data analysis and interpretation

1. DATA COLLECTION AND
INTERPRETATION
• Collecting data, analysis,
interpretation and presentation of experimental
data.
• Writing the experimental reports

2. Learning outcomes
1. Analyze data using relevant software
2. Interpret and present experimental data correctly

3. WHY DO WE ANALYZE DATA
 The purpose of analyzing data is :
 to obtain usable and useful information.
 The analysis, irrespective of whether the data is qualitative or
quantitative, may:
 describe and summarize the data
 identify relationships between variables
 compare variables
 identify the difference between variables
 forecast outcomes

5. Interpretation of Data
 The process of attaching meaning to the data
 What did you learn?
 What is new?
 What was expected?
 Were there any findings that surprised you?
 Are there any things that you don’t understand very well
and need further study?

6. Discuss limitations
 Be explicit about your reports
 Discuss the limitation
 Be honest about the limitations
 Know the claims you cannot make

7. Graphical presentations
 Histogram
 Pie chart
 Lines
 Table

8. Reports
 A reporting format allows for communicating the assessment findings to the appropriate
audiences.
 Different types of reports may be necessary depending on the needs and interests of the
recipients.
 Written report
 Technical report – includes the assessment purpose and questions, sampling procedure,
methodology, analysis and interpretation, conclusions, implications, relevant
attachments (e.g., survey instrument, focus group protocol)
 Executive summary – an abstract of the technical report focusing on the conclusions and
implications
 Interim report – includes updates on the status of the assessment process to date; often
requested when working on a long-term project
 Oral presentation
 Content of presentation dependent on the audience
 A written report often accompanies an oral presentation

9. Write your report
 Decide your theme (what you learned or found). Tips:
refer to your research objective
 Brief summary how you got the information (sources)
regarding the theme. Tips: share your methodology
 What information was found (data) regarding the theme
 How it was analyzed (methods)?
 Data interpretation ( so what?. Tips: what can be
learned, used, adapted? Benefits? Any new knowledge?

10. before after before after before after
SBP DBP HR
P1 108 172 70 77 64 126
P2 135 147 80 76 80 134
P3 104 121 64 70 76 156
P4 118 125 75 80 78 145
P5 121 140 69 75 76 150
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P2
P2
P2
P2
P2
P2
P3
P3
P3
P3
P3
P3
P4
P4
P4
P4 P4
P4
P5
P5
P5
P5 P5
P5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Figure below shows a table of a cardiovascular behavior at rest, before and after five participants (P1-P5)
climbed the stairs of a five storeys building. The participants’ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood
pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR), were recorded.
a) State the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.
b) Describe the results of heart rate (HR) in Figure 2.
c) Explain why SBP and DBP may change after climbing the stairs.

11. An experiment was conducted to investigate if a new improved fish pellet could enhance fish growth and the skin
color for the aquaculture purposes. The experiment was design by having two groups which are control group and
treatment group. Observation was carried out at 0 day and at 4 weeks interval (28 day). The variable tested were
the growth (by measuring the body weight) and the skin color of the fish (by measuring the intensity with scale from
1(very weak intensity) -10 (very high intensity). Below is the result obtained:
Growth of the fish Skin color intensity
Control group 0 day Treatment group 28 day
2.5 g 1
3.0 g 1
3.2 g 2
Control group 28 day Control group 28 day
3.8 g 8
4.5 g 8
4.8 g 8
Treatment group 21 day Treatment group 0 day
6.0 g 5
7.8 g 5
7.5 g 4
Treatment group 0 day Control group 0 day
3.0 g 5
3.4 g 4.5
0.2 g 5
Based on the above data:
a. Develop one hypothesis for this experiment
b. In your own understanding, what does the control group means?
c. Since the data obtained are not well organized, suggest and show how you can present this data in amore
scientific way.
d. Explain briefly what can you infer from the results obtained in this experiment?