Non Newtonian Matter

Non Newtonian Matter
What is a Non–newtonian matter? How does slime fall into this category? What are Newtonian
matters? Newtonian matter is matter that follows Newton's law of Viscosity. Newton's law of
Viscosity is the relationship between shear rate of a fluid subjected to a outer, physical stress and
shear stress. The ratio between the two, under a certain amount of stress and under a certain
temperature is the viscosity or coefficient of viscosity. Viscosity is the thickness of a liquid or how
much the liquid resists to pouring. Only three states of matter fall under Newton's law of Viscosity,
solids, liquids, and gases. All other states of matter are defined as Non–Newtonian matters, and are
therefore excluded from the law of Viscosity. A Non–Newtonian matter ... Show more content on
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This force compresses the gas inside the ball. Immediately, the gas begins to expand again, returning
the ball to its normal shape. This action is a bit like a spring that causes the ball to bounce back into
the air. So how does temperature affect the bounce of a ball? Assuming that the density and the
constant of the ball remain unchanged. Looking at only the temperature as part of the equation, you
will easily find that a higher temperature will lead to a higher pressure. This is because the gas
molecules inside the ball expand as temperature increases. As the gas molecules expand, their
energy increases and they bounce around faster inside the ball. That's why higher pressure leads to a
higher bounce of the ball. Likewise, a lower temperature will lead to a lower pressure. As the
temperature decreases, gas molecules contract and move around more slowly with less energy. Thus,
lower pressure leads to a lower bounce of the ball. That's why a fully–inflated ball might appear
deflated if the temperature drops dramatically. As you probably already know, that partially–deflated
ball won't bounce nearly as high as it would if it were
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Recrystallization Of Naphthalene Lab Report
Introduction In this experiment, the objective is to perform recrystallization properly to purify
multiple organic solids. Recrystallization has become a fundamental technique in organic chemistry
and the pharmaceutical industry, for separating and purifying organic compounds. Out of all the
techniques used for purifying organic compounds, recrystallization is the most vital one. This is due
to its effectiveness, convenience, and industrial applications. Recrystallization has to do with
dissolving organic compounds to purify them. The solid acts as the solute as it dissolves in an
appropriately selected hot solvent. The solvent is then cooled which allows for the solution to
become saturated with the solute. This leads to recrystallization, ... Show more content on
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Exposure to skin will lead to irritation as it is a permeator and a sensitizer. Exposure to eyes will
also lead to irritation and discomfort. Prolonged inhalation is dangerous as it may lead to nausea,
weakness, vomiting, and other harmful effects. Wearing gloves will counteract most of the potential
danger (NIOSH 2014).
Water
Molecular Formula: H2O / IUPAC Name: Water / Molar Mass: 18.02 g per mol / Melting Point: 0°C
/ Boiling Point: 100°C / No hazards
Ethanol
Molecular Formula: C2H6O / IUPAC Name: Ethanol / Molar Mass: 46.07 g per mol / Melting
Point: –114.1°C / Boiling Point: 78.5°C / is flammable and should be used with caution. Skin/eye
exposure may cause irritation. Inhalation should be avoided if possible.
Methanol
Molecular Formula: CH4O / IUPAC Name: Methanol / Molar Mass: 32.04 g per mol / Melting
Point: –97.8°C / Boiling Pont: 64.5°C / is flammable and should not be handled around flames.
Exposure to skin/eyes will cause irritation and discomfort. Is a permeator. Extended inhalation will
be harmful.

Describe How Several Ways Mineral Crystals Can Form
1. What is a mineral, as geologists understand the term? How is this definition different from the
everyday usage of the word?
To a geologist, a mineral is naturally occurring solid, formed by geologic processes that have a
crystalline structure and a definable chemical composition. Its internal structure characterized by an
orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline lattice. Almost all minerals are
inorganic, for instance, sugar is an organic chemical in which is made by carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen that it is not a mineral.
2. Why is glass not a mineral?
A glass isn't a mineral because crystalline structure in which the atoms make up a mineral aren't
distributed randomly and cannot move around easily, and the atoms in a glass aren't arranged in an
orderly pattern. Moreover, both minerals and glasses are solids, and they can retain their shape, but a
mineral is crystalline ,and glass is not because the atoms, ions, or molecules are the elements in a
mineral are ordered into a crystal lattice, and glass doesn't has those elements and disorderly
arrange.
3. Describe the several ways that mineral crystals can form.
The mineral crystals can form in five ways. First, they can form by the solidification of a melt which
the freezing of a liquid, such as ice crystals are a type of mineral made by freezing water. Second,
they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The formation of LIPs associated with superplumes might have affected sea level, climate, and may
have caused the extinction of some species. Because when volcanic eruptions begin, the huge
quantities of basaltic lava spew out of the ground, the hot basaltic lava has low viscosity that can
erupts the localities, and it can flow tens to hundreds of kilometers across the

The Students With Different Proficiency Levels
The students' with different proficiency levels understood the different aspects of the objectives
because I, the teacher, modeled it. We broke down the objective and took it step by step. This helped
many of my English Language Learners understand what was expected of them. The way we broke
up the two objectives was by first describing solids/liquids and then distinguishing the two by
simply using those describing words. Then, after modeling they had the opportunity to practice and
use a graphic organizer and explore different liquids. The second main objective was for the students
to create a poster with table group. The students understood this because I had them give me a
thumbs up to see if they understood what was expected and I ... Show more content on
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The reason why I say this is, because they had a good grasp of what both a solid and a liquid were in
the engage part. I believe that they really got the concept that a solid and a liquid are different and
that theirs different types of liquids. They were able to state that characteristics of a liquid at the end
of the exploration part and they all were able to state the descriptions when they all presented their
poster. One thing that still remains as a misconception would be that most of the students got
confused with the words translucent and transparent. With this misconception I would do a mini
lesson on the two words followed with activities. The way I identified this misconception was by
observing them when they were exploring a liquid that was transparent and translucent. I asked a
student to compare water that was "transparent" and orange juice that was "translucent", the student
replied with "The water is the translucent because you can see it and the orange juice is transparent
because you can almost see it.". My plan after this lesson is to continue discussing matter and
develop a lesson on gas. Based on the evidence gathered, I would extend this lesson into 4 days and
teach at a slower pace. Doing this will allow the students, to do this step by step with no
misconceptions along the way. In the four days I would first introduce solids, and go in depth in this
lesson. I would do many activities like

Experimental Techniques For The Synthesis And...
CHAPTER 2
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
NANOMATERIALS.
In order to explore novel physical properties and phenomena and realize potential applications of
nanostructures and nanomaterials, the ability to fabricate and process nanomaterials and
nanostructures is the first corner stone in nanotechnology. There exist a number of methods to
synthesize the nanomaterials, which are categorized in two techniques "top down and bottom up".
Solid state route, ball milling comes in the category of top down approach, while wet chemical
routes like sol–gel, co–precipitation, etc. come in the category of bottom up approach. Secondly,
characterization of nanomaterials is necessary to analyze their various properties. Therefore, this
chapter describes the various methods of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials.
Characterization techniques include XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX, UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR
spectroscopy, etc.
2.2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials:
Fabrication of nanomaterials with strict control over size, shape, and crystalline structure has
become very important for the applications of nanotechnology in numerous fields including
catalysis, medicine, and electronics. Synthesis methods for nanoparticles are typically grouped into
two categories: "top–down" and "bottom–up" approach. The first involves the division of a massive
solid into smaller and smaller portions, successively reaching to nanometer size. This approach may
involve milling or

