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Our Own Detox Machine
- 1. #OurOwnDetoxMachine #AreWeTheHomeostasisOfOurCel ls? *Diference among excretion, secretion and egestion. * Excretory organs. Waste products
- 2. EXCRETION: SECRETION: ▪ Is the name given to the removal from the body of: ▪ a) waste products of its chemical reactions ▪ b) The excess of water and salts taken in with the diet ▪ c) Spent hormones ▪ d) Drugs and foreign substances Production and release of USEFUL substances in the body (saliva/hormones) EGESTION????
- 3. EXCRETION ▪ Metabolic processes in cells may produce toxic compounds. The two most significant are: 1) Carbon dioxide: which dissolves to form a weakly acidic solution in blood and tissue fluid 2) Urea Both of them can denature enzymes.
- 4. EXCRETORY ORGANS: ▪ Lungs: they supply the body with O2but they also get rid of CO2. ▪ Kidneys: the kidneys remove urea and nitrogenous waste from the blood. They also expel excess of water, salts, hormones and drugs.
- 5. ▪ Liver: it excretes bile pigments, bilirubin. Bilirubin, the breakdown product of haemoglobin, is secreted into the small intestine and it gives the colour to the faeces ▪ Skin: the skin loses incidental water, salts and urea when you sweat. However, sweating is a response to a rise in temperature and not to a change in blood composition.
- 6. Organs that contribute to Homeostasis KIDNEYS •Remove substances that might poison the enzymes •Control the level of SALTS, WATER, ACIDS (ures/uric acid) in the blood LIVER •Regulates the level of GLUCOSE (it affects the brain cells) and amino acids Lungs •Keep the concentration of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the blood for the cell’s reactions (respiration) Control by the
- 7. #OurOwnDetoxMachine #JustKeepBreathingNbreathing #AreWeTheAirThatGoesThroughUs ? Respiratory System. Characteristics of any respiratory surface. Ventilation, breathing and gaseous exchange. Structures of the Respiratory system. Sound production. Lung structure. Ventilation of the lungs. Composition of the air. Volumes. Inhaling and exhaling. Respiratory muscles. Mechanics of breathing. Breathing and sport. Cell respiration. Cori cycle. Central control of breathing. Smoking and lung cancer.
- 8. Why do we, large organisms, need a respiratory system???
- 9. Any respiratory surface needs: ▪ 1- LARGE SURFACE AREA ▪ 2-THIN EPITHELIUM SHORT DISTANCE FOR DIFFUSION ▪ 3- CAPILLARY NETWORK KEEPS * LOW CONCENTRATIONOF * HIGH CONCENTRATIONOF ▪ 4-VENTILATION HIGH DIFFUSION GRADIENT ▪ 5- GOOD SUPPLY OF ▪ 6- MUST BE MOIST PREVENT CELLS FROM DYING
- 10. The respiratory gases ▪ are: cells need to: obtain O2 WHY? eliminate CO2 WHY?
- 11. The respiratory gases ▪ are: cells need to: obtain O2 to produce ATP from food eliminate CO2 to prevent toxic effects + water BREATHING
- 12. Breathing and respiration Respiration is the process used in all living things for gaining ENERGY from FOOD. Breathing: VENTILATION GASEOUS EXCHANGE Process of renewing the air in the lungs Inspiration / Expiration Intake of O2 and output of CO2 at the alveoli
- 14. Passageway for breathing Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Warms incoming air Upper Respiratory Tract Functions Epiglottis stops food and drink from entering the air passages when we swallow
- 16. Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange Lower Respiratory Tract Cartilage rings No collapsing
- 17. MUCUS Lined by EPITHELIUM CILIATED CELLS Trap dust /bacteria bronchi Bronchioles Trachea Away from the alveoli *alveolar number 480 million *90 m2 of absorbing surface
- 19. Parietal pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Pleural cavity Diaphragm LUNGS * Air sacs/ no muscle => expand or contract by movements of RIBS (and its muscles) and DIAPHRAM Produce PLEURAL FLUID NO FRICTION
- 20. The lungs have helpers ▪ The RIBS protect the lungs and help us breathe. ▪ Another helper is the DIAPHRAGM. ▪ The INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES (internal & external)
- 22. Measuring breathing Residual volume is the amount of air left in your lungs after you have breathed out as hard as you can. Minute volume is the volume of air you breathe in one minute. Respiratory rate is how many breaths you take per minute. Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can.
- 23. Lung volumes and capacities Gaseous Exchange happens here 5 ls500 cm3 3 ls 1.5 litres
- 24. Calculating minute volume You can calculate a person’s minute volume by multiplying the volume of air they breathe in one breath, by their respiratory (breathing) rate. Minute volume is the volume of air you breathe in one minute.
- 25. Breathing during exercise During exercise +the muscle cells use up more oxygen and produce increased amounts of carbon dioxide. +Your lungs and heart have to work harder to supply the extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide. +Your breathing rate increases and you breathe more deeply. +Heart rate also increases in order to transport the oxygenated blood to the muscles.
- 26. Breathing during exercise Muscle cell respiration increases – more oxygen is used up and levels of CO2 rise. The brain detects increasing levels of CO2 – a signal is sent to the lungs to increase breathing. Breathing rate and the volume of air in each breath increase.This means that more gaseous exchange takes place. The brain also tells the heart to beat faster so that more blood is pumped to the lungs for gaseous exchange. More oxygenated blood gets to the muscles and more CO2 is removed.
- 27. The effects of exercise on lung structures The respiratory muscles (the diaphragm and intercostals) get stronger, so they can make the chest cavity larger. This larger chest cavity means more air can be inspired, therefore increasing your vital capacity. More capillaries form around the alveoli, so more gaseous exchange can take place. In the long-term, regular exercise strengthens the respiratory system. Gas exchange can now take place more quickly meaning exercise can be maintained at a higher intensity for longer.
- 28. Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids DIGESTION AA Glucose Fatty acids + glycerol BLOOD Glucose PYRUVIC ACID 2 C Y T O P L A S M No O2 enzymes C6H12O6 2C2H5OH+2 CO2+ 118kj/2 ATP Glucose alcohol carbon E dioxide KREBS CYCLE MITOCHONDRION AEROBIC RESPIRATION enzymes C6H12O6 + 6 O 6CO2+6H2O+ 2830kj / 38 ATP (40% is used) Glucose oxygen carbon water E Substrates dioxide Glucose Glucose PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID 2 ATP LACTIC ACIDPYRUVIC ACID BLOOD MUSCLE LIVER CORI CYCLE Only in EXTREME MUSCULAR ACTIVITY 6 ATP FERMENTATION GLUCO NEO GENESIS OXYGEN DEBT
- 29. Breathing▪ is an involuntary function of the CNS * a respiratory / breathing center in the medulla oblongata [part of brain stem] establishes basic breathing pattern Brain stem Spinal cord
- 31. Film of moisture Lining of the alveoli Dissolves the O2 Evaporates into the alveoli Saturates the air with water vapour
- 32. Explain this statement: Persons who are born and live at sea level will have a smaller lung capacity than those who spend their life at a high altitude.
- 34. Can cause Bronchioles constriction Cilia stop beating More mucus production *LUNG CANCER *EMPHYSEMA SMOKER’S COUGH *CHRONIC BRONCHITIS *HEART DISEASE *LEG AMPUTATION *STROKE *CANCER OF BLADDER *ULCERS *TOOTH DECAY/ GUM DISEASE *PREGNANT SMOKERS * SMALLER BABIES *MISCARRIAGES
- 35. Cancer of the bronchus has spread into the lungs (29)
- 36. Lungs: The picture on the left is of emphysema (large air sacs) and the picture on the right is of normal lung.(27) emphysema normal lung