INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

1. PHOENIX
COACHING CENTER
impossible to defeat

2. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
Mr. S. RAJAGURU
Assistant Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension

3. Extension (விரிவாக்கம்)
• The extension is derived from the Latin roots: ex meaning
out; and tension meaning stretching –Stretching out -
signifies an out of school education.
• Father of Extension – J. P. Leagans
• Father of Extension in India- K.N. Singh

4. Define Extension
 The extension is defined as a non-formal education
method to induce behavioral changes in its clients for their
increased knowledge, skill, and income.
 The term "extension” was originated in England during 1866
 The term "extension education" was first used in 1873 by
Cambridge University (England)

5. Education
 Education is the process of developing individuals'
capabilities to adequately respond to their situations.

6. Types of Education
1. Formal education
2. Informal Education – life long process.
3. Non-formal Education is an organized, systematic educational
activity outside the formal system framework to provide selected
types of learning to particular subgroups in the population, including
adults and children. E.g., adult education, vocational education,
functional literacy, continuing education, extension education, etc.
Extension education is Non- Formal education

7. Formal Non- Formal

8. Extension Educational Process
 Extension educational process is given by Leagans in 1967
(SOTER)
1. Situation and problems (What is now)
2. Objectives & solutions (what should be)
3. Teaching (What to teach and how to teach)
4. Evaluation (what has been the result)
5. Reconsideration (What next to do)

9. Features of Extension Education
 The extension is helping people to help themselves.
 Participation is voluntary.
 It is a two-way channel.
 The extension is teaching through learning by doing
and seeing is believing.
 The word 'Learning by Doing ' was coined by John
Dewey in 1966.

10. Principles of Extension Education
According to Mildred Horton
⯌ The individual is supreme in a democracy
⯌ The home is the fundamental unit in a civilization
⯌ The family is the first training group of the human
race
⯌ The foundation of any permanent civilization
must rest on the partnership of man and the land.

11. Teaching and Learning process
AIDCAS
Wilson & Gallupin 1955
Attention - People aware of new ideas and practices.
Interest - People are more interested to know more
information on new ideas/practice (how its Work)
Desire - Unfreezing the existing behavior and motivating
the people for change.

12. CON..
Conviction- stage of strong persuasion so as to convince
the people about the applicability of the new idea.
Action- putting the idea or practice into the operation
(small scale).
Satisfaction- reinforce learning and motivation to adopt fully

13. Cyber extension (e-Extension)
Extension over the cyberspace The
imaginary space created by the interconnected
telecommunication and computer networks.

14. Innovation (புதுமம)
Innovation- is an idea, practice, or object that is
perceived as new by an individual or other unit of
adoption.

15. Diffusion (பரவல்)
Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is
communicated through certain channels over a certain
period of time among the members of a social system. It is
a special type of communication involves only new ideas
i.e. newness

16. Adoption (ஏற்றுக்ககாள்)
• Decision to make full use of innovation as the best course of
action available.

17. Adoption Process
1. Ryan and Gross (1943) first to recognize- Awareness, Conviction, Trial, and
Complete Adoption.
2. Wilkening (1953)-Awareness, obtaining information, conviction and
trial, adoption
3. According to North Central Rural Sociology Subcommittee (1955) 5
stages- AIETA (Awareness, Interest, Evaluation, Trial, Adoption).
4. According to Singh – stages of adoption is dynamic, not static-
NAIDTEA (Need, Awareness, Interest, Deliberation, Trial, Evaluation,
Adoption)

18. Categories of Adopters
 Based on the innovativeness the adopters are categorized into
five groups. The adopter categories were first named and described
in the book "Diffusion of Innovations" by Everett Rogers in
1962.
 The adoption of innovation is normally a Bell-shaped curve when
plotted overtime on a frequency basis.

19. Categories of Adopters

20. 1. Which one of the following leaching more
time consuming? 2019
A)Exhibition
B)Method demonstration
C) Result Demonstration
D) Group Forum

21. 1. Which one of the following leaching more
time consuming? 2019
A) Exhibition
B) Method demonstration
C)Result Demonstration
D)Group Forum

22. 2.The Latin roots for the word ‘extension’
A) ex and tension
B) ex and tension
C) ex and luceo
D) ex and termo

23. 2. The Latin roots for the word ‘extension’
A) ex and tensio
B) ex and tension
C) ex and luceo
D) ex and termo

24. Question
1.The first use of the word extension was done by- Vorhees
2. Extension education is – Non- formal education
3. Education is a process of – Socialization
4. Innovators (Venturesome)- 2.5%
5. Early adopters (Respectable)- 13.5%
6. Early majority (Deliberate)- 34%
7. Late majority (Skeptical)- 34%
8. Laggards (Traditional)- 16%.

25. Con..
9. Father of Extension Education- Paul Leagans
10. Father of Extension in India – K.N. Singh
11. Principle of Extension education is- Learning by doing.
12. Goal of Extension Education- Farmers income incress