How Did Boyle's Law Contribute To The States Of Matter?
All things begin somewhere, including States of Matter. God created these substances and had
people discover them. The process of one of the States of Matter, Gas, was discovered by an Irish
natural philosopher named Robert Boyle. He had many other accomplishments, including
advocating for the scientific method. During his time on earth, he wrote a fairly popular book and
had an interest in alchemy, the study of turning metals into gold. Boyle was a curious person and
wasn't going to settle for an answer that isn't true or testable, so he decided to do his own
experiments to prove his correctness. Boyle is best known for creating "Boyle's Law" which
according to brainpop.com is, "... an observation on the properties of gases that he published in
1662." After experimenting one day, "Boyle realized that at a constant temperature, the product of a
gas's pressure and volume will always be constant." This development can be expressed in an
equation: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2. P1 and V1 exemplify the pressure and volume before being change
and P1 and V2 exemplify the pressure and volume after change. Boyle has contributed to the States
of Matter quite a bit.
The States of Matter Solids, Liquids, Gases, and Plasmas, or phases have different physical
properties. According to chem4kids.com, "Elements and compounds can move from one phase to
another when specific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to idahoptv.org, "Plasma is electrically charged, does not hold its shape, has a huge
amount of energy and is very difficult state to manipulate without a laboratory." On livescience.com
it says that, "Plasma is not a common state of matter here on Earth, but may be the most common
state of matter in the universe. Plasma consists of highly charged particles with extremely high
kinetic energy." Plasma is rare but can be found in lightening, the sun, fire, and various others that
are made out of plasma

The Thermodynamics Of Solidification Process
THERMODYNAMICS
PROJECT
Prof: Srinivasan G. Srivilliputhur
Thermodynamics of Solidification.
– Finally Draft –
Chun–Yu Lin and Yiyang Wan
University of North Texas
Material Science and Engineering department
Denton, TX 76207
Oct 30 2014
Outline
1. Introduction of Solidification
2. Principle of Solidification Process
a. Nucleation
b. Growth of solid
c. Alloy's phase diagram
d. Alloy Solidification
3. Real Application of Solidification Process
a. Eutectic Solidification Process
b. Peritectic Solidification Process
4. Conclusion
Introduction
Solidification is process through which crystalline materials, such as metals and alloys, transform
from non–crystallized state into crystallized state. This process is a basic technique used in alloy
casting, growth of single–phase semiconductors, welding and etc. We need to understand what's
happening during solidification and how it affect the structure of final materials, which directly
determines the properties of products. Besides, a proper set of solidification parameters also helps to
improve energy efficiency.
Principle of solidification process
1. Nucleation

The whole process begins with the creation of a combination of atoms randomly, followed by
stabilization of these tiny cores (homogeneous nucleation). Thermodynamics plays an important role
because it determines if the liquid continues to solidify or remains in equilibrium.
When the environment temperature is below the melting

Crystallization Synthesis
Before crystallization, the unknown weighed 0.83 g, it was white, soft, and had small ball clumps
almost producing a salt like appearance. About 70 mL of ethanol was used to purify the unknown.
Within the final stages of fully dissolving the ethanol with the unknown, the unknown started to
crystallize quickly, therefore, no ice bath was needed. After the unknown air dried, it was clear, soft,
flaky, and it looked like ice. In terms of purity of the solid, recrystallization worked because it
dissolved both the impurities and the compound within ethanol. The impurities were removed and
the pure solution was left behind after being filtered. In terms of yield, recrystallization worked
because there was a significant amount of the unknown after it has been crystallized. ... Show more
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When identifying the unknown compound, the top three predictions were: acenaphthene,
phenoxyacetic acid, and benzil. Based on the melting points (see Table II.), the unknown solid
compound was most likely to be acenaphthene. Before the melting process, the unknown was
observed to be white, flaky, shiny, and soft. When it was mixed with other compounds, the
characteristics began to change. For instance, when the unknown was mixed with acenaphthene, the
solid was grainy and white. When it was mixed with benzil, the solution was green and glittery. Last
but not least, when the unknown was mixed with phenoxyacetic Acid, the solid was powdery and
white. Through observations, the unknown dissolved better with the acenaphthene and
phenoxyacetic acid as it resulted in a homogeneous

Copper Reaction Lab Report
AP Chemistry
12/13/11
Round–Trip Copper Reactions Lab
The purpose of this lab was to evaluate our skills of decanting a supernatant liquid without losing
the solid and successful completion of a series of reactions. This was done through five chemical
reactions involving copper. In this lab, elemental copper was put through five different chemical
reactions in order to convert it into different compounds. By the end of the fifth reaction, the copper
was back to its elemental state. In the first reaction, 0.95 g of pure copper was reacted with 4.0 mL
of concentrated nitric acid under the fume hood. The solution was swirled until all of the copper had
dissolved. The balanced equation for this reaction is as follows:
Cu (s) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The black precipitate was allowed to settle and then the supernatant, the clear liquid that lies above a
precipitate, was decanted, or poured carefully off. Then, 200 mL of hot distilled water was added
and the precipitate was allowed to settle to repeat the decanting process again. In the fourth reaction,
15 mL of 6.0 M sulfuric acid was added to the copper (II) oxide while stirring. The balanced
equation for this reaction is as follows:
CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) à CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + SO2 (g)
When the sulfuric acid was added to copper (II) oxide, the solution turned blue. This was due to the
formation of aqueous copper (II) sulfate, which produced the copper ions to change the color of the
solution. In the fifth reaction, 2.29 g of zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution under the
fume hood. The balanced equation for this reaction is written as followed:
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) à ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
When the zinc was added to the copper (II) sulfate solution, the solution started to bubble. As the
solution was stirred, it turned a cloudy blue. Small flecks of a brown solid were visible. As the
solution became colorless, the brown solid settled to the bottom of the beaker. The solid formed was
copper in its elemental state. The color faded from the solution as the copper ions slowly formed
into solid copper. The copper was poured into a funnel with filter paper and washed three times with
25 mL

Nerolin Lab Report
Nerolin was prepared with a mixture of methanol, 2–naphthol, potassium hydroxide (KOH), and
iodoethane using a reflux apparatus. A reaction mixture was obtained, and allowed to freeze. Nerolin
crystals were obtained by way of gravity filtration and vacuum filtration in a successive manner. The
nerolin crystals were further analyzed to show purity of the experimental product by examining the
shape and size of the crystals, along with the melting point of the crystals. From this experiment,
6.44% of nerolin crystals were recovered, with a melting point measured as 33–35C. The
preparation of nerolin was performed due to its role in maintaining long–lasting fragrance release
properties in fabrics.
Nerolin, the product of this experiment, has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decanted liquid had to be placed back into the freezer in order to refreeze the crystals to allow
them to be decanted off. This could have caused a portion of the product to have been lost, thus
affecting the percent yield and purity of the final product. Furthermore, there was an oiled substance
thought to be a contaminant in the product after the addition of hot methanol and hot water to the
Erlenmeyer flask. This contaminant was left in the Erlenmeyer flask to see whether or not it had an
effect on the final product, but once the activated charcoal was added into the Erlenmeyer flask, the
contaminant seemed to have latched onto the charcoal. Since it latched onto the charcoal and the
charcoal was filtered out by way of gravity filtration, the contaminant is thought to have been
filtered out as well. While the contaminant seemed to have been filtered out by the gravity filtration,
there could be a small portion of the contaminant that remained in the filtered–out product, thus
affecting the percent yield and purity of the final product as

