This document discusses respiration and the respiratory system. It begins with an introduction and overview of respiratory organs like the nose, trachea, lungs and alveoli. It then explains the two types of respiration - aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to completely break down glucose, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing less energy. The document also describes the process of breathing and gas exchange that occurs in the lungs to intake oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

3. This presentation includes
® INTRODUCTION….
® RESPIRATORY ORGANS….
® TYPES OF RESPIRATION….
® MECHANISM OF BREATHING….
® RESPIRATORY DISORDERS….

5. What is Respiration ?
Respiration is a bio chemical process which occurs
in stages & requires many enzymes . The main
purpose of respiration is to release energy from
food . The process of Respiration involves taking in
of oxygen into cells , using it for releasing energy
by burning food , & then eliminating the waste the
waste products ( carbon dioxide & water ).The
energy released by respiration is used for carrying
out the biological functions which r necessary for
the maintenance & survival of an organism.
FOOD + OXYGEN ----> CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER + ENERGY

6. Process of Respiration...
The process of respiration which releases energy
takes place inside the cells of the body . So , it is also
known as cellular respiration .The process of cellular
respiration is common to all living organisms . It
provides energy to the cells . There are two by-
products of cellular respiration carbon dioxide &
water . Out of these only carbon dioxide is
considered to b a real waste product of respiration
because water produced during respiration is not
harmful to the body . It is rather beneficial to the
body . Respiration is essential for life because it
provides energy for carrying out all the life
processes which r necessary to keep the organisms
alive .

7. Human Respiratory
Organs..
These include ---
‫ ﺾ‬Nose
‫ ﺾ‬Pharynx
‫ ﺾ‬Trachea
‫ ﺾ‬Bronchus
‫ ﺾ‬Bronchioles
‫ ﺾ‬Lungs
‫ ﺾ‬Alveoli

8. Nose =>
@ The human respiratory system begins from the nose .
Our nose has two holes called nostrils . The passage
behind nostrils Is called nasal passage . The air for
respiration is drawn through the nostrils present in the
nose . This air then goes into the nasal cavity . In the
nasal cavity , air is warmed , moistened & dust particles r
entrapped in mucus . From the nasal cavity , the air
enters into pharynx & then the wind pipe through a slit
called glottis .
Trachea =>
@ Trachea is a tube commonly known as the wind pipe. The air
coming from nostrils passes through Trachea . Trachea does not
collapse due to low air pressure because it is supported by rings
of bones called cartilage. The upper end of Trachea has a voice
box called larynx . Trachea opens into bronchus

9. Bronchus =>
Bronchus is the singular of bronchi .
In all there are two bronchi which
r connected to two lungs . Each
bronchus divides in the lungs to
form smaller tubes called Bronchioles .
These Bronchioles have tiny air sacs
called alveoli .

10. Lungs & Alveoli =>
The Bronchus divide into lungs
to form large number of bronchioles.
These Bronchioles have air sacs
in their ends called Alveoli . These
Alveoli are surrounded by thin
blood capillaries .It is in the
alveoli the oxygen is taken in
& oxygen is given out I.e.
the exchange of gases takes
place in the Alveoli .

11. Types of Respiration ...
So far we have studied that respiration takes
place in the presence of oxygen ( of air ) .
Respiration can however , also take place in
the absence of oxygen ( of air ) , though it is
very rare . This means that oxidation of food
to obtain energy can occur in the presence
of oxygen as well as in the absence of
oxygen based on this we have two types of
respiration =>
1. Aerobic
2. Anaerobic

12. Important Points =>
$
$ Glucose is C6 H12 O6. It is a six carbon atom
compound . It is the simple food which is
oxidised in cells of organisms during respiration .
$ The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid ( or
pyruvate ) is called glycolysis . It occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell & not in mitochondria . The
oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid does not
require oxygen . One molecule of glucose on
glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic
acid .
$ Pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon atom compound . It
is also called pyruvate .

