked two questions. The first question I
asked was do you know what encryption means and the second question I asked was have you ever
heard of anybody using encryption. This is a chart of the information I received: Many people
wonder exactly how encryption works. People think that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, the word computer would be changed to FRPSXWHU (Parsons 328). This method
was easy because it was just a simple offset of the alphabet and you could just line up the letters of
both alphabets and figure out what the message was. There are weak encryption and strong
encryption. Caesars method is known as weak encryption because it can be deciphered. Deciphering
a code without authorization is known as "cracking" a code. In order to crack the simple substitution
code, you could make twenty–five different transformation tales where each of them has a different
offset. Strong encryption, the opposite of weak encryption, is very tough to crack. By using
expensive, specialized, code–breaking computers, strong encryptions methods can be broken. Also,
encryption methods can be broken by the use of supercomputers, mainframe computers,
workstations and personal computers. The codes can be broken using these computers by using the
brute–force method, which consists of trying all of the possible keys (Parsons 329). Symmetric key
encryption is where the key is used to not only encrypt a message but to decrypt it as well. This is
also known as conventional and secret key encryption. Symmetric key encryption is rarely used due
to the fact that the person who encrypts the information has to get the key to the person who
decrypts the information. This is uncommonly used because if the key is intercepted by an
unauthorized person, there can

Privacy, Crime, And Prevention
Privacy, Crime, and Prevention
While there are many crimes committed on a daily basis in various forms, people who use
computers seldom think about computer crimes, and what measures need to be taken in order to
prevent those type of crimes. Also many people who use computers are not aware of the privacy and
security measures that are taken advantage of. In order to handle these situations, it is important to
be educated on topics such as how to protect your privacy (and who is able to view your personal
information without you knowing), the crimes committed dealing with malware and other virus
agents, and how to utilize tools and stay away from scams that you may encounter. These topics are
important and should be addressed to all of the public, but particularly to children and the elderly
who are the least of informed on the ever–changing technological world and how it can directly
effect them if precautions are not taken.
Protect yourself
According to Norton, a well–known security software company, always ensure that your computer
software is up to date and apply patches to the software when it becomes available to lessen a hacker
attack on your system. Having up firewalls will discourage the hacker and motivate them to find a
less vulnerable victim. Also change your password every 90 days, at least, into words or phrases that
are not in the dictionary.
Latest cyber–crimes and How to Protect Yourself
The latest crimes being committed by hackers is stealing your

Used Techniques For Avoiding Data Theft
Majorly Used Techniques for Avoiding Data Theft
Sumer Shaikh (Student) #1, Tulsidas Patil (Guide) *2
#Information Technology, Sinhgad Institute
1sumer.shaikh0313@gmail.com
* Information Technology, Sinhgad Institute 2Email Address
Abstract– The rising abuse of computers and increasing threat to personal privacy through data
increases interest in protection of data. User of computer system and Internet are increasing
worldwide which leads to increase the frequency of Data theft day by day. Data can be anything like
personal, property, government, society, etc which should be protected. Maximum all computers can
be hacked or hackable by hacker to avoid data theft many well–known security tools are placed to
neutralize it. In this Paper I have suggested various preventive measures to be taken to prevent data
theft.
Key words: phishing scam, firewall, spyware, password, encrypt, security, protection.
INTRODUCTION
This is the era of globalization. Every part of world is connected potentially to other part. That is
why it is very easy to travel data and it takes few seconds to send and receive data.
But with advancement of worldwide internet the security of data is important issue. Computer crime
is becoming not only disastrous in potential impact but also more attractive to the criminal. There
are various techniques, data theft can be prevented.[1][2]
This paper analyzes to data security and techniques used to avoid data theft. Data like personal data,
government data,