Multi Step Synthesis Of Aspirin
This experiment explored the multi–step synthesis of synthesis acetylsalicylic acid commonly
known as aspirin. A common procedure used in organic chemistry labs is multi step synthesis. this
procedure involves a cascade of reactions that ultimately lead to a desire product. The series of
reactions begins with commonly found or readily available reagents which are synthesized into
products which can be used for a secondary reaction, and so on and so forth until the final desired
product is synthesized (Ryerson Department of Chemistry, 2017).
In this experiment the synthesis of aspirin was used to find the importance of the efficiency of
multistep synthesis as well as a means to explore a number or purity tests. The purity tests used in
this experiment were a melting point range test, a thin layer chromatography test, a ferric chloride
test, and infrared spectroscopy.
After the completion of the experiment it was found that the percent yield was 24% which is very
low. This shows the importance of efficiency as the process of making aspirin, is a two step
synthesis (Atienza et al., 2010) and 74% of theoretical product was converted into waste or lost.
Also it was found that the end product was not pure aspirin as the sample of aspirin made failed two
purity test. This revealed that not merely one purity test is not sufficient to denote a substance as
pure.
Introduction
The first step of the synthesis is to take pure methyl salicylate and hydrolyzed into salicylic acid,

How Does Temp Affect The Growth Rate Of Crystals?
A crystal is a solid whose atoms, or other components of matter, are structured in a uniform pattern
as seen in Figure 1. This repetitive pattern forms an extending crystal lattice that gives crystals their
unique geometric shape, known as the crystal structure. The crystal structure can be seen in Figure 2
below. The primary macroscopic characteristic of a crystal is its shape, typically consisting of flat
faces, also known as facets, meeting at sharp angles. As a crystal grows, the new atoms attach far
more easily to the rougher parts of the surface than the flatter, smoother parts of the surface. It is
through this that facets are formed, typically as large and smooth surfaces, with these planes thus
forming the entire crystal. ("How Do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The larger the amount of substance dissolved in the solvent and the more pressure there is on that
substance, the larger crystals will be. ("How Does Temp Affect the Growth Rate of Crystals?"
2018).
Crystals grown in higher temperatures are not necessarily better than those grown in cooler
temperatures; different types of crystals are simply produced. Crystals grown in cooler solutions
force the minerals together, thus creating bonds and impurities in their structure that interrupt the
crystal pattern. This results in forming a large number of smaller crystals. In contrast, in warmer
temperatures, the distance between the atoms (or other components of matter) is larger. This thus
allows the crystals to form as larger, purer shapes. ("How Does Temp Affect the Growth Rate of
Crystals?" 2018).
In addition to this, the temperature of the solution also affects the rate at which the water evaporates.
When the water evaporates slowly from the solution, only a few crystals begin their growth – this
also means the crystals have more time to grow large before all the water has dissolved. In
comparison, when the water evaporates quickly from the solution, more crystals begin their growth
– however, these crystals do not have as much time to grow as large. ("How Does Temp Affect the
Growth Rate of Crystals?"

Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain
Words can kill: it certainly is an odd concept to think of. Metaphorically, it could be referring to
many things–and its implications could range from outright ordering an execution to, perhaps, the
intonation of a phrase mentioned in passing. But this is the reality of Hideo Kojima's Metal Gear
Solid V: The Phantom Pain–a world where the very words people speak can cause disease. The
metaphorical and physical implications of the phrase "words can kill" was explored by a delivered
towards the end of the first act by the game's main villain, Skull Face. My adaptation was creating
this monologue in a text format. Since this was originally a monologue placed in the middle of a
much larger work, it stands to reason that there would be a decent ... Show more content on
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Therefore, by focusing more attention on the role of the English language, it seemed to be more in–
line with what Skull Face's motives were in the majority of the game. The vocal cord parasite–or at
least the strand that he created to kill English speakers–was not made to stop Zero, it was intended
to stop the spread of the English language. This is even more evident when he speaks of the Zero as
a parasite–again, conflating Zero and English with their respective parasitic aspects: "Codes
implanted into our heads, sucking our minds dry as it spreads from one host to the next. A parasite
upon the Earth: that is what Zero is. As one born into this world, he is afflicted. I hold him
responsible for killing my freedom. Killing all traces of my past... Killing any promise of a future"
(Kojima Mission 30). In essence, by allowing readers to see the parallelism between Zero and
English more clearly, I also wanted them to see Skull Face's negative views of the encroachment of
the English language–or the power of language, in

Science Talk : Solids And Liquids
Science Talk: Solids & Liquids I'm placed in a 1st grade ELD classroom with three English
language learners and one monolingual student. I will be delivering a lesson on solids and liquids
and how we can distinguish the difference between the two, and what ways we can describe them. I
wanted more information on what the students knew about solids a liquids and what misconceptions
they might have about them, so I conducted a interview with four students. The four students
represented a different learning level; the levels are low, low high, high and higher. I choose these
students because they are a good representation of the other students that are in the same level. The
student who is the lowest will be Student A (ELLs and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Student B responded with "I see some water things on this side and some cutting things on this
side." for this response I was expecting a little more detail just because she's a low high student.
Student C responded "On this side their drinks and on this side theirs solids, solids are hard." The
last respond to this question was from Student D, "The water stuff are liquids and on this side theirs
nothing but solids because they can't break." The respond shows how much exposure the student has
had and they also mention that they learned this last year. The second question I asked was " Can
you tell me what you know about them?", I realized that with this question I wasn't getting enough
detail because most of them weren't familiar with the solids. Student A was so detail about his
description, he stated "(liquids) Are wet, they are very juicy" he didn't know what was a liquids but
he pointed at the images. Student A also said "(Solids) are hard" pointing at the solid images. I
restated the question differently; I said, "How can we tell the difference between the two?". Student
B said that the solids were mostly tools and the liquids were "water things". As you can see some of
responses were not what I was hoping for. I was considering not mentioning these questions but they
very important, and would help me see if the students can describe and if they can

Sludge Lab Report
Sludge Lab Hypothesis – I comprehend that the mixture is a combination of alcohol with water &
sand with iron filings, my reason for thinking this is i smelled the aroma of alcohol & i also thought
that the alcohol must include a percentage of water molecules. I believe the insoluble compound is
sand & iron filings, my reason for thinking this was i could physically see the substances and i used
a magnet to tell that there's iron in it. Procedure I would first filter the liquids from the solids from
the mixture the procedure is shown in figure 1. figure1. 2. After separating the sludge mixer into a
insoluble solids and soluble liquids. I would spread out the insolubles on a tray with paper and place
it

