notes on microorganisms & classification system

1. Microbiology 2:
Microorganisms
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon

2. NEW There are 3
Domains
K
C
O
F
S
G
P
RANKING
SYSTEM

3. For Your Information: in the ranking system…
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Eubacteria
Archeaobacteria
C L A R I F I C A T I O N S T O H E L P
(Domain) Eukaryotes
One-celled
Microorganisms with a
nucleus but no specialized
tissues; one-celled, colony-
forming, or multi-celled
-need water
X “animal-like”
“plant-like”
“fungi-like”

4. D O M A I N A R C H A E A
Prokaryotes
(no nucleus or organelles)
Separated from Bacteria Domain because of
major differences in RNA; differences in cell wall
very old group- early life 3.5 bya
(Kingdom
Monera)

5. REPRODUCTION
Binary fission single cell divides into two identical
daughter cells

6. METABOLISM reflects Earth’s early atmosphere:
RESPIRATION: anaerobic- oxygen kills them
• Extremophiles live in extreme heat or cold
• Methanogens use H and CO
release CH (methane) through respiration
(in human/animal gut)
• Halophiles live in high concentrations of salt
• OTHER: oceans, soils, marshlands, human
colon & navel
2 2
4

7. M O V E M E N T
Flagella: whip-like tails that move the organism

9. B A C T E R I A
Prokaryotes
(no nucleus or organelles)
• very old group
• majority of prokaryotes today: 1 gram of soil
has 2.5 billion bacteria
• Diverse
• Sometimes referred to as protists
(Kingdom
Monera)

10. METABOLISM: various- photosynthesis, absorbs,
parasite
RESPIRATION: varies
• anaerobic respiration (no oxygen)
• Aerobic respiration- uses oxygen

11. Aerobic
respiration-
uses oxygen
http://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/04_00_06.html

12. M O V E M E N T
Flagella: whip-like tails that move the organism
REPRODUCTION: binary fission

13. 1. Bacilli- rod-shaped
2. Cocci- spherical
3. Spirilla- long spiral
SHAPES

14. CLASSIFICATION:
1. Gram stain positive: huge cell membrane
(staph, leprosy, TB)
2. Gram stain negative: thinner membrane
(proteobacteria; nitrogen-fixers, clamdias,
cyanobacteria, food poisoning)

15. HABITAT
• Most like warm & wet
• In dry & cold, some bacteria form endospores-
genetic material in protective coat

16. • When conditions improve, endospore splits &
bacteria become active again
• Scientists found bacteria inside an insect
preserved in amber 30 million years ago; when
endosperm was moistened, bacteria began to
grow again!
http://archives.microbeworld.org/scientists/all_profiles/interview2.aspx

17. • food cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream:
• Breaks down milk
sugar (lactose) into
lactic acid- preserves
& flavors
• Decomposers: recyclers
BACTERIA & ITS ROLES FOR US

18. • Nitrogen fixation: take N from air & turn it into
a form plants can use; animals get N from
plants

19. • Bioremediation: fight pollution
using microorganisms to change harmful
chemicals into harmless ones
• Clean up hazardous waste, industries,
farms, cities

22. • Medicine antibiotics kill pathogenic bacteria &
other microorganisms
• Genetic engineering: the manipulation of DNA
in an organism by humans to create new or
desired traits
• Insulin breaks down sugars in humans
• 1970’s we learned to put genes into bacteria
that would make human insulin; Insulin
separated from bacteria & given to diabetics

23. Desired human gene
(like insulin production)

24. D O M A I N E U K A R Y O T A
(nucleus- DNA & organelles)
THEORY- 1-2.1 billion years ago bacteria-like
cyanobacteria started living inside larger cells in
mutualism
- May have led to the first land plant
(Kingdom
Protista)

25. METABOLISM: photosynthesis
RESPIRATION: aerobic
MOVEMENT: flagella, cilia, or blobby amoeba-
like

26. TYPES: (Phylums)
1. Algae- plant-like
• Brown (kelp)
• Red (diatoms, seaweed)
• Green (most are land plants
2. Protozoa- animal-like)
3. Fungus-like (slime molds)

27. Red algae
Deeper, tropical
oceans, most
seaweeds
Brown algae
cool climates, on
rocks or floating
beds
Green algae
Most diverse,
water, moist soil,
trunks, inside
organisms
(Kingdom
Protista)
Seaweed:
many celled
algae
PRODUCER

28. PRODUCER
Phytoplankton:
free-floating single-celled; produce much of the
oxygen in world
(Kingdom
Protista)

29. PRODUCER
Diatoms single-celled
• salt & freshwater
• Cell walls have glass-like silica
(Kingdom
Protista)

30. PRODUCER
Dinoflagellates most single-celled
• flagella (spin through water)
• Most are producers, but some are consumers,
decomposers, parasites
• Some bioluminesce
• ‘Red Tide’
(Kingdom
Protista)
ADVANCE

31. bioluminescence
BACK

32. red tide
BACK

33. PRODUCER
Euglenoids: single celled
• Most freshwater
• Flagella
(Kingdom
Protista)

34. Phylum PROTOZOA (Kingdom
Protista)

35. Phylum PROTOZOA
“first animals”
(Kingdom
Protista)
1. amoeba: soft, jelly-like
• Eat other protists, bacteria
• Some parasites: amoebic dysentery
• Pseudopodia: stretches out pseudopod then cell
flows into it; surrounds food, wastes excreted in
reverse process

36. Food vacuole
(digests food)

38. 2. zooflagellates: wave flagella back & forth to
move
• Water, other organisms
• Parasites: G. lamblia (in water, humans drink &
get sick)
• Mutualism: live in gut of termites- digests cell
wall of wood
ADVANCE