13. $ The fate of pyruvic acid formed during
respiration depends on weather oxygen is
present in the cells or not . If oxygen is present
then pyruvic acid is completely oxidised to
carbon dioxide & water , & a lot of energy is
produced ( in form of ATP ) . If however ,
oxygen is not present in the cells , pyruvic acid
is converted into either ethyl alcohol & carbon
dioxide or lactic acid. Much less energy is
released in this case .
$ Lactic acid is also a three carbon atom
compound . It also called Lactate . It is a
hydroxyl carboxylic acid .

14. Two types of Respiration =>
1.AEROBIC =>
The respiration which uses oxygen is called Aerobic
Respiration .It is called aerobic respiration because it
uses air which contains oxygen . In aerobic
respiration , the glucose food is completely broken
down into carbon dioxide & water by oxidation .
Aerobic respiration produces a considerable amount of
energy for use by organism which gets stored in ATP
(38 ATP) molecules . The breaking down of glucose
during aerobic respiration can be represented as
follows =>
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6CO 2 --------> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O

15. 2.ANAEROBIC
The respiration which takes place without oxygen
is called anaerobic Respiration . The micro
organisms like yeast & bacteria obtain energy by
anaerobic Respiration ( Fermentation ) . In
Anaerobic Respiration , the micro organisms like
yeast break down glucose ( food) into ethyl
alcohol & carbon dioxide , & release energy . This
energy is then used by the micro organisms .
Anaerobic Respiration produces much less energy
which gets stored in ATP molecules . The
breaking down of glucose ( food ) during
anaerobic respiration is carried out by yeast & can
Yeast represented as follows =>
be =>
C 6 H 12 O 6 ----->2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2
Acetobactor =>
C 2 H 5 OH --------> CH 3 COOH + H 2 O

16. Difference between aerobic
& anaerobic respiration
• AEROBIC • ANAEROBIC
• Aerobic Respiration • Takes place in
takes place in the absence of oxygen .
presence of oxygen. • Partial break down
• Complete of food .
breakdown of food • End products may
occurs in aerobic be ethyl alcohol &
respiration carbon dioxide (in
• End products are yeast) , lactic acid in
Carbon dioxide . animal muscles .
• Aerobic respiration • Much less energy is
produces a produced
considerable

17. Breathing...
Like other land animals humans are air
breathers . Air contains oxygen . Humans need
oxygen to survive . We get this oxygen from the
environment by the process of breathing .
Breathing is a process of intake of oxygen for
breaking up of food for the release of energy
& exhaling out waste gases such as carbon
dioxide . Breathing is carried out with the help
of several organs like nose , pharynx , trachea ,
bronchus , lungs which contain alveoli .

19. Mechanism of breathing is as follows =>
When we breathe in our chest goes up and this happens as
follows =>
¶ When we in air the diaphragm muscles
attached contract due to which our chest
cavity expands which increases the volume
inside due to which air pressure decreases
inside & air outside ( higher pressure )
rushes into the from nostrils trachea &
bronchi due to which the alveoli r filled with
fresh oxygen .This taking in of air is called
inhalation . This oxygen diffuses into blood
to carry out respiration .

20. When air is exhaled our chest comes down this
happens as follows =>
¶When we breathe air out the diaphragm
& the muscles attached to ribs relax due
to which chest contracts pushing
carbon dioxide outside , this is called exhalation
Due to breathing carbon dioxide is removed
from our body & the rate of breathing is
controlled by brain . The average breathing
time is 15-18 times per minute .

21. Differences between
respiration & breathing
• RESPIRATION • BREATHING
• Respiration includes • Breathing is simply
mechanism of the gaseous exchange
breathing & which takes place in
oxidation of food to lungs in alveoli.
release energy for the
organism to do work.

22. 1. Anjali madam
2. Lakhmir Singh
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