How Solid Works Is Better Than Other Software
My report is based upon the Solid works and main feature of Solid works and why Solid works is
better than other software's and why Solid works used in numerous organizations rather than other
software's. Likewise, where the Solid works gets to be equivalent in the front of other programming
with its less elements or commands. I give detail about Solid works and its installation procedure
and I also work on the its competitor software Creo to find difference from Solid works. By doing
works on these software 's, I learned couple of things and get s appropriate reason that why Solid
works is best as compare to Creo software and also Solid works is common software and easily
available in the market. SUMMARY This report depends on Solid works and its principle highlights
which are extremely fundamental, including upsides and downsides of this software. Due to its best
features, why it is utilized in industries rather than other 3d software 's. I additionally specify in this
report in future which software may be taken place of Solid works. As we probably aware, it is a 3d
modelling programming and mostly utilized for models and designs. As a matter of first importance,
numerous people do designing on Solid works because solid works is time saving software. It is
generally utilized by the students and professionals for designing of modelling. It was established in
USA on December1993. It is used in every part of the fields. There

Planning a Solid Waste Management System
Waste Management
Studies have shown that the amount of waste has been increasing dramatically due to the increase of
the worldwide population. There are various types of wastes, such as municipal solid waste,
industrial waste, hazardous waste, sewage waste and many more. As a result of these wastes,
necessary precautions have been taken by the waste management to prevent an environmental
impact, which might cause serious damage for the future generations.
In the present paper, a framework for the design and the implementation of system B is proposed to
ensure the services quality of urban solid waste management. It comprises a1 B gea–rcrerenced
Spatial Database, inherent the earth of a Geographic Data Framework (CIS), which contains all
required parameters for waste management. They include point sources of waste accumulation, road
network and related traffic information. In expansion dynamic information for populace thickness,
time plan of work specialists, transportation facilities areas measured by Worldwide Positioning
Framework (GPS), and are acknowledged. Spatial–worldly examination is executed to speak to the
interrelations between urban developments, and thusly, increment of squanders and the collection–
transport–transfer subsystems 01 waste administration. The spatial database is entered through a
graphical client interface facilitating segment entering and system operation reenactment and
observing. The user has the ability to include all obliged parameters, also

Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay
IntroductionThe complex and interesting optical properties can be shown clearly on Nanostructured
metals the collective oscillations of the conduction electrons termed plasmons lead to most striking
phenomenon encountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes number of geometries
and in various metals ? most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver. Under
certain circumstances are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and absorption and
an enhancement of the local electromagnetic field. In 1989, upon calculations, Neeves and Birnboim
proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a metallic shell could produce
SPR modes with a much larger range of wavelengths. The first nanoshells were made by Zhou et al.
In the 1990?s. They used a Au2S core surrounded by a gold shell. Variations of these shells made it
possible to shift the standard gold colloid plasmon resonance peak from ~520 nm up to ~900 was a
limit however, of less than 40 nm on the size of nanoshell that they could achieve due to the
chemistry of their synthesis reactions. process also produced large amounts of gold colloid as a
secondary product which gave an additional absorption peak at ~520 nm. Halas and synthesized a
new type of gold nanoshell that overcame many of the limitations of the Au2S core type nanoshell.
The new method replaced the Au2S core with a silica core and made it possible to exert much
greater control over the

Borax Synthesis Essay
Introduction:
It is clear to tell when an object is either a solid or a liquid– or perhaps even both? To begin with,
discussing the essential knowledge of solids, liquids and even gases, clarifies any unknown concepts
of these three states.
Solids, Liquids, and Gases... What Are They?
First of all, matter (mass, or anything that takes up space) stays in three state, which is solid, liquid,
and gas; the fourth state is plasma (however this notion is more complex, and shall be learned later).
Water follows the same theory as well. A solid is considered a solid when its particles are tightly
packed together. You can tell a solid is a solid because solids hold their shape, so they are incapable
of flowing around, like a gas or liquid. For example, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Borax (or sodium borate), is a boron compound, made up of a mineral and a salt named boric acid.
Around the household, Borax acts as a detergent, for cleaning. In scientific purposes, Borax–based
slime is like a non–Newtonian fluid (e.g. oobleck). The entire process, concept, and, method of
Borax is comparable to oobleck. However, instead of using a cornstarch and water mixture, Borax
uses glue, water and Borax. The reactions both have similar outcomes. As explained before ,
oobleck behaves the way it does because the particles of the cornstarch. Borax–based slime behaves
the same way because of the ingredients inside of the glue, and its relationship between the Bprax.
There is an ingredient contained in glue, which is called polyvinyl acetate, otherwise known as a
liquid polymer. By definition, polymer is a substance that has a molecular structure consisting
entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together. The Borax causes the molecules within
the polyvinyl acetate to link to one another. Thus, creating a larger, flexible polymer. The same
theory functions behind Borax slime the way oobleck does. When force is applied to this slime, the
slime will then posses the properties of a solid. Once all pressure is released, the slime will act as a

The Melting Point Analysis of Crude and Recrystallized...
Abstract Acetic Anhydride and p–Aminophenol were heated in a vial attached to an air condenser to
synthesize crude acetaminophen, resulting in 0.097 grams (47.48% yield). The crude acetaminophen
was then recrystallized in a solvent of water and methanol over heat resulting in 0.082 grams
(39.61% yield) of pure acetaminophen. Melting points of both crude and pure acetaminophen were
taken, and found to be 165.9 – 170.9°C and 168.2 – 171.5°C, respectively. The literature melting
point of acetaminophen is 169.5 – 171.0°C, indicating that our final product was pure.
Introduction The synthesis of acetaminophen involves the attraction of the electrophilic carbonyl
group of acetic anhydride to the nucleophilic NH2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An automatic pipet was used to measure 0.450 mL water and 0.165 mL acetic anhydride and was
added to the conical vial. A spin vane was placed into the vial and an air condenser was attached.
Heating:
The mixture was heated at 120°C using an aluminum block and was stirred gently. After all of the
solid dissolved, it was heated for 20 additional minutes to ensure the reaction was complete.
Isolation of Crude Acetaminophen: The vial was removed from the heat and cooled to room
temperature. The spin vane was rinsed with 2–3 drops of warm water over the conical vial. The vial
was cooled to room temperature then placed in an ice bath for 15 minutes. The liquid was decanted
from the mixture and the resulting crystals were dried on filter paper. The crystals were then placed
on a watch glass for further drying. The crystals were weighed and a small sample was placed into a
capillary tube for melting point determination.
Crystallization of Acetaminophen: The product was placed in a Craig tube and several drops of hot
(100°C) solvent (50% water, 50% methanol, by volume) was added and heated until all of the
crystals dissolved. The Craig tube was plugged and set in an Erlenmeyer flask to cool.
Crystallization was induced once the mixture was at room temperature by scratching the inner wall
of the tube. It was then placed into an ice bath for ten minutes until crystallization was complete.
The tube was then