Digital Forensics : The Use Of Anti-Forensic Methods
For digital forensic investigators, the availability of anti–forensic tools is becoming a formidable
challenge. Digital forensics has garnered much attention over the last decade despite, being a
comparatively an emerging area. This awareness has been created by the amount of data processed
by a computer, which is an essential technique of obtaining incriminating information. For digital
evidence to be considered lawful and valid, investigators must know and use its relevance where the
proof must be complete, accurate, and reliable. The research on the countermeasures of forensic
activity has not garnered much attention. Although the study of cryptography is considered a
substance of anti–forensic in itself, it is not so labeled in the ... Show more content on
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Therefore, it is the role of the forensic investigator team to identify if there is any interfering activity
in the crime scene. Anti–Forensic Techniques This paper explores two of such techniques that are
widely used. It examines in details the description of the method, how the technique is implemented,
how the technique can be used to hinder the forensic process, and if there are ways the procedure
can be reversed. The methods selected for this particular study are data hiding and artifact wiping. It
is critical that the investigators identify any forms of counter–forensic techniques that are present in
a system or a network. I. DATA HIDING TECHNIQUES The original taxonomy regarding data
hiding includes "encryption, steganography, and other data hiding techniques and their subpart, such
as file–system manipulation, data contraception, memory hiding, manipulation of the hard disk, and
data hiding in a network. Data hiding techniques involve hiding personal or any information in data
files that are seemingly honest and secure. The purpose of data hiding is making it difficult to access
data while still ensuring that it can be located in the future. It makes it possible for the criminals to
limit evidence identification and to gather by the investigators while ensuring that they can use and
access themselves. Each of the data hiding techniques mentioned above makes it "difficult for
digital examiners. It becomes worse when more than one data concealment

What Makes A Brand Products Sell Very Quickly?
HauteLook is a members–only site using flash sales for some products. HauteLook offers discounts
of 50 to 75 percent off to its members and membership is free and open to everyone. Customers
have to decide to buy the products in limited to one day, or even less. If customers hesitant about to
buy products, what you put in shopping bag will be canceled. Flash sales create buy it or lost the
opportunity, consumers shopping in such an environment must be clear–cut and causing panic
buying. The manufacturers deliberately use flash sales and consumers are easily to fear that they
cannot buy the products. Some good products will be sold out in just a few hours or even a few
minutes. It is easy to miss the opportunity because the famous brand products sell very quickly.
HauteLook is headquartered in Los Angeles, California by Adam Bernhard. In 2007, he launched
HauteLook with four employees. "The company works with major labels to offer goods that appeal
to California casual customer base" (Chang, 2011). Nordstrom acquires HauteLook for $180 million
in 2011and "this is the first time that a traditional retailer has acquired a company specializing in
online private sales" (Lattman & Clifford, 2011). In 2014, HauteLook launched nordstromrack.com,
an e–commerce site that gives customers access to shop Nordstrom Rack merchandise and the
opportunity to participate in flash sales (Mayer, 2014). According to Statista (2016), the Nordstrom–
owned flash sale website generated a total

Data Encryption Essay
ENCRYPTION Introduction Often there has been a need to protect information from 'prying eyes'.
In the electronic age, information that could otherwise benefit or educate a group or individual can
also be used against such groups or individuals. Industrial espionage among highly competitive
businesses often requires that extensive security measures be put into place. And, those who wish to
exercise their personal freedom, outside of the oppressive nature of governments, may also wish to
encrypt certain information to avoid suffering the penalties of going against the wishes of those who
attempt to control. Still, the methods of data encryption and decryption are relatively
straightforward, and easily mastered. I have been doing data ... Show more content on
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But, by the use of more than one translation table, especially when implemented in a 'pseudo–
random' order, this adaptation makes code breaking relatively difficult. An example of this method
might use translation table 'A' on all of the 'even' bytes, and translation table 'B' on all of the 'odd'
bytes. Unless a potential code breaker knows that there are exactly 2 tables, even with both source
and encrypted data available the deciphering process is relatively difficult. Similar to using a
translation table, 'data repositioning' lends itself to use by a computer, but takes considerably more
time to accomplish. A buffer of data is read from the input, then the order of the bytes (or other
'chunk' size) is rearranged, and written 'out of order'. The decryption program then reads this back
in, and puts them back 'in order'. Often such a method is best used in combination with one or more
of the other encryption methods mentioned here, making it even more difficult for code breakers to
determine how to decipher your encrypted data. As an example, consider an anagram. The letters are
all there, but the order has been changed. Some anagrams are easier than others to decipher, but a
well written anagram is a brain teaser nonetheless, especially if it's intentionally misleading. My
favorite methods, however, involve something that only computers can do: word/byte rotation and
XOR bit masking. If you

The Use Of Steganography
1.0 Introduction Steganography is a technique of hiding information in digital media. It has
difference from cryptography, which means no one can know about the information existence. But
by using steganography technique other person even can't imagine the existence of information.
Joining of cyberspace revolution increase the importance of steganography for people.
Steganography is the practice of concealment of message from detection of hidden message.
Steganography technique is using an array of secret communication method by which conceal the
message from being discovered. Security of information become the fundamental issue nowadays,
because of advancement in ICT. So steganography is the best technique to use for security of
information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By chance if user suspect the existence of information, then no way for user to access the
information. 1.1 Problem Statement In first we had linguistic steganography. Which is technique of
allowing any kind of digital information to hide within text based on some linguistic knowledge. But
one disadvantage of linguistic steganography is that you should have good knowledge of linguist. In
recent years as we know the development in technology and the digital data or information is
transmitted through network very easily. So the message should be transmitted safely and with
security by using steganography. So steganography is the technique of concealing of message or
information within other message or image. With the advantage of that, it could not showing itself
that I have any secret information. In steganography we can many types of format for delivering the
secret information within it. But the best carrier file format is image file, as it has low frequency
over internet. More variety of steganography technique can be used for hiding secret information.
All of them has some differences in their complexity, strong and weak

Sec280 Week 3
Key to Security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key can be changes and unique to each sender and receiver. ("Symmetric encryption,") states,
"There are two types of symmetric algorithms. Stream algorithms (Stream ciphers) and Block
algorithms (Block ciphers)." Stream ciphers only encrypt one bit at a time. This can make this cipher
faster than block ciphers, but stream ciphers have a security gap that can be harmful for specific
types of attacks. These specific attacks can cause information to be compromised. Block ciphers
encrypts information in blocks instead of doing it bit by bit. The size of the blocks is usually 64 bits.
Triple DES and AES are the most popular symmetric algorithms that use block ciphers.
The use of symmetric encryption has several advantages when compared to asymmetric encryption.
Symmetric encryption is faster than public key algorithms. (:Symmetric encryption,") states, "Public
key algorithms are very slow, roughly 1,000 times slower than symmetric algorithms. It is
impractical to use them to encrypt large amounts of data." With the volume of data we will be
sharing with XYZ Inc., and the time constraints that some of it will hold, using symmetric
encryption would be the top choice at this time. It is also not wise to use public key signature
algorithms to sign large messages. The use of a fixed length hash would be reasonable. The hash is
made of the message

Crypto Wars Case
Case Synopsis
The Crypto Wars is the name for the U.S. government's attempts to limit the public's and foreign
nations' access to cryptography strong enough to resist decryption by national intelligence
agencies.1 U. S. Government law enforcement officials want tech companies to give them a
"backdoor" into encrypted cellphones and other devices. Tech companies object to it. There have
been bills drafted in Congress on this issue. Apparently, I will object to a bill to require tech
companies to provide a backdoor because it infringes the privacy rights of smartphone users. This is
the ethical challenge about privacy behind the Crypto Wars. However, this is a Right vs. Right issue
since under specific circumstances, such as kidnapping and terrorism, it is necessary to have the
access of a "backdoor" into encrypted mobile devices. This issue ... Show more content on
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Government Law Enforcement Officials' Claim
In October 2014, FBI Director James Comey is asking Congress to force cellphone developers into
building "backdoors" into all devices for law enforcement surveillance as the response to new
customer data encryption standards adopted by Apple and Google.3 U.S. government law
enforcement officials argued that the new encryption standards of Apple and Google would make it
easier for bad guys to evade arrest since it is hard for the police to track data under unused
encryption. Comey asked Congress to update the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law
Enforcement Act, which mandates telephone companies wiretapping digital and Internet
communications.
This year on June 1st, two lawmakers are urging Comey to drop his pursuit of decrypting
smartphone communications since it is impossible without weakening device security.4 At present,
the bureau has not drafted legislation to address this issue yet. These sources for the facts of this
case are very reliable because they are all from regular channels like The Washington Post,
Electronic Frontier Foundation and The Daily Caller.
Moral

Kerberos: Remote Authentification Software
INTRODUCTION
When it comes to securing one's network and communication across said network there are various
options and protocols that can serve just that purpose. In order to fully secure networked servers and
hosts, things like biometrics and synchronized password generators are slow to be adapted and
require some physiological characteristic in order to function properly. These automated methods of
authentication are based on physical verifiers like iris pattern, fingerprinting, keystrokes are
signature recognition tackle physical security appropriately but when it comes to securing the
intangible there is authentication software available for protecting your secure authentication servers
and hosts. One such software developed by MIT, is available in both public domain and commercial
version, is named Kerberos; this software has become the standard for remote authentication.
Essentially Kerberos is a trusted third party authentication service, clients and servers rely on
Kerberos to me facilitate their mutual authentications, requiring that users to prove their identity for
each service as well as requiring servers to prove their identity to users. This instance based
authentication ensures that only authorized users may access authorized servers, this tight knit
handshake of authentication is complex and shows the fact that there are many ways for attackers to
penetrate security so Kerberos attempts to accommodate these vulnerabilities. To counter the threats,

A Brief Note On Peer File Sharing Software
The peer–to–peer file sharing application used within the organization has be essential in ensuring
the availability of shared files. Anybody can write file–sharing software, so when downloading
unauthorized file–sharing software to a company computer you should be aware of the possibility
that the resources on that computer may become susceptible to various vulnerabilities and threats.
This evaluation will identify as well as provide an assessment of the risks associated with
unauthorized installation of file–sharing software on company servers, desktops, and laptops,
identify three technology–based solutions that could provide effective protection measures, as well
as provide a matrix that will categorize and assess the risks associated with the installation of
unauthorized software on company electronic communication assets will also be evaluated.
The peer–to–peer file sharing application used within the organization has be essential in ensuring
the availability of shared files. The quality of work has increased and departments are running more
efficiently. Like any other application there are advantages and disadvantages associated with
applications, this particular application may render the company's data and software vulnerable. This
evaluation will identify as well as provide an assessment of the risks associated with unauthorized
installation of file–sharing software on company servers, desktops, and laptops. Secondly an
evaluation of three

Project Part 2
Project Part 2 Task 1: Secure File Storage Server The First World Bank Savings and Loan is
required to read and deliver confidential customer data. Online customers get their data sent to them
via PDF. They will also need to be allowed access to their data without being able to modify any of
the information. There are several ways to make data secure so that it can be read, but cannot be
modified. Customer data can be compromised and/or stolen that is why it is important to have an
encrypted filesystem. An encrypted filesystem adds a layer of security for data; social security
numbers, credit card information, and any other personal information the company may have for a
customer. Some of the techniques for filesystem encryption are: disk encryption subsystem
(dm_Crypt), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and Enterprise cryptographic filesystem
(eCryptfs). Dm_Crypt is a filesystem software built into Linux that encrypts data and writes it to the
storage device. There are various tools that have to be used with dm_Crypt such as cryptsetup and
cryptmount. Dm_Crypt uses LUKS, Linux Unified Key Setup (a format on the drive) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to a mixture of client side kernel functionality and server side NFS server. Advantages of
NFS are; data can be accessed by all users on a central host and mounting the directory at boot time,
large amounts of data consumption can be kept on a single host, as well as administrative data. You
can also make sure that root privileges are not given out by using the root_squash option. Use the
all_squash option for read–only. You can make sure the correct shares are exported or not by using
the showmount command. Using Samba can also restrict the access based on the network and/or
host address, it can restrict permissions to share, and can also be used in mixed

Secure Patients Data Transmission Using
Secure patients data transmission using XOR ciphering encryption and
ECG steganography
Shaheen S.Patel1 Prof Dr Mrs.S.V.Sankpal2 A. N. Jadhav3
1 D.Y.Patil College of Engg and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra
2 Asso. Prof . D.Y. Patil College of Engg and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
3 Asso. Prof . D.Y. Patil College of Engg and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
E–mails: 1shaheenpatel7860@gmail.com , 2sankpal16@yahoo.com, 3ajitsinhj33@gmail.com
Abstract :–
As no of patients that are suffering from cardiac diseases are increasing very rapidly, it is important
that remote ECG patient monitoring systems should be used as point–of–care (PoC) applications in
hospitals around the world. Therefore, huge amount of ECG signal collected by body sensor
networks from remote patients at homes will be transmitted along with other personal biological
readings such as blood pressure, temperature, glucose level, etc., and get treated accordingly by
those remote patient monitoring systems. It is very important that patient privacy is protected while
data are being transmitted over the public network as well as when they are stored in hospital
servers . In this paper, a one new technique has been introduced which is the hybrid of encryption
and wavelet–based ECG steganography technique .
Encryption allows privacy and ECG steganography allows to hide one sensitive data into other
insensitive host thus guaranteeing the integration between ECG and the rest.
Keywords:–ECG ,encryption

Essay on National Security: At What Price
National Security: At What Price
Never has information played a more important role in society than it does today. The advent of the
Internet has made the distribution and collection of information easier and faster than ever before.
Today, the Internet is used for communications, shopping, management, and even financial
transactions. Despite the slowing economy, recent years have seen a large increase in Internet usage
by corporations, and research indicates that this trend will likely continue. Figures gathered by
eMarketeer indicate that Internet based commerce will reach as high as $2.4 trillion by 2004 (B2B).
With easy access to information from anywhere on the globe, safeguards must be taken to protect
sensitive data from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress). It is argued that such a scheme could improve national security by allowing the FBI to
more easily trace terrorist communications (Schwartz). While the Congress recently eased
restrictions of encryption software (US Encryption), the recent events of September 11th have
brought the issue of regulation back into question. As our nation faces the threat of additional
terrorist actions, we must consider every opportunity to protect ourselves and the rest of the world.
Despite the possible benefits to national security, many businesses and organizations stand opposed
to any government involvement. Some consider a government controlled system unwieldy and
potentially dangerous (Abelson), while others claim that government access to encrypted data
violates our right to privacy (US Policy). Even if controls were imposed, cryptography software
exists worldwide and would not be under the control of the US government.
Recent advances in technology have made possible powerful network "sniffers" which can be used
to intercept Internet transmissions. These systems raise additional questions regarding privacy and
encryption. The FBI and other government agencies desire the legal authority to use these systems
to actively search for criminal activity, a move which is opposed by many privacy and civil rights
organizations.
Faced with these issues, we must make a choice: how much

Keeping Data Stored On The Cloud Storage System
To study a system which will help to secure data stored on the cloud storage system. This system
may be helpful to for users who wants secure thier data as well as for companies who wants to give
access permission to limited data to their employees and secure their data in cloud storage system.
Document Conventions
All requirements specified are arranged as per priorities.
Intended Audience and Reading Suggestions
This document can be used by various stakeholders like developers, project managers, marketing
staff, users, testers, and documentation writers.
Product Scope Proposed system contains the following main modules.
User Registration.
Encryption of secret key to be share.
Encryption of files to be uploaded.
Generate hash value.
Cloud storage service account creation.
Validation of encrypted file.
Decryption of secret key.
Decryption of files using Secret key.
4.3.2 Overall Description
Product Perspective
The main purpose of the project is to provide security for cloud storage system and handle the
dynamic operation by owner.
Project Function Authentication of User and CSP
Encryption of files.
Acceptance of requests for files.
Secret Key Generation.
Validation of file and Secure transfer of file as well as key .
Decryption of files.
Operating Environment
HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor
Ram: 2GB
Hard Disk: 100 GB.

Input device: Standard Keyboard and Mouse.
Output device: High Resolution

Encryption and Its Uses in Communication
Encryption is a very important aspect of our daily lives. Everywhere we go and everything we do
now involves some sort of encryption technology. From turning on our cars to using a card access to
gain entry to our workplace, encryption is there. More specifically, encryption in communication is
a vital component to everyday life. Without encryption, our lives would be much different and
unsecure. According to Oded Goldreich (2004), There are 2 main types of encryption: One is called
Symmetric–key and the other is public–key encryption (pp 375–376). The Symmetric–key
algorithm uses the same cipher for both encryption and decryption. Conversely, the public–key
algorithm requires 2 separate keys. One of these keys encrypts the text or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even common household devices such as refrigerators now have WiFi access. Thermostats also can
be controlled via the internet now. As you can see, technology is ever evolving and growing. It
doesn't seem to be slowing down at all. Encryption is a great tool that is protection the assets of
many companies. Referring back to an access card, companies rely on these to protect their
buildings from unwanted access. Encryption definitely protects digital assets too. Many software
products that we use are protected by a license or authentication key. This key is a special encrypted
phrase that grants access to the software. It can prevent people from stealing software without
paying for it. While some companies are viewed as being greedy, in all honesty it does cost time and
money to develop software and products that people want to buy. These products need to be secured
in the interest of the company because it is in human nature to be dishonest, disloyal, and to be a
thief in many cases. Going back almost ten years, companies were looking for ways to prevent game
stealing. A pioneer in the gaming industry, Valve, took action by suspending 20,000 users who had
stolen their software (GameSpot). While this was an example of how encryption was used to catch
thieves, encryption can also be used to prevent unauthorized access. This is the case in many
industries such as the

Cryptography, The Science Of Study And Practice
Q1.
A
Cryptography is the science of study and practice of various techniques related to secure
communications by means of adversaries. The study deals with analysis of various techniques and
constructing protocols to block the adversaries. Aspects like non–repudiation, integrity of data are
important to modern day cryptography. Modern day cryptography utilizes Computer science, and
mathematics disciplines and its applications span for the usage of ATM cards, distribution systems
encryption and in the areas of electronic commerce (1, 2).
b. Public key cryptography is one of the commonly used methods for protecting information
available over web. It is a type of cryptography techniques that utilizes a legacy public key
algorithm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Important encryption algorithms used are DES, AES and 3DES. These algorithms are capable of
performing with a high encryption speed there are symmetric and asymmetric encryptions. Their
modes of operation for block cipher encryption use a varieties of methods and techniques such as
Electronic Codebook Mode, Output Feedback mode and Chain Block chaining modes. Blowfish is
also one of the commonly used encryption algorithms and there was no recorded report of attack
successful since its inception and that it assures a good security base for the information (5)
E
Substitution cipher is a procedure of encoding where cipher content replaces a plain text units. In a
substitution cipher, the units of the plaintext are held in the same succession in the cipher text, but
the units themselves are modified. There are various distinctive substitution ciphers and keys for the
straightforward substitution ciphers normally comprise of 26 letters (8).
Below is a case key example
Plain letter set: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Figure letter set: phqgiumeaylnofdxjkrcvstzwb
Case utilizing the above key
Plaintext: guard the east mass of the palace
Cipher text: giuifg cei iprc tpnn du cei qprcni
Q2.
a. What is Role Based Access Control (RBAC)? Define and describe with examples.
It is a process of access control which controls users to access their destined roles and
authorizations. They may be based on the basis of name of

Test Case Type Decryption Test
Decryption Test Case Number #03 Test Case Type Decryption test Test Case Name Decryption
without password Input Null Values Expected Output Displays a error message
"BadPaddingException" If user provides a desired file in the desired location without a password
then it gives the above message. Decryption Test Case Number #04 Test Case Type Decryption test
Test Case Name Decryption with password Input Null Values Expected Output Displays a error
message "File Decrypted" If user provides a desired file in the desired location with password then it
gives the above message. 8.OUTPUT: Here test.txt is the source file to encrypt Run Encryption.java
program to encrypt the test.txt file And encrypt.enc, encrypted.enc, encryptedfile.des are the
encrypted files with password, We need to send these files to destination and tell them the password.
At destination Decryption.java program need to be run to decrypt data and finally after decryption
testfile_decrypted.txt file will be created. 9. ENCRYPTION AT WORK Encryption is available at
number of utilities. By default every windows operating system is coming with Encryption feature.
We will see some of them now Encryption File System: In windows Oss file and folder level
encryption is available by default to protect our sensitive data. Bit Locker Encryption: It is a total
drive encryption method in windows using a password Winrar / WinZip : Compressing software also
having a feature for protecting data SSL:

Vanishing Voices Summary
In the article Vanishing Voices by Russ Rymer, given by college board, it describes the effects of
languages that are going extinct. A debate has arisen concerning the want to place restrictions on a
form of speech most people are unaware of, encryption. One of the largest debates has recently
come to light, as the animosity between the The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the major
technology companies regarding encryption reaches new heights. Since the Dotcom boom in the
year 2000 technology has integrated itself into our everyday lives, we use it for baking, shopping,
listening to music, entertainment, text messaging, facetime, and mapping our way in a new place, to
name a few. The electronics that we use everyday contain all of ... Show more content on
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For many, the idea that government could could have access to all of an individual's personal
information by manipulation of ciphertext is a violation of free speech. The applicable part of the
First Amendment here prohibits the making of any law, "abridging the freedom of speech" (The
First Amendment). There are an abundance of ways to communicate, we can write words, we can
talk, we can take photographs, we can draw pictures. The Northwest Public Radio (NPR) published
the article, " Apple's First Amendment Argument" it states that, "during the 1990's. There was a
confrontation in court on whether code, or encryption, is a form of speech". A student at University
of California by the name of Daniel Bernstein, created an encryption software called Snuffle. He
attempted to put it on the Internet, the government made an effort to stop him, using laws that were
meant for the restrictions of firearms and ammunitions. Eric Goldman is a professor at Santa Clara
University School of Law argued in the NPR article, "In Fighting FBI, Apple Says Free Speech
Rights Mean No Forced Coding" that Daniel Bernstein's code was a "form of speech and therefore
protected by the Constitution". Goldman was saying "I believe that privacy is important and I'm
going to use this software as a platform to protect this right". The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
acknowledged that software is a form of speech and has been treated as such ever since. Therefore if
software code is speech, Apple claims the First Amendment also means the government cannot force
Apple to comply with its cause. The FBI wants Apple to write software code to help it break into the
iPhone. The opposing side of this argument is lead by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
The government is concerned that technology's security will prevent them from maximizing the
safety of the U.S. citizens.

Government Intervention On The Internet Essay
Government Intervention on the Internet
During the last decade, our society has become based on the sole ability to move large amounts of
information across great distances quickly.
Computerization has influenced everyone's life in numerous ways. The natural evolution of
computer technology and this need for ultra–fast communications has caused a global network of
interconnected computers to develop. This global network allows a person to send E–mail across the
world in mere fractions of a second, and allows a common person to access wealths of information
worldwide.
This newfound global network, originally called Arconet, was developed and funded solely by and
for the U.S. government. It was to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I am opposed to such content on the Internet and therefore am a firm believer in
Internet censorship. However, the question at hand is just how much censorship the government
impose. Because the Internet has become the largest source of information in the world, legislative
safeguards are indeed imminent. Explicit material is not readily available over the mail or telephone
and distribution of obscene material is illegal. Therefore, there is no reason this stuff should go
unimpeded across the Internet. Sure, there are some blocking devices, but they are no substitute for
well–reasoned law. To counter this, the United States has set regulations to determine what is
categorized as obscenity and what is not.
By laws set previously by the government, obscene material should not be accessible through the
Internet. The problem society is now facing is that cyberspace is like a neighborhood without a
police department. "Outlaws" are now able to use powerful cryptography to send and
receive uncrackable communications across the Internet. Devices set up to filter certain
communications cannot filter that which cannot be read, which leads to my other topic of interest:
data encryption.
By nature, the Internet is an insecure method of transferring data. A single E–mail packet may

Hacker: Kevin David Mitnick Essay
Kevin David Mitnick was born in Los Angeles on august 6, 1963 and he attended James Monroe
high school in L.A. He was a hacker, phreaker and social engineer, who was the world's most
wanted computer criminal in 90's, He was charged for many criminal activities forfraud and
computer hacking into many top companies and stealing their confidential data. The Federal Bureau
of Investigation, arrested Kevin Mitnick on February 15, 1995. He spent nearly five years in a
federal prison for the charges. He is now a computer security consultant, author, and an ethical
hacker, who started a computer security company called "Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC" and
getting paid by the companies for ethical hacking. He was first convicted at the age of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally after struggling hard the FBI arrested Kevin on Feb 15, 1995, later he was in prison for four
years without a trial and hearing for bail and he even spent one year in solitary confinement. Finally
in 1999, he was charged of wire, computer frauds and illegally intercepting the wire communication.
He was sentenced to prison for 46 months and was finally released in 2003 with limitations and
restrictions using the computers and phones and later Kevin fought it out with the court decision and
later was allowed to use the web and computers. Kevin became popular after getting the public
attention through media, he gave many interviews and was seen in many TV shows, he wrote few
books which were bestselling and later he even started a consulting computer security company and
was paid to hack the companies which he loved to core, at present he is busy consultant giving guest
lectures about hacking and social engineering at companies, this is how Kevin Mitnick changed
from a hacker to ethical Hacker. 3) Pgp is an encryption software which was first designed by Phil
Zimmermann to encrypt data and secure it from predators while transferring the data, it is used in in
email service to encrypt the messages. Pgp encryption works with two keys which are known

Mobile Voting System
STUDY OF SMS SECURITY AS PART OF AN ELECTRONIC VOTING SYSTEM
A thesis
Submitted to the Department of Computer Science & Engineering Of BRAC University By
Chowdhury Mushfiqur Rahman ID: 02101108 Shah Md. Adnan Khan ID: 01201055
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree
Of
Bachelor of Computer Science & Engineering May 2006
BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
DECLARATION
I, Chowdhury Mushfiqur Rahman, University ID: – 02101108 have completed some modules of our
proposed Thesis, Secured SMS Service in Electronic Voting System, Under CSE 400 course based
on the result found by me.
I therefore declare that this project has been published previously neither in whole nor in part of any
degree except this publication. I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parliament consists of three hundred members elected in accordance with law from single–member
territorial constituencies. Besides this there was a provision of thirty seats reserved exclusively for
woman members up to the year 2000 who were elected according to law by the members of the
parliament. Parliament has tenure of 5 years unless dissolved earlier.
1.2
Criteria for

Software Based Systems : Using Specialized Security...
Software–Based Systems In software–based security systems, the coding and decoding of
information is done using specialized security software. Due to the easy portability and ease of
distribution through networks, software–based systems are more abundant in the market. Encryption
is the main method used in these software–based security system. Encryption is a process that
modifies information in a way that makes it unreadable until the exact same process is reversed. In
general, there are two types of encryption. The first one is the conventional encryption schemes, one
key is used by two parties to both encrypt and decrypt the information. Once the secret key is
entered, the information looks like a meaningless jumble of random characters. The file can only be
viewed once it has been decrypted using the exact same key. The second type of encryption is
known as public key encryption. In this method, there are two different keys held by the user: a
public key and a private key. These two keys are not interchangeable but they are complementary to
each other, meaning that they exists in pairs. Therefore, the public keys can be made public
knowledge, and posted in a database somewhere. Anyone who wants to send a message to a person
can encrypt the message with the recipient public key and this message can only be decrypted with
the complementary private key. Thus, nobody but the intended receiver can decrypt the message.
The private key remains on one's personal computer and

Annotated Bibliography On Database Encryption
1. INTRODUCTION Database Encryption is one of the technique used for securing the data in
database. This method transforms information on a computer in such a way that it becomes
unreadable. So, even if someone is able to gain access to a computer with personal data on it, they
likely won't be able to do anything with the data unless they have original data key, complicated or
expensive software. The main function of encryption is essentially to translate normal text into
cipher text. Encryption makes sure that data doesn't get read by the wrong people, but can also
ensure that data isn't altered in transit, and verify the identity of the sender. Data Encryption method
typically uses a specified parameter or key to perform the data transformation. Some encryption
algorithms require the key to be the same length as the message to be encoded, yet other encryption
algorithms can operate on much smaller keys relative to the message. Encryption is most used
among transactions over insecure channels of communication, such as the internet. Encryption is
also used to protect data being transferred between devices such as mobile telephones, automatic
teller machines (ATMs), and many more. Encryption can be used to create digital signatures, which
allow a message to be authenticated. When properly implemented, a digital signature gives the
recipient of a message reason to believe the message was sent by the claimed sender. 2. THREATS
TO DATABASE 2.1 Database Databases are the

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