39. BACK
G. lamblia

40. BACK
Trichonympha: mutualism
inside termite

41. 3. Ciliates: complex protists
• Cilia beats 60 X per second
• For feeding, sweep
food toward food
passageway
paramecium

42. Slime molds thin, colorful globs of slime; cool moist
woodlands; decompose wood
• Pseudopodia: food, movement
FUNGI-LIKE:

43. • Can live as individual cells until food & water is
scarce, then they come together
• Live as a giant cell with many nuclei & single
cytoplasm at one stage of life (1 meter across)

44. REPRODUCTION: When environment is stressful,
they create stalk-like structures with rounded
knobs: spores
• Spores can
survive a long
time without
water
• When conditions
improve, new
slime molds
develop

45. FUNGUS-LIKE
Slime molds
(Kingdom
Protista)

46. FUNGI
(Yeast, mushroom, athletes foot)
(Kingdom
Fungi)
Decomposers, parasites, mutualism (on roots of
plants)
• Secrete digestive juices on or near food &
absorbs dissolved particles

47. Hyphae: chains of cells, openings in
cell walls to let cytoplasm through
Mycelium: hyphae growing together
FUNGI (Kingdom
Fungi)

48. REPRODUCTION
1. Asexual parts of hyphae break off; or spores
2. Sexual special structures form to make sex cells;
sex cells join to produce sexual spores

49. KINGDOM FUNGI:
soil, decomposers, some parasites
1. Threadlike fungi: fuzzy mold
2. Sac fungi: largest group
yeast, powdery mildew,
truffles, morels
- make a sac (ascus) to
sexually produce spores
(+) antibiotics
(+) vitamins
(+) food
(-) parasites
(-) plant diseases

50. YEAST (Sac Fungi)
humans use for food (bread) & fermentation (beer
& wine)
Use sugar for food & produce CO and alcohol as
waste
Trapped bubbles of CO
cause bread to rise
2
2

51. 3. Club fungi:
- mushrooms, sexual reproduction
- bracket fungi, puffballs, smuts, rusts
Mycology: study
of mushrooms

52. 4. Imperfect fungi: asexual, mostly parasites
(-) athletes’ foot
(+) penicillium
(+) soy sauce
(+) cheese
(+) citric acid in sodas

53. LICHEN:
Mutualism: between a fungus & algae
Act like a new organism, so scientists give them
their own scientific name
Most environments: dry, cold, rocks

54. Primary succession:
1. Lichens make acids that break down rocks,
causing cracks
2. Rock sediments & dead lichens fill in cracks to
make soil

55. Microbiology:
Classification
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon

56. H I S T O R Y
Aristotle: (Greek philosopher 384-322 CE)
classified animals based on method of
reproduction

57. Taxonomy: group or categorize organisms
• Before 1700, there were multiple long names for new
species with no rules in naming process
Carl Linnaeus (Swedish) 1735
grouped organisms by shared physical characteristics
• wrote Systems Naturae
3 Kingdoms: 1. Mineral
2. Vegetable
3. Animal

58. Today naming is
regulated by
Nomenclature
Codes allowing
names to be
divided into ranks:
Binomial
nomenclature
(genus & species)
1740’s
R A N K I N G
S Y S T E M

59. • 1859 Darwin insisted classification should
reflect genetic relatedness
• 1900 Emil Willi Henning: grouped organisms by
inferred evolutionary relatedness
• Homologous structures; inherited from
common ancestors, so were related
Phylogenetic taxonomy

60. • Cladistic system: 1960’s scientists started using
DNA sequences to determine common ancestry
IGNORING RANKS
• This new field is making changes & revisions in
classification everyday.
• International Code of Phylogenetic
Nomenclature (PhyloCode) is currently under
development
Molecular Phylogenetics
C L A D E S Y S T E M

61. • 1990’s: New Grouping based on new discoveries
in bacteria metabolism
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukaryota
D O M A I N S
Separated
these 2
Includes Protists

62. Phylogenetic tree

63. H I S T O R Y O F C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
1735
Linnaeus
1866
Haeckel
1925
Chatton
1938
Copeland
1969
Whittaker
1990
Woesse
1998
Cavalier-
Smith
2 Kingdoms 3 Kingdoms 2 Empires 4 Kingdoms 5 Kingdoms 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms
Mineral Prokaryote Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
Protist Protist Protist Archaea Protist
Eukaryote Eukaryote Chromista
Vegetable Plant Plant Plant Plant
Fungi Fungi
Animal Animal Animal Animal Animal
To apply
Darwin to
Microscopic
organisms
To show
having
nucleus or
not
To show
evolutionary
history of
life

64. 1969 Wittaker: 5 Kingdoms
Protists
Monera
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Prokaryotes:
Eubacteria &
Archeobacteria
Eukaryotes
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual Reproduction
Absorb & photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
mobile
Absorb
Sexual Reproduction
Non-mobile

65. 1990 Woese: 3 Domains
Eukaryotes
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists
Photosynthesize
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Absorb
Sexual
Reproduction
Non-mobile
Archaea CBacteria
Monera Monera
Absorb & photosynethsize
Aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Methanogenesis respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Various metabolism:
photosynthesis, fermentation,
Anaerobic & aerobic respiration
Asexual & Sexual Reproduction
Ingest
Asexual & Sexual
Reproduction
mobile
NO
NUCLEUS
NO
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
DOMAIN DOMAIN DOMAIN

66. Protist
Fungi
Tree of life Web Project
Tolweb.org