B)Solid State Drive (Ssd). Assuming We All Are Familiar
b) Solid State Drive (SSD) Assuming we all are familiar with USB memory stick, an SSD is can be
considered as an oversized and more complicated version of the USB stick. Unlike the HDDs, there
are no moving parts in the SSDs. Thus, it stores data in microchips and is faster than the HDDs. The
choice of which of the two is the better depends on the buyer's needs and preference. The price of
SSDs is comparatively higher so as its performances relatively faster than HDDs [5]. Thus, if the
buyer is more concern for better performance and not so concern about the price, he or she can go
for SSD rather than HDD. However, if the buyer is more concern about the price than the
performance then he or she can go for HDD. Figure 6 below shows a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
5. Customizing and Configuring PC Components The previous steps (1 thru 4) describe the various
components of the computers available in today's market and suggest the users for making an
efficient choice for customizing their PCS. This is the most important section of the document and it
deals with the assembling, configuration, and installation the PC components. Even though this task
cannot be detailed in a short document of this length, I will try my best to summarize the process in
a simplest possible manner. The assembling of the software components of PC can easily be done by
using some of the available online resources. Therefore, I have intentionally excluded those steps to
shorten the document. The users of this guide are urged to refer available online videos for
additional references concerning this subject and any other information they might need.
Customization of a PC can be done just by replacing a single component or multiple components.
Whether the customizing is for improving the performance or for replacing a broken component,
making a mindset for customizing comes in first place. Users are required to buy desired
component/components following the guidelines provided in the earlier section of this guide. Since,
customizing requires the installation of one or more components based on the user's preference and
necessities, I am giving brief guidelines for installing the system unit followed by its

Recrystallization Of Naphthalene Lab Report
Experiment 4: Recrystallization of Pure Phthalic Acid, Benzoic Acid, and Naphthalene
Charles Nyberg
Gilbert Immanuel and Rachel Zigelsky
Mussie Gide Introduction Chemical experiments are often described, when they are finished, by the
yield or recovery of the target product or solid. Also melting point can be tested to determine purity
in a compound. Most times these chemicals are not completely pure so they can be recrystallized to
remove the impurities. The technique of recrystallization learned and utilized in this lab works best
to remove contaminates from nonvolatile organic solids.1 A solvent is used that dissolves the solid
at room temperature and then the impurities can be removed via pipette or other simplified removal
process. When all impurities are dissolved and removed, a lattice or an ordered structure in the form
of crystals is able to be collected and observed. Some substances cannot be recrystallized with only
one solvent. Therefore, two solvents, or solvent pairs, can help dissolve the substance at boiling
point only and not room temperature.2 Solvent pairs are able to be dissolved into each other but not
anything else effectively. One part of the pair is used to prevent dissolving at room temperature and
the other half is used to help dissolve at boiling point. Lastly, activated charcoal is utilized to
remove brightly colored impurities from the dissolved solid solutions. The charcoal attracts the
impure substances and then is able to be

Double Displacement Reaction Lab
Abstract
Introduction
This lab revolves around precipitate it reactions. The precipitate reactions happen when it had
cations (positive atoms) and anions (negative atoms) in aqueous solutions combined to form an
insoluble ionic solid, which is called a participate. In order for these reactions to occur they must be
Aqueous and this can be determined by using solubility rules. Predicting these reactions a sign test
to find out which ions are present in a solution. Double displacement reactions are the kinds used in
this lab. This means that the compound will switch partners and form a bond with a different part.
The reaction occurs in Aquarious solution and one of the products that is formed is in soluble.
Example: CdSO4(aq) + K2S(aq) >> CdS(s) + K2SO4(aq)
Both reactants are soluble and one of the products is a solid. A soluble substances dissolves with
water but an insoluble substance doesn't. In a solution, which is a homogenous mixture of two or
more substances, one will have a solvent and solute. The solvent ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The solutions of the tests done on the software can be found in table 1. Choose the top pop up
experiment menu. The purpose of the software will be to practice identifying a noon's. From the
experiment menu, click the type of unknown that needs to start. Choose the one positive ion option.
When chosen, a picture of a solid will be seen: the unknown cation with the nitrate anion. This will
also show the results of putting the solid into water. To save the treated sample, click on one of the
seven saved samples slots in the upper right. To delete the treated simple click on the trashcan. Make
saved sample an active the sample by clicking on it. Only complete compounds can be added, for
example, if one wanted to add XS OHI– to the active sample, click on the NaI+, XSOHI–, and then
ADD. Record each reaction in the table as either a soluble or insoluble solution and record any

Melting Temperature Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment is to observe what happens when heat is taken away from pdB and
added to it, and to determine the melting/freezing points of the pdB. Our group did this by heating
up the pdB in a bunsen burner until it completely phase changed into liquid. Then, we placed the test
tube containing liquid pdB in cool tap water recording the temperatures of both the water and the
pdB every 30 seconds until they were within 3°C of each other. After, we placed a test tube
containing frozen solid pdB in hot tap water recording the temperatures of the pdB and the water
every 30 seconds until they were within 3°C of each other. To finish the experiment, we graphed our
data in one graph. The graph showed, and also what we observed in the lab, that when the water and
the pdB were close to being within 3°C of each other, there were signs ... Show more content on
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This means that the solid pdB and the liquid pdB phase changed at 330 to 420 seconds because
during a phase change, the temperature of the substance always remains constant, thus why melting
point and freezing point is the same temperature. Although temperature remains constant in a phase
change, it does not necessarily indicate one; the water day #1 curve had the temperature (x)
remained constant the whole experiment, but there was no phase change when we observed it in the
lab. The graph makes us able to estimate the time when the pdB and the water reach temperature
equilibrium, which is when two different temperature substances touch each other and the hotter one
(heat source) releases its heat into the cooler one (heat sink) until the temperatures become the same
(the total heat released from from heat source should equal the total heat gained by the heat sink).
When the temperature of the two day #1 curves or the two day #2 curves intersect is when they have
reached temperature equilibrium; their temperatures will be the

Percent Recovery Lab Report
Percent Recovery was calculated by taking the total amount of grams collected and dividing it by
the amount of grams initially started with and multiplying that number by 100.
Phthalic Acid: (.15g / .20g) * 100 = 75%
Benzoic Acid (Water): (.03g / .05g) * 100 = 60%
Benzoic Acid (Methanol): (035g / .05g) * 100 = 70%
Naphthalene: (.532g / 1g) * 100 = 53%
Discussion
After the process of recrystallization was completed, the melting points and weights were taken for
each solid. Some melting points recorded for the solids were very close to the values listed in the
literature. However, others differed by sizeable margins from the values listed in the literature. The
range observed for the melting point of naphthalene was 78–81°C. This coincides with ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The text suggested that the solvent be removed by evaporation via a hot water bath or filtration
(Weldegrima 2016). A situation occurred during the lab where time had become a constraint and the
hot water bath was being occupied by the naphthalene. The instructor advised that the sand bath be
used to isolate the crystals from the solvent, or the crystals and liquid be poured on filter paper and
hand dried. The sand bath was too hot and started to melt the solid. This led to the pouring of the
liquid and crystals onto filter paper. This method left more room for error, as drying the crystals
would be more tedious and it would be more difficult to remove all the crystals from the test tubes.
The optimal percent recovery is a 100% for each solid. However, it is expected that less would be
obtained. The percent recovery for the benzoic acid in both procedures and the phthalic acid were
between 40%–25% less than the desired 100%. The low percent recovery can be attributed to the
method previously mentioned, to separate the solvent from the crystals. When pouring the crystals
and liquid onto the filter paper for the benzoic and phthalic acid, it could clearly be seen that there
were many crystals still stuck to the inside of the tube. A spatula was used to recover as much of the
crystals as possible, but not all of the crystals could be collected. This left many crystals still in the
test tube which would have skewed the results for percent recovery, as they could not be weighed as
well. The naphthalene was different, as it was not pure to begin with. A 1g solid mixture including
an unknown amount of naphthalene was used. The lack of information on how much naphthalene
was started with, makes it very cumbersome to determine the percent yield. However, .532g of
naphthalene was recovered in total. There

Theme Of The Solid Object By Virginia Woolf
The Adverse Effects of Obsession: Solid Object by Virginia Woolf
The Solid Objects by Virginia Woolf similarly encapsulates the prevailing modernist conception of
the impulse to collect, and the author conveys her strong disapproval of the protagonist, John's
collection by describing the negative effects. Implies by Woolf, John raises the lump of glass to the
light and holds it "so that its irregular mass blotted out the body and extended right arm of his
friend" (11), prefiguring the way in which his growing obsession with collection will eclipse his
interest in friends, work, and everyday concerns (Alt, 88).
To start with, Woolf points out that John's obsession has destroyed his social life. Woolf describes
"He was too silent...never talked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rather than weighing him down, John's objects represent his desire to escape from the predictability
and drabness of politics (Julie), and Woolf explains the joy brings to John by describing "if he had
not been consumed by ambition and ... would have made him give up the pursuit" (14).
John achieves an elevating sense that he can make his own choice, which is the desire of controlling
through his collection, where Woolf describes "it might so easily have been any other of the millions
of stones, but it was I, I, I" (12). The collecting behaviour fulfils his life as mentioned by Alt that the
collected object's "absolute singularity ... arises from the fact of being possessed by the collector –
and this allows the collector, in turn, to recognise himself in the object as an absolutely singular
being".
In conclusion, John in Solid Objects by Virginia Woolf seeks to escape from the realities of life by
seeking purpose in the collection of esoteric objects. Woolf's condemnation of John's deeds is
reflected in his mental illness and the destruction both of his social life and political

Precipitate Lab
The point of the experiment was to determine whether the chemical mixture will form a precipitate.
The first step was to combine compound 1 and compound 2. After mixing them together, if a solid
was created, a precipitate formed. Also for many of the chemical mixtures, the color changed. Silver
Nitrate + Sodium Chloride created a precipitate. The precipitate was AgCl (Silver Chloride). The
color of the precipitate was white. Copper Dichloride + Lead Dinitrate formed a precipitate. The
precipitate was PbCl2 (Lead Dichloride) and the color of this was blue. Ammonium Sulfate + Lead
Dinitrate also formed a precipitate. The precipitate was PbSO4 (Lead Sulfate) and the color of the
precipitate was white. Sodium Iodide + Barium Chloride did not form

Crystallization Lab
Introduction
In Lab 1, Production of a Solid: Crystallization and Melting Point, the objective was to become
more familiar with basic lab techniques and tools by implementing several basic techniques,
crystallization, determination of the melting point and thermometer correction, in order to determine
the melting point of Benzoic Acid and identify an unknown solid acid through recrystallization.
Crystallization is a separation technique used to purify a solid substance. The process separates a
solid that has been dissolved into a solution. Crystallization is based on solubility rules and relies on
the difference in boiling points amongst the substances. The melting point is the temperature that a
solid changes into its liquid state. It can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the solution was filtered, it needed to cool in order to start forming the crystals. The product
did not cool down enough properly before the decision was made to start scraping the flash. This
physical disturbance and incorrect temperature is what lead to the development of poor crystals. The
temperature of the solution was not cold enough to form proper crystals and that was what
diminished our yield. Putting the flask into ice bath, and limiting the disturbances surround it, would
have been a best option to decrease the temperature properly and provide the best environment for
the crystals to form. By using the thermometer correction with Benzoic Acid, the melting point of
122.2C was observed. A 0.2C thermometer correction was used. The range the unknown melt was
149.9C – 153.2C. With the temperature correction, the melting point range was determined to be
150.1C – 153.4C. The crystals completely melted at 153.4C. Adipic acid has a melting point of
153.1C, which is within our observed range2. Thus, the unknown was determined to be Adipic

Recrystallization Lab
Purpose:
The purpose of recrystallization lab is to recrystallize cream of tartar from water.
Procedure:
1. Obtain and weigh a sample of potassium hydrogen tartrate; use between 200 and 300 mg.
2. In a boiling water bath, heat a sample of distilled water.
3. Dissolve your sample in a minimum of water. To do this, add the water drop–wise to your solid,
stirring well between each drop, until the solid just dissolves. You might have to heat the test tube
while you are adding the water to keep the solution hot.
4. After getting the solid to dissolve, allow the solution to cool slowly and look for crystals. After
the solution has cooled to close to room temperature, cool it in an ice bath. Collect the solid using
vacuum filtration and your Hirsh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weigh the solid and after drying.
Data:
Cream of tartar = 0.218g
Empty plastic dish = 2.161g
Cream of tartar recovered with plastic dish = 2.212g
Calculations:
%recovery= amount recovered / initial amount x 100%
2.212g – 2.161g = 0.051g
0.051/ 0.218 = 0.2339
0.2339 x 100 = 23.4%
Discussion:
My data is bad because in the calculations, it showed that it is 23.4 percent. However, the test tube
did show little bit crystals while using the spatula to scratch the tube.
Error Analysis:
There are few errors in the lab. The grams of cream of tartar might become less because it is hard to
scrape the crystals out of the test tube so it will be stuck inside the test tube and some of them is still
in the plastic boat dish. During the experiment, the water may have added too much that causing
precipitating out. Also, it is may not heat enough the test tube while adding hot water.
Modification:

We would spend more time scraping the test tube to create crystals and be more careful with adding
water so it won't precipitating out.
Conclusion:
We recrystallized cream of tartar from water with 23.4 percent recovery.
Answers to the post laboratory questions:
1) Define the following terms:
a) saturated solution – is a solution that can't add more solute into

