The document discusses key concepts in geography including: 1. Parallels and meridians - imaginary lines that circle the globe and are used to measure latitude and longitude. 2. Latitude and longitude - systems used to identify locations on Earth by their angular coordinates. 3. Map projections - methods of representing the 3D Earth on a 2D surface like a map, including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections. 4. Cardinal directions, compass roses, and geographic coordinates - tools used to orient locations on maps.

2. ● PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS
The parallels are imaginary
lines that run from East to
West and are perpendicular
to the meridians and parallel
to the Equator
The meridians are
imaginary lines that run
from North Pole to South
Pole. The Prime Meridian
or Meridian of Greenwich
is 0º longitude.

4. THE GEOGRAPHIC GRID

6. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
Latitude  It is the angular
distance between any point
on the Earth’s surface and
the Equator. It can be North
and South.
Longitude  It is the angular
distance between any point on the
Earth’s surface and the Prime
Meridian o Greenwich Meridian. It
can be East and West

7. THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH
The Earth has a shape of geoid. A globe is the most
accurate representation of the Earth’s surface. We
need to use projection systems to represent the Earth
on a flat surface.

8. GLOBES (GLOBOS TERRÁQUEOS)
A globe is a three-dimensional scale
model of the Earth, being the only
geographical representation that suffers
less distortion.

9.  Map is the metric and graphic
representation of a portion of a territory that
can be made on any two-dimensional surface,
which is traditionally flat.
MAPS

11. FLAT OR AZIMUTHAL PROJECTON: The
image is obtained from a flat surface placed
on one of the polar regions. It is mainly used
to represent the polar regions.
CONIC PROJECTION: The surface of the
Earth is projected on an imaginary cone. It is
mainly used to represent polar regions.
CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION:
The surface of the Earth is
projected on an imaginary
cylinder around the Earth. Good
for areas close to the Equator.

12. FLAT OR AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION

13. CONIC PROJECTION

14. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION

15. CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
Planisferio que se dibuja proyectando los puntos de la esfera sobre un cilindro.

16. PROYECCIÓN MERCATOR (1569)
CILÍNDRICA

17. PROYECCIÓN PETERS (1973)

18. LOCATION - ORIENTATION

19. CARDINAL POINTS: North, South, East and West.
Orientation is the action of being located in
space taking into account the cardinal points

20. En la antigüedad los marinos expresaban las direcciones
basándose en las de los ocho vientos principales, de ahí
nace la llamada rosa de los vientos, conocida desde el
siglo XIII.
ROSA DE LOS VIENTOS (COMPASS ROSE)

21. Location allows us to establish
the exact place where a
geographical space is located

22. GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES are used to define the
position of a specific point on the Earth using degrees. To
find out the geographic coordinates of a specific point we
need to combine latitude and longitude

23. 4. LOS MAPAS Y LAS ESCALAS

24. 5. LOCALIZAR PUNTOS EN EL MAPA

25. HOW DO WE READ A MAP?
Compass
Rose
Scale
The map shows a series of elements that help your understanding. These elements
are: the title, the compass rose, the geographical coordinates and the key. The legend
captures the meaning of the signs used on the map. These signs may be represented
by colors and / or symbols.
Key