Virginia Woolf Solid Objects Analysis
Obsession of the Obsessed in Virginia Woolf's "Solid Objects" Obsession is defined as "the
domination of one's thoughts or feelings by a persistent idea or desire." The desire for
nonconformity is a praiseworthy attribute but when taken too far, it can be disadvantageous to one's
goals and ambitions. While it is essential for one to seek transient passions, it is also crucial to
mollify this pursuit, with concern with actual use. The threats of overindulgence are notably
apparent in the case of John, the protagonist of Virginia Woolf's "Solid Objects", whose passion for
knickknacks turns into a subtle obsession. Woolf expresses her strong criticism of John by
intensifying his wasted potentiality and his fixation with fleeting dreams while she commends
Charles for his dependability and practicality. The title "Solid Objects" is a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Charles who is a pragmatist cannot understand why John abandons his prospect. Nevertheless,
Charles remains to bolster John, in spite of realizing that John's inconceivable reappearance upon a
stage. He comprehends the stones for what they really are, nothing more than curios without
underlying meaning. He understands that John's ardent fixation is unusual and unsound, but still
retains belief for John's restoration. Charles's faith crushes amid their last communication when he
understands that the "pretty stones" have exhausted John's prudence (Woolf 5). In Virginia Woolf's
"Solid Objects", John attempts to break away from the facts of existence of life by looking for
aspiration in the accumulation of obscure items. Woolf's accusation of John's actions is expressed in
the devastation of his political prospect and his social life. In spite of Charles's greatest intentions to
act as John's g, John goes on chasing unreal targets in the hope of attaining liberation and

Crystallization Of Sulfanilamide Lab Report
Introduction
Crystallization is a technique that has been utilized as a part of the purification of substances. As
often as possible, when a solid substance (single compound) is dissolved in a solvent, it dissolves.
After adding a greater amount of the solid, a point in the long run is come to past which no further
solid dissolves, and the solution is said to be saturated with the solid compound. The concentration
of the saturated solution is influenced by the temperature, by and large a higher temperature
bringing about a higher concentration.
These events can be utilized as a methods for affecting separation and purification. In this way, if a
saturated solution at some temperature is cooled, the dissolved segment starts to isolate from ...
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Before heating the flask containing the sulfanilamide, enough solvent was added with a Pasteur
pipette to barely cover the crystals.
2. Heated the flask again until the solvent boils.
3. Small portion of the solvent were added and continued to heat the flask and swirled it frequently.
4. The flask was swirled for 10–15 seconds and checked if the solid dissolved. If not another portion
of the solvent was added.
5. Heated the flask again with swirling until the solvent boils.
6. Then swirled the flask for 10–15 seconds, frequently returning the flask to the hot plate so that the
temperature of the mixture does not drop.
7. Continued the process of adding solvent, heating and swirling until all the solid had dissolved
completely.
8. It was ensured that the solvent was not little or excess and the process was performed rapidly
because 95% ethyl alcohol is very volatile. Also the time for the first addition of the solvent until it
dissolved it was between 10–15 seconds.
Crystallization
1. Flask was removed from the heat and allowed the solution to cool.
2. The flask was covered with a small watch glass. It can be noted that crystallization need to begin
by the time the flask has cooled to room temperature. It was induced by scratching the inside surface
of the flask with a glass

The Product Being Used For An Organic Compound
Introduction When it comes to creating or performing a reaction, the solubility of the product being
used is very important. Knowing the biological and physical processes of your product is the start of
any experiment. Obtaining this information plays a key role in choosing solvents for processes such
a recrystallization. Recrystallization is a procedure for purifying an impure compound in a solvent.
It is used only to purify solids in large or small quantities. That is the purpose of this experiment.
The product being used for this experiment is acetanilide (C6H5NH). The goal is to purify and
recrystallize the organic compound in the appropriate solvent. Acetanilide was first introduced to the
world in 1886 as a pharmaceutical fever–reducing drug. When proven to be ineffective, it was
chosen as an alternative pain reliever since it is converted to acetaminophen when inside the body.
In the first part of this experiment we will learn to crystalize an organic compound then later on
recrystallize it with the use of an appropriate solvent. The molecules of this compound are able to
return to its previous solid form due to the solvents inability to hold on to its molecules and they
start to move freely out in the solution and begin to form solid crystals. The reaction of the product
being studied is shown below. The product of this reaction can be analyzed using NMR and IR
spectrums.
Experimental Acetanilide was synthesized from a starting material of aniline (2mL)

Recrystallization Lab Report
The solid organic compounds that we use in reactions or that come from natural sources tend to have
impurities. One way for us to remove these impurities and obtain our desired product is by using a
technique called recrystallization. Our goal in this experiment is to prove that recrystallization is a
method to purify a solid organic compound with contaminants. In Part A we will purify acetanilide
by recrystallization and in Part B we will distinguish the best way to select the solvent required to
recrystallize the solute. Removing the solid impurities of an organic compound involves a series of
steps. The first step is to dissolve the solid in the minimum amount of the appropriate hot solvent.
Crystallization takes advantage of the fact that most solids are more soluble in a hot than in a cold
solvent. We need a solute that is soluble in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, if a solid is first dissolved in an amount of hot solvent that does not dissolve it when cold,
crystals should form when the hot solution is allowed to cool. The second step is using hot vacuum
filtration, which removes the insoluble impurities from the hot mixture. The acetanilide given to us
had two impurities, one soluble and one insoluble in the hot water. The insoluble impurity can be
removed after the acetanilide is dissolved in the hot solvent and filtered. Most of the solvent may be
evaporated from the crystals as the vacuum pulls the air through the crystals on the funnel, but the
acetanilide will still contain the more soluble impurity. It is important to let the solution cool slowly
in order for the molecules to line up in an organized way and form the crystals. We also need to
make sure that the filter flask in clamped and that we use the appropriate tubes for the vacuum as
well as the appropriate sized filter paper. After letting the solution cool, we begin the process of
recrystallization in order to remove the soluble impurity.

What Is The Reflection In 'The Nature Of Things' By...
Lucretius in "The Nature of Things" explains that there are only two entities that make up bodies in
the universe: matter and void. Matter is ever–present and does not decay while the void is a
nothingness that allows for motion and change. Marcus Aurelius in "Meditations" explains that
matter and the soul are the components of the universe, with the soul in some sense filling the void.
Lucretius' "void" has a correlation to Aurelius' "soul." Both philosophers explain how the concept of
the void is responsible and related to death, because it allows for disturbances to the balance within
the being. Lucretius believes that the void is the cause of death, yet questions whether the soul
travels with it. Aurelius questions how the soul can remain after death. Death is an abstract concept
that Lucretius and Aurelius attempt to answer through matter and voids. Lucretius calls the void a
nothingness, which is always empty, and matter a solid that is free of any void. Aurelius has an
essence of somethingness to his void, the soul, and calls matter a static body. By adding the soul as a
third component to reality, the Stoic Marcus Aurelius rejects the binary universe of Lucretius. Matter
is defined by Lucretius as a primordial entity free of void and decay; they are the atoms that create
entities. Atoms and primordial entities are synonymous with each other: the solidity of matter is
called "procreant atoms, matter, seeds of things, or primal bodies, as primal to the world" (107–108).
Lucretius uses all these words, emphasizing the simplicity of his philosophy. This simplicity is
explained as he declares: "primal bodies are solid, without a void" (596). Because he believes that
all entities are composed of primal bodies and a void, the primal body must be free of any void, thus
giving substance to the object. He declares that entities are composed: "partly primal germs of
things, and partly unions deriving from the primal germs" (566–567). This definition states that all
matter consists of atoms, which, when combined, form molecules. Molecules, as defined by science,
are the "unions" of atoms. This scientific principal is further explained: "So primal germs have solid
singleness, which tightly packed and closely

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Seddi
6. PREPARATION OF SEDDS
Method of preparation may vary according to the dosage form of the formulation. The techniques
can be implemented accordingly to the stability, sensitivity and adaptability of the drug excipients to
self–emulsified form. In olden days, SEDDS are prepared in the form of liquid state where it will be
enclosed by hard or soft gelatin capsules. By this, it helps to enhance oral administration and later
on it is known to burden in the formulation. Main disadvantages are low drug incompatibility and
stability, drugs leakage and precipitation, capsule ageing and it is very costly. Besides, addition of
large quantity of surfactants in this formulation tend to induce gastrointestinal irritations. To
overcome this problem, solid–SEDDS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii) Involves simple addition of liquid on the carriers by mixing in blender
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SEDDS
7.1 Advantages
As SEDDS is formulated, it carries a major advantage over delivering efficiently as it has improved
the stability of highly lipophilic drugs. The major advantages of SEDDS are:
 Enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs
 Acts as substitute for traditional oral formulation of lipophilic drugs
 Better consistent of temporal profiles of drug absorption
 Helps in selective drug targeting towards a specific site in GIT
 Protects drug molecule from the hostile environment of GIT
 No influence of lipid digestion process
7.2 Disadvantages
The advancement of SEDDS in the novel drug delivery system has its weakness as improvisation is
being made to rectify the flaws. However, certain unavoidable factors may divert the invention
process which wholly depends on the environmental factor of the GIT. Disadvantages of SEDDS
are:
 Presence of high surfactant concentrations increases chances of instabilities of drugs
 High content of surfactants irritates the GI

Lab Report: Predicting Precipitation
Predicting Precipitations Lab Report: explanation data of lab along hypothesis, and identifying
possible errors of lab for further investigations.
The reactions from 1A through 1D all have a precipitation formed because physical changes
appeared. AgNo3 is a clear solution; when it is mixed with a yellow FeCl3, a precipitate is formed in
a different color than the original colors. After a while, the precipitate became slightly solid. For 1B
and 1C, the solid was formed in similar ways, it might be because both reactants contains a similar
element. Similar data have also found in 2B and 2C. These two groups of reaction both contain a
similar element in the solution, so it might be the reason to cause the solid form in similar colors.
The reaction of 1D also become a precipitate, but appeared in a different color. For 3C, the result
was not clear enough to make sure if a precipitate was formed or not, but after a while, the solution
turned slightly foggy. Solution 2D, 3D, and 4D had no color change, therefore no precipitation was
formed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the predictions, solutions 1A through 1D all have a precipitation formed; referring
back to the data table, solutions 1A through 1D did have a solid formed during the lab. Another
example of why parts of the hypothesis is correct is because the 2B and 2C were predicted as the
same solid would form. This matched the data results because in the lab, 2B and 2C were identical
after the reactants were mixed together. However, one part of the hypothesis was wrong because the
prediction for 3C did not match the data for 3C. Solution 3C was predicted no precipitate will form,
but according to the data, a white foggy colored solid was

Chem Lab Project 2 Essay
Investigating the Determining Characteristics of Cations and Anions
Chem 111 Sec 560
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to study the specific characteristics of cations and anions,
and ultimately to be able to identify an unknown substance based on our studies and tests using the
logic trees developed through the experiment. A logic tree is a graphical display of the findings from
this lab which, through a series of yes/no questions, elimination tests, will help us to identify and
unknown sample. This lab will result in 2 logic trees, one for identifying cations and the other,
anions.
The lab was broken into three parts: Part 1 dealt with identifying a cation, Part 2 an ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting color flashes were recorded. The cation solutions were then disposed of in the
appropriate waste containers.
From the information in each of these tests, a Cation logic tree was formed for easy identification of
unknown cations.
Part 2: Anion Analysis: The experiment was performed on 4 anions: chloride (Cl
), sulfate (SO42
),
nitrate (NO3
), and carbonate (CO32
). A sample of each anion was prepared by placing 10 drops of
each anion solution into a centrifuge tube. The tubes were labeled accordingly. The original color of
the solution was recorded. The first test performed was an Anion Elimination Test, the Silver Nitrate
Test. 0.1 M AgNO3 was added dropwise to each tube until a precipitate was formed or 5 drops of
0.1
M AgNO3 were administered. First, 2 drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 was added to the tube containing Cl
‐
and the results recorded, noting the appearance (texture), color, and shape. This process was
repeated for all the anions as follows: SO42: 20 drops, NO3
: 20 drops, CO32
: 1 drop of 0.1 M
AgNO3 was added.
For each solution which formed a precipitate (Cl
,CO32
) the solution was centrifuged for 5 minutes
and the supernatant was decanted; 5 drops of distilled water were added to both

Of The Melting Point Of Benzoic Acid And Erlenmeyer Fask
Introduction Solid substances that contain impurities may be purified in a series of steps. The
process known as recrystallization allowed for purification to occur. The solubility and melting point
of the substances are accounted for certain substances to be dissolved in certain solvents. The
melting point is a certain temperature at which a given substance, in this case a solid, is melted. The
melting point of benzoic acid and naphthalene in this experiment are needed to understand at which
temperature the substances are purified. The melting points were denoted in ranges that explained at
which points the substance began to melt, and were completely melted. In relation, the melting
points of certain substances noted, aided in the selection of which solvents were used. The solvents
used were selected in terms that the substance completely will dissolve; however, the impurity is
particularly insoluble to that same solvent, for the pure crystals to be collected. Benzoic acid was
dissolved in water, being the solvent, because the solubility is higher at higher temperatures. The
same goes for naphthalene being dissolved in ethanol. These concepts allowed the process of
recrystallization to occur if followed, resulting in the products of purified crystals.
Experimental
Into a 25 ml Erlenmeyer flask was placed 1.0 grams of benzoic acid into 13.32 ml of boiling water
at 250̊ C. Small portions of water were added until all the benzoic acid dissolved. After all the
benzoic

A Experiment On Separation And Purification Methods
This experiment introduces separation and purification methods used in research quite frequently.
These methods include hot vacuum filtration and recrystallization to purify a crude sample of
acetanilide containing two impurities. Recrystallization is a very common method that is used to
purify solids. This process dissolves a crude solid with impurities in a mildly boiling solvent, and
cooling down the mixture afterwards for crystals to reconstruct themselves in solution. This method
allows impurities to separate and remain in solution as precipitate or remain uniform in solution.
Solids are more soluble in hot solvents than in cold ones, allowing maximum dissolution for proper
separation and subsequent crystallization to occur. After purifying the compound, the melting point
is determined using the Mel–Temp technology to compare to the written melting point to see how
pure the sample truly is. The proper steps of recrystallization include selecting a solvent that fits the
characteristic of all the components, water in this experiment. Then, dissolving a crude sample in the
chosen solvent (at or close to the solvent boiling point), forming solid in the solution as cooling
takes place, using vacuum filtration to isolate the purified solid, ridding the crystals of all impurities
through drying. In this experiment, recrystallization allows purification of 150 mg of crude
acetanilide. Hot vacuum filtration is a process used. The process requires using a filter flask, Pasteur

Non Newtonian